在英语中，有动词和小品词（up,down,in,out,on,off,over,away）构成的动词短语很多，有时很难猜出它们的意义，笔者收集了常见的动词短语,通过分析小品词的意义，对这一类的短语进行分类，找出它们的规律，以便更好地掌握它们,注意有些短语意义很接近,这要结合例句和上下文掌握它们的用法。1.up1)向上（towardorintoahigherposition）lift~举起climb~爬上come~上升get~起来stand~站起来pick~检起draw~升起grow~长大hand~拖起put~举起send~使上升rise~升起look~抬起头zip~拉上hold~举起pile~堆起dig~挖出take~拿起build~树立set~建立
2)完成，结束(expressingcompletenessandfinality)finish~完成drink~喝干eat~吃光burn~烧光wash~洗净use~用光fill~装满pay~付清settle~解决lick~甜净sum~总结，open~透露end~结束let~中止,减少draw~停止close~停止，关闭swallow~吞没beat~痛打cover~掩盖break~结束，分解wind~结束
3)离开，消灭(expressingseparationanddestroy)break~拆开，驱散cut~切碎split~分裂divide~分割smash~捣毁blow~炸毁wither~枯死tear~撕碎give~放弃fold~垮台dry~枯竭，干涸crack~撞坏clutter~使散乱litter~乱丢杂物
4)增加，变强(toastateofgreateractivity,force,strength,poweranddegree.(1).mount~增加pick~振作，加快pluck~振作turn~开打，开大,出现shake~震惊steam~使发怒stir~激起，搅起ease~放松warm~兴奋speak~大声说heat~变热total~加总tense~紧张gather~收集speed~加速screw~振作build~增大show~显现cheer~振作起来stir~刺激work~激动，刺激(2).用在带"-en"后缀的动词后（usedaftertheverbswithsuffixof-en）brighten~发亮fatten~发胖freshen~使新鲜harden~变硬sharpen~变快smarten~变精明strengthen~加强sweeten~变甜tighten~使紧密toughen~使强壮soften~变软
5).变好，改善(astobebetterandproper)bring~抚育check~核对clear~清理，晴天clean~整理do~整理patch~修理polish~擦亮,改进light~点亮tune~调整tidy~整理rub~擦亮train~训练，培养make~化装,和解,弥补buy~囤积figure~计算fix~修理,整理take~从事
6)关住，锁紧，固定住(firmly,tightlyandclosely)shut~关闭lock~锁住tie~栓住chain~锁住nail~钉住fasten~系住pin~钉住bind~装订bar~关住block~堵塞choke~堵塞save~存起来store~贮藏stock~储存cover~掩盖wrap~包住lay~储存hold~延误keep~坚持
7)向说话人的方向（totheplacewherethespeakeris）go~run~rush~drive~walk~catch~swim~march~come~
2.down1)向下的位置（toorintoalowerposition）cast~扔下cut~砍倒get~下来hand~传下来knock~撞倒lay~放下let~放下pour~倾盆而下pull~拉下set~放下sit~坐下step~走下来throw~扔下turn~拆下take~取下blow~吹倒bring~*hang~垂下sink~沉落slip~失足squat~蹲下swallow~吞下stoop~伏身splash~飞溅而下touch~降落bend~弯下bow~鞠躬kneel~跪下lie~躺下strip~脱下
2)减少（强度，量和体积）(adecreaseinintensity,amount,bulk)dwindle~减少die~变弱，逐渐停止go~平静下来mark~削减hold~压低burn~(火)减弱,烧坏slow~慢下来burn~烧掉wash~冲淡clean~弄干净rub~擦干净bring~降低keep~缩减trim~裁减water~冲淡thin~减少run~用光衰弱wear~削减，磨损come~下跌knock~降价
3)停止，减弱(toastateoflessactivity,force,strengthandpower)close~关闭drop~突然停止break~坏了，中止run~停止settle~平静下来cool~冷静下来turn~拒绝die~停止lay~失望put~镇压4)紧紧地，牢牢地(firmly,tightly)fasten~系牢chain~链住，栓住clamp~夹住nail~钉住pin~扣牢hammer~钉上tie~栓住bind~捆绑draw~停下来5)写下，记下(onpaperorinwriting)write~写下copy~抄下note~记下take~记下put~记下get~记下have~写下
3on1)继续(continuously)carry~drive~fight~hold~keep~live~sleep~sing~walk~go~hurry~move~read~follow~struggle~insist~坚持
2)连上，固定住，(inorintoastateofbeingconnected)act~对…起作用catch~抓牢come~跟随count~依赖draw~带上，穿上fasten~纠缠，抓牢fit~固定get~接近paste~粘住turn~打开switch~打开pin~钉住put~穿上try~试穿pull~穿上hang~不挂断build~建立于leave~留住take~穿下rely~依靠depend~依靠
