1、1980年考研英语翻译：ThelifeofAlbertEinsteinisamodelinmanywaysforbothnaturalandpoliticalscientists.Firstofall,healwaysemployedthescientificmethodofseekingtruthfromfacts.Hefirmlybelievedasheputit,that“thereisnothingincomprehensibleabouttheuniverse,”andthroughpain
2、stakingwork,explainedmanyofthephenomenathoughttobe“incomprehensible”inhisday.Einsteinwasalsoneverafraidtoadmitmistakeswhenfactsprovedhistheorieswrong.Second,Einsteinscontributionsshowedthegreatimportanceoftheoreticalworktoscientificeffort.Althoughhehimselfr
3、arelyworkedinlaboratories,theconceptshedevelopedledtomanyofthescientificadvanceswhichhaveshapedmoderntechnology.Third,Einsteinbelievedverydeeplythatscientistsmusthaveamoralandsocialconsciousness.Inthisway,heprovidedinspirationforawholegenerationofscientist
4、swhobecameactiveintheCommunistmovement.Einsteinisoftenportrayedinbourgeoiswritingsasa“genius”whosetheoriesaresocomplicatedthatnoonebutafewbestscientistscanunderstandthem.Buthehimselfrejectedtheeffortstoputhiminapositionfaraboveotherpeople.Hewaswell
5、knownforhishumblemannerandoftenstressedtointerviewersthathisaccomplishmentswouldcertainlyhavebeenachievedbyothershadheneverlived.Actually,Einsteinstheoryofrelativityandhisotherscientificworksarenotthathardtounderstandwithalittlestudy.ButbeyondlearningEin
6、steinstheories,hisoverallattitudetowardsscienceasatooltoliberatehumanityissomethingfromwhicheveryonecanandshouldlearn.(2)Betweennowandtheendofthecentury,therewillbemanyexcitingdevelopmentsandalsomanydifficultproblemstodealwith.Perhapsthemosturgentproble
7、mistoprovideenoughfood.Theworldspopulationisexpectedtoreach7,000millionbytheyear2000,butalreadyscientistshaveproducednewandbettervarietiesofwheatandriceandanimal.Theyhavealsobeenexperimentingwithtechniquesofcultivatingplantsbyusingmixturesofchemicalco
8、mpoundsandwateronly,andthentherewillbenoneedforordinarysoil.Anotherproblemwhichtheworldwillfaceistogetridofrefuse(废料).Onesolutionistoburnrefuseatveryhightemperaturesinincinerators(焚化炉).Adevelopmentofthis,whichmayproveveryusefulinthefuture,istous
9、etheseincineratorstogeneratesteampower.Infact,anynewsourceofenergywillbeverywelcome,asthereisalreadyashortageofpetroleum.Tosolvetheenergyproblem,scientistswillprobablyalsotrytomakemoreuseofsolarenergy.Thepossibleeffectsofsomescientificfields,suchasl
10、asersandcryogenics(低温学),aredifficulttoimagineandbothalreadyhaveanumberofuses.Thesupercoolingeffectsofthecryogenicswhichconvertliquidhelium(液态氦)andothergasesinto“superfluids”andmetalsinto“superconductors”,makingthemnon-resistanttoelectricity,couldchangethew
11、orldinanumberofways.Thelaser,withitsbeamofstronglight,candrillaholeinadiamond,andyetcanbesowellcontrolledthatitcanbeusedindelicateeyeoperations.Thequestioniswhetheritwillbemostusedforpeacefulpurposesorasadeadlyweapon.Butperhapsthemostremarkabl
12、edevelopmentswilloccurinspaceflight.Oneofthedifficultiesinthepasthasbeenthehighcost,butnowthespaceshuttleisbeingdeveloped,andcanbeusedalargenumberoftimesinsteadofonlyonce.Alreadymanhasbeentothemoon.Perhapsbytheendofthecenturyhewillhavehadacl
13、ose-upviewofVenus(金星)orMars(火星).阿伯特爱因斯坦的一生在许多方面，无论是对自然科学家，还是政治科学家，都是一个范例。首先，他总是运用从事实中寻求真理的地。正如他所说的，他坚信“关于宇宙没有东西是不可知的，”并经过艰苦的劳动，了许多在他那个时代被认为是“不可知”的种种现象。而且，当事实证明他的理论是错误的时候，爱因斯坦也从不害怕承认错误。其次，爱因斯坦的贡献说明理论工作对科学成就的巨大的重要性。虽然他自己很少在实验室工作，他所发展的各种概念使科学取得了许多进展，从而形成了现代技术。第三，爱因斯坦深信科学家必须具有道德和社会意识。这样，他鼓舞了整个一代的