3)向前，向上(forward,onward)add~加上mark~标上paint~漆上press~向前pass~传递send~转送stamp~盖章于get~上车hand~传送
4.off
1)离开(indicatingdeparture)blow~吹掉drive~击退get~下车，动身lift~离开地面make~逃走move~离去pack~打发走see~送行ship~运往start~动身send~送行，解雇call~叫走let~放出take~起飞touch~发射give~发出clear~走开carry~夺走2)去掉，断开(indicatingremovalordisconnection)cut~切断tear~扯掉take~拿走chip~切下come~脱落cross~除去drop~跌落fall~脱落flick~弹掉peel~剥掉pull~撕开rub~擦掉scrape~挂去shave~剃去wash~洗掉shake~抖落throw~扔开rip~扯开turn~关掉strip~脱去switch~关掉take~脱掉shut~关掉wear~磨损go~爆炸break~中断3)完成，停止(indicatingcompletion)finish~结束pay~付清break~停止，中断send~结束leave~停止pass~终止，停止sign~停止播音wear~消失，write~注销，购销bring~完成call~取消lay~停止,解雇4)着地(downtotheground)fall~落下jump~跳下knock~击倒slip~滑倒
6.out1)向外（awayfromtheinside,outside）keep~使在外take~拿出put~放出，伸出come~长出，bring~拿出bar~关在外breathe~呼吸出eat~出去吃get~弄出go~出去lay~摆开，展示lock~关在外面look~向外看move~搬出point~指出pour~诉说pull~拉出ship~运出stick~伸出spit~吐出beat~敲出knock~敲出dine~外出吃饭drive~驾车外出leak~漏出draw~拉出see~送出门去draw~出站let~放出,释放
2)结束，消失，取消(tooratanend,nottobethereornottoexist)burn~烧尽，烧断clear~清除dust~清除fade~消失put~扑灭run~用完use~耗尽give~耗尽comb~淘汰kick~逐出wipe~消灭die~灭绝rub~擦掉blot~除去blow~吹熄bleach~漂白carry~完成，执行leave~省去see~完成go~熄灭come~罢工，结果cut~删去，停止hold~坚持到底sell~买完tire~筋疲力尽wear~磨损
3)大声（inaloudvoice,aloud）sing~cry~shout~call~，喊，申斥spell~speak~scream~read~yell~sob~burst~咆哮4)分发，传开(toanumberofpeopleorinalldirections)give~分发spread~传开set~出发hand~分发share~分配divide~分配call~出动start~出发send~发送break~爆发，逃脱serve~分发口粮drop~离开,退出5)搞清，弄明白(inorintonoticeandclearness)find~找出figure~算出，解决make~弄清count~点清come~出版，出现catch~看出carry~完成，bear~证明bring~发表，说出fill~使完全,添满write~写出
7.over1)向下(downwardsfromanuprightposition)knock~撞倒turn~翻转fall~脸朝下跌倒trip~拌倒bend~伏身look~从…上面看2)自始至终，通过,重复(frombeginningtoend,through,againandagain)look~调查think~考虑see~查看run~匆匆看talk~商量call~点名read~读一遍go~复习do~重复glance~浏览skip~略过ponder~思考3)向上，向外，(indicatingmotionupwardsoroutwards)run~溢出spill~溢出boil~因沸溢出throw~呕吐
小品词构成的动词短语(2)
4)经过(fromonesidetotheother,acrossaspaceordistance)
jump~climb~come~go~swim~pass~walk~move~fly~run~
5)结束，完成(finished,atanend)
get~结束，熬过stand~延期stop~逗留hang~延期throw~抛弃go~看完leave~剩下
6)转变，改变(indicatingtransferenceandchange)
hand~移交take~接管buy~收买come~过来get~战胜，克服gain~争取过来win~争取过来switch~转交turn~变动，交付make~移交
7)由于(becauseof)
cry~因…哭laugh~笑…fuss~因…着急
8.away
1)离开(toadistance,toanotherplace)
go~走开run~跑开walk~走开ride~开走move~移开take~拿走carry~运走clear~收走draw~拉走get~逃走，离开put~收起来break~逃脱come~离开keep~不准接近
2)减少，减弱(indicatingloss,lessening,weakening)
burn~烧尽brush~刷掉die~消失drain~流走melt~融化pass~消失rub~擦掉wash~冲走wipe~擦掉boil~汽化
3)(indicatingseparation,apart)
本文发表在《英语考试向导》杂志上。
人体部位和英语习语
摘选、注释
1.Head
Theheadisthoughttobethemostimportantpartofthehumanbody.Soaleaderisoftencomparedtoahead(首脑).ThuswehaveHeadofStateortheheadofadelegation.
Theheadiswherethebrainislocated.Itisnaturallyassociatedwithideasandintelligence.Veryoften,weneedotherpeople'sideasandopinionswhenwewanttodosomethingwell.Theisbecausetwoheadsarebetterthanone(三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮).
2.Eye
Theeyesareextremelyprecioustous.Thatiswhywesay"Mindyoureye(当心)!whenweremindingsomeonetobecareful.
Notonlyhumanbeingsandanimalshaveeyes,manythingsalsohave"eyes"-theeyesofaship,theeyeofaneedle,theeyeofatyphoon,andsoon.
3.Ear
Theearistheorganofhearing.Apieceoflightmusiciseasyontheear.(悦耳动听).Weareusuallyallears(专心聆听)forbitnews.
Whentheythinksomebodyisoverhearing,Englishpeopleuseeitherofthetwoproverbs:Wallshaveears(隔墙有耳)andPitchershaveears(壶罐有耳).Theyalsothinkthatlittlepitchershavebigears（小孩子耳朵尖）.Niceboysandgirlsrespectotherpeople.Theywillnotsecretlylistentoothers'privateconversations.
4.Nose
TheEnglishphrase"facetoface(面对面)"anditsChinesecounterpart（对应）areexactlythesame.ButEnglishpeople,toexpressthesameidea,cansaynosetonoseinstead.ThereisnosuchsubstituteinChinese.
Thewordnoseappearsinmanyidioms.HerearetwowhicharequitesimilartotheirChineseequivalents:leadsomebodybythenose(牵着某人的鼻子走)andturnupone'snoseatsomebodyorsomething(对某人或某物嗤之一鼻）.
Englishpeoplecansayasplainasthenoseinone'sface(一清二楚)tomean"veryobvious".Maybetothem,thenoseisthemostconspicuouspartoftheface.
5.Lip
Wehavetwolips:theupperlipandthelowerlip.Ifone'stwolipsareclosed,onecannotspeak.Soitgoeswithoutsayingthat"don'topenyourlips(不要开口)"means"don'tspeak".
Hislipsaresealed.ArehislipsreallystucktogetherbywaxorglueNo,hislipsaresealedwhenaskedaboutsomethingthathemustkeepsecret.Sometimesatopsecretisbetrayedbecauseithasescapedsomeone'slips(脱口而出).Thentheincidentmaybecomeapieceofnewsthatisoneverybody'slips(众口相传).
6.Tongue
Weallknowwecannotspeakwithoutthetongue.Sothetongueiscloselyrelatedtospeech.Toholdone'stongue(保持沉默)means"tokeepsilent".Apersonwhohastoomuchtongue(太多嘴)isdislikedbyall,forheistootalkative.Mothertongueisnotthetongueofamother:itisaperson'snativelanguage.
"Don'tyouhaveamothbelowyournose(你鼻子底下不是有张嘴吗)"TheChinesesaysotoblameapersonwhodidnotsaywhatheshouldhavesaid.ButthisnottherightwaytoexpresstheideainEnglish.Englishpeoplewouldsay,"Youhaveatongueinyourhead,haven'tyou"
7.Face
FacehastodowiththeideaofrespectanddignitybothinChineseandEnglish.Youloseyourface(丢面子)ifyoufailagainandagain,butadecisivevictorywillsaveyourface(挽回面子)afterallyourfailures.
Whenyoufeelunhappy,youpullalongface(拉长脸).TheideaisconveyedinChineseinthesameway.But"aboutface(向后转)"doesnotrefertotheface.Itisamilitaryordertoturnroundandfaceintheoppositedirection.Itistheexactequivalentof"aboutturn".
8.Shoulder
Theshoulderscanbearheavythings.Yourfatherhasagreatresponsibilityforthefamilyonhisshoulder.Whenfacedwithdifficulty,thefamilyshouldstandshouldertoshoulder(肩并肩)toovercomeit.Youshouldnotturnacoldshoulder(不理睬)toyourfamilymembers.Norshouldyougiveyourfriendsthecoldshoulder(冷落朋友).Bothexpressionsmeantreatingotherscoldly.