14、科学家，使他们积极参加共产主义运动。爱因斯坦在资产阶级的笔下被描绘为一个“天才”，他的理论是如此地难于理解，以致只有少数最杰出的科学家才能懂得。但是，他本人不同意别人把他高置于他人之上的那些做法。他的谦逊态度是众所周知的，他常常对来访者强调说，如果没有他的话，别人也肯定能够取得他那样的成就。事实上，爱因斯坦的相对论以及他的其他科学论著稍加研究是不难懂得的。但是除了学习爱因斯坦的理论外，他对于利用科学作为一种工具来解放人类的总的态度是每个人能够学习的，而且也是应该学习的。(2)从现在到本世纪末，将有许多令人兴奋的发展，同样也有许多困难的问题，需要加以处理。也许最为迫切的问题是提供足够的粮食。到2
15、000年世界人口预期将达到70亿，但是科学家们已经培育出各种小麦、稻谷和牲畜的优良品种。他们还在实验只用化合物和水的混合剂来培植作物的技术，到那里就可不需一般的土壤了。世界将面对着的另一问题是处理废物。有一个解决办法就是在焚化炉中用高温的废物烧掉。这种方法的一个新发展，可能在将来证明极为有用，即是以这些焚火炉来产生蒸汽动力。事实是，任何新的能源都将是非常受欢迎的，因为石油已感不足。要解决能源问题，科学家们也许会高潮更多地利用太阳能。诸如激光学和低温学，某些科学领域的可能作用是难以想象的，它们两者已经有若干用途。低温学的过冷作用将液态氦及某些气体变成“超流体”，将某些金属变成“超导体”，使它们没
16、有电阻，从而可以在好些方面改变世界面貌。激光，以它强烈的光束，可在金刚石上钻孔，也可以很好地加以控制来进行难做的眼科手术。问题是它将被大量用于和平的目的呢，还是用途致使的武器。但最惊人的发展也许将出现在宇宙飞行方面。过去的困难之一在于代价太高。但现在航天飞机正在发展，这种航天飞机可以使用多次而不是仅仅一次而已。人类已经到过月球。也许到本世纪末人类对金星或火星等将有一个精细的观察。1981年考研英语真题TheUnitedKingdomisamonarchical(君主政体的)State.ItisoneoftheindependentmembersoftheCom
17、monwealth(theQueenisrecognizedasheadoftheCommonwealth),andamemberoftheEuropeanCommunity.TheoriginsandtraditionsoftheUnitedKingdomaretobefoundineachofthefourpartsthatmakeupthecountry:England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.Englandwasunitedasakingdom
18、athousandyearsago,andWalesbecamepartofthekingdomduringthemiddleages.Thethrones(王位)ofEnglandandScotlandwereunitedin1603,andin1707legislationpassedinthetwocountriesprovidedfortheestablishmentofasingleParliamentofGreatBritainwithsupremeauthoritybothinE
19、nglandandWalesandinScotland.IrelandhadhadlinkswiththekingdomofEnglandsincethethirteenthcentury,andin1800thecreationoftheUnitedKingdomwascompletedbyaunionjoiningtheIrishParliamenttothatofGreatBritain.In1922SouthernIreland(nowtheIrishRepublic)becamea
20、self-governingcountry.ThesixcountiesofNorthernIrelandhadin1920beengiventheirownsubordinateParliament,andvotedtoremainwithintheUnitedKingdom.TheUnitedKingdomParliamentatWestminsterinLondonwithanelectedchambercomprisingmembersfromEnglish,Scottish,WelshandNort
21、hernIrelandconstituencies(选举区)thereforerepresentspeoplesharingveryvariedbackgroundsandtraditions.Ithasultimateauthorityforgovernmentandlaw-making,butadministrativearrangementshavedevelopedinsuchawayastotakeaccountoftheparticularneedsofdifferentareas.Englandan
22、dWalesontheonehandandScotlandontheotherhavedifferentsystemsoflaw,differentcourtsystems,differenteducationsystems,differentsystemsoflocalgovernmentand,formostdomesticmatters,differentgovernmentdepartments.(2)Asmorepeopleliveclosertogether,andastheyusemachin
23、estoproduceleisure,theyfindthattheirleisure,andeventheirworkinghours,becomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachinesnamely,noise.Noiseisnowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatus,andpublicopinionisdemanding,moreandmoreinsistently,thatsomethingmustbedonea
24、boutit.Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline(annoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesy),asenseofproportion(thereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestopped),theexpenditureofmoney(anditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthatlate),a
25、ndfinally,technicalknowledge.Technicaldifficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem.Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreadingonaspeedometer.ButcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesamewayYoufindthatwithanyexistin
26、gsimple“noise-meter”,vehicleswhicharejudgedtobeequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter.Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssource,thismayinmanycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonitswaytotheear.Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbe
27、controlledbyforethoughtandcourtesy,andindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnicalimprovement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesellorriestopasscontinuouslytroughresidentialandbusinessdistricts,thecommunitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerc
28、ise,forinthelongrunithasgottopayforit.Andifanationistotakepartinmodernairtransport,itmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrolmeasuresitwillimposeatitsairportsandherethecostofanyrealcontrolistobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.(3)About
29、350yearsagoGalileomadeatelescopeandlookedthroughitatthesun.Whathesawbothsurprisedandfrightenedhim,forhesawdarkspotsonthesunwhichatoncesuggestedtohimthatGodhadnotmadetheworldquiteasperfectashehadpreviouslybelieved.Hehesitatedtomakehisdiscovery
30、known.Meanwhileotherscientistsnoticedthesamelackofsolarperfectionandproclaimed(宣布)thefact.ButGalileocontinuedhisobservationsandwassoonrewardedwithanotherdiscovery.Fixinghisattentiononasinglesunspot(太阳黑子)group,henoticedthatinafewdaysithadmovedinposition,
31、justasifthesunitselfwereturning.Afterwardshefoundasunspotgroupwhichlivedlongenoughtodisappearfromviewonthewesternlimb(边缘)ofthesun,tore-appearonitseasternlimb,andfinallytoregainitsoldposition.Thisledhimtoconcludethatthesunitselfwasrotatingandtha
32、tthetimeittooktomakeonecompleteturnwasabouttwenty-fivetotwenty-sevendays.ActuallyweknowfromthedrawingswhichGalileomadeofsunspotsthattheremusthavebeenquitealotofthematthetimeofhisobservationsintheyears1611and1612.Ifhehadgoneonmakinghisdrawingsi
33、ntheyearsthatimmediatelyfollowed,weknowthathewouldalmostcertainlyhavenoticedthatsunspotswerebecomingfewerandsmaller.Buthebecameinterestedinotherthingsandsohefailedtorecognizethatthereisakindoflong-termcycleinsunspotactivity,thesunspotsincreasingandde
34、creasingastheyearsgoon.Laterthisdiscoveryofthesunspotactivitywasmadebyoneofthemostpatientobserversinthehistoryofscience,aGermanchemist,CharlesSchwabe.联合王国是一个君主政体的国家。它是英联邦内独立的国家之一(女王被承认是英联邦的首脑)，也是欧洲共同体的成员国。联合王国的起源和传统可从组成它的四个部分英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰的各个部分找到。英格兰在一千年前统一为一个王国，威尔士则
37、早化钱比晚化钱经济得多)，最后还有技术知识。技术往往是由于问题的主客观性质引起的。你可以根据速度计上指针所指的读数来确定一辆汽车的超速。可是，你能用同样的方法来确定超量的噪音吗你会发现，被认为噪音相同的车辆，在任何现有的简单“噪音计”上显示的读数可能大不相同。虽然消除噪音的最理想方法是产生的根源处消灭它，但在很多情况下，这也许是不可能的。其次的补救办法是将混音在它到达耳朵的过程中吸收掉。家里的噪音或许可能通过事先的考虑与谦让加以控制，工业噪音则可能通过良好的规划与技术的改进加以控制。但是，如果我们允许高速摩托车与重型内燃机卡车经常不断地通过住宅区与商业区，那么这些地区的全体居民就必须决定他们
38、需要实行的控制措施，因为从长远的观点来看，他们必须为些付出代价。如果一个国家要有现代化的空中运输，它必须参加国际噪音控制措施协定，这些措施它必须责成它的机场予以执行而在这个问题上，任何真正控制措施的费用要以百万美元来计算。(3)大约在三百五十年前，伽利略制造了台望远镜，并用它来观察太阳。他所看到的景象使他感到既吃惊又害怕，因为他看到太阳上有一些黑点，这使他立刻联想到上帝创造的世界并不象他以前所相信的那么完美。他犹豫不决，不敢把他的发现公布于世。与此同时，其他的科学家也注意到太阳的这个缺陷，并宣布了这个事实。但是，伽利略继续进行观测，不久，他的努力获得了另一发现。他把注意力集中在一群太阳黑子上，
40、子活动周期的是人是科学史上最有耐心的观察者之一德国化学家查尔斯许伟勃。1982年Incountryaftercountry,talkofnon-smokersrightisintheair.Whileamajorityofcountrieshavetakenlittleornoactionyet,some30nationshaveintroducedlegislativestepstocontrolsmoking.Manylawshavebeenintroducedinothercountriestohelp
41、cleartheairfornonsmokers,ortocutcigaretteconsumption.Insomedevelopedcountriestheconsumptionofcigaretteshasbecomemoreorlessstabilized.However,inmanydevelopingnations,cigarettesmokingisseenasasignofeconomicprogressandisevenencouraged.Asmoretobaccocompanies
42、gointernational,newmarketsaresoughttogainnewsmokersinthosecountries.Forexample,greateffortsaremadebytheAmericantobaccoindustrytosellcigarettesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricawhereU.S.tobaccoexportsincreasedbymorethan27percentin1974.Smokingisharmfultothe
43、healthofpeople.Worldgovernmentsshouldconductseriouscampaignsagainstit.Restrictionsoncigaretteadvertisements,plushealthwarningsonpackagesandbansonpublicsmokingincertainplacessuchastheatres,cinemasandrestaurants,arethemostpopulartoolsusedbynationsinsupporto
44、fnonsmokersorincurbingsmoking.Butworldattentionalsoisfocusingonanotherstepwhichwillmakethesmokerincreasinglyself-consciousanduncomfortableabouthishabit.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Andc
45、igarettepriceshouldbeboosted.Inthelongrun,thereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether,butpeoplearenotreadyforsuchdrasticaction.(2)Nuclearpowersdangertohealth,safety,andevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation.Nuc
46、learradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutit,partlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcantbeseenorheard,ortouchedortasted,eventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexample,radiowavesareallaroundusbutwecantdetectthem,sensethem,
47、withoutaradioreceiver.Similarly,wecantsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowaves,nuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings.Atveryhighlevels,radiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcells
48、invitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportant,thedamagemanynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit,andiftheyarekilledoutright.Yourbody
49、willreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamaged,andiftheyreproducethemselves,youmaybeinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears.Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Ser
50、iousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanbeirradiatedandfeelfine,thendieofcancerfive,ten,ortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgr
51、andparents.Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth.(1)不吸烟者的权利问题，正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。至今多数国家很少或还没有采取措施，有三十个左右的国家已经采取法律程序控制吸烟。另一些国家则已制订旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟消费量的多种法律。在某些发达国家中。纸烟的消费量已渐趋稳定。然而在许多发展中国家里，吸烟却被视为经济发展的一种标志甚至受到鼓励。随着更多的烟草公司走上国际化的道路，它们在这些国家中寻找新的市场，争取更多的吸烟者。例如美国烟草工业就力图在中东和北非推销香烟在这些地区，美国烟草出口量在1974年增加了百分
53、。核辐射这种现象多少有点神秘，其部分原因是人类的官能无法觉察到它的存在。尽管我们周围可能都是辐射线，可是我们看不风它，听不到它，摸不着它，也辨