9.Back
Agoodhostishospitabletohisguests.But,ifguestistiresome,thehostisgladtoseehisback(他离开).
Ifyourfriendhasdonesomethingreallywell,youmaygivehimapatontheback(轻轻拍背部)toshowyourappreciation.
Ifyouturnyourbackonsomebody(不理睬他人),youmeanyoudonotlikemakingfriendswiththatperson.
10.Heart
Theheartisanextremelyimportantorganinsidethechest.Itusuallystandsforsomethingimportantorthecentreofsomething,forexample,theheartofthematter(问题的核心)ortheheartofmystery.
Manyotherexpressionsmakeuseofthewordheart.Alovercanbecalledasweetheart(情人).ThePurpleHeart(紫心徽章)isamedalgivenasanhonortoAmericansoldierswoundedinbattle.
Ifyourfriendisintrouble,youmayencouragehimbysaying"Don'tloseheart(不要灰心)."
11.Stomach
Thestomachisnaturallyrelatedtoone'sappetite.Ifyoudislikeheavyfood,youhavenostomachforit(反胃).Thewordisalsorelatedtoone'sinterestsorlikings.Ifyoufindsomethingboringorvulgar,youhavenostomachforit,either.Badfoodturnsyourstomach.Similarly,yourstomachturnsatabadjoke.
Stomachcanalsobeaverb.Lookatthisexample:"Howcouldyoustomach(忍受)suchrudewords"Apparently,stomachherecanbereplacedby"tolerate".
12.Arm
Everypersonhastwoarms:therightarmandtheleftarm.Therightarmisusuallystronger,sowecallagoodhelpertherightarm(得力助手).
Weallknowanarmisnotverylong.Butwhenyoukeepsomeoneatarm'slength(保持距离),thedistanceislongenough.Forthatmeansyoudonnotlikethatpersonandyoutryyourbesttoavoidhimorher.Weshouldindeedkeepthebadfriendsatarm'slength.
13.Hand
QuiteanumberofphrasesformedformthewordhandareverysimilartotheirChinesecounterparts.Herearesomeobviousexamples:afreshhand(新手),shortofhands(人手短缺),handinhand(手拉手)andwashone'shandsofsomething(洗手不干了).Butdonotalwaystakethisforgranted.Studytheseexamplesandyouwillunderstand.
Helivesfromhandtomouth(Hehasjustenoughmoneytoliveon).Wegavethemabighand(Wegavethemlotsofapplause).
14.Finger
HowmanyfingersdoeseachofyourhandshaveNowlet'snametheminEnglishfromthesmallest:thelittlefinger,theringfinger,themiddlefinger,theindexfingerandthumb.
Eachfingerhasitsownparttoplay.Ifyourfingersareallthumbs(笨拙),thatistoobad.Thatmeansyouareveryclumsy.
15.Thumb
Chinesepeopleturnuptheirthumbstoexpressappreciation.Englishpeopledosotoexpressnotonlyappreciationbutalsoapproval.Chinesepeopleneverturntheirthumbsdowntomeananything.ButEnglishpeopledo.Theydosotoshowdepreciationdisapproval.ThusinEnglishyoucansay,"Weturnthumbsup(赞成)toJack'ssuggestionbuttheyturnthumbsdown(不赞成)toit."
Similarly,youcanwarmlypraisesomeonebysaying"Thumbsup(真棒)!"andshowyourdissatisfactionbysaying"Thumbsdown(差劲)!"
16.Skin
Mostpeoplewillonlythinkofthehaironourheadwhenthewordhairismentioned.Infact,someanimalsandplantsalsohavehair.
Ahorriblescenemaymakeaperson'shairstandonend(毛骨悚然).Butacourageouspersonwillnotturnahair(不畏惧)eventhoughheisinfaceofdanger.
Sometimes,afriendofyoursmaybesoangrythathemayactfoolishly.Thenyouhadbettergivehimthisadvice:"Keepyourhairon(别发脾气)".
SelectedfromthebookTheHumanBodybyHuangJuanhua
一些短语的由来
摘选注释
FromDICTIONARYOFWORDANDPHRASEORIGINS
成对的英语短语
在英语当中两个近义和相对的词用and或or连接构成成对的英语短语，它们经常出现在一起，因此它们的位置固定下来，有些同汉语的位置相同，有些同汉语不同，意义上有的和汉语相同，少量的同汉语有些差别，下面是笔者收集的一些此类的短语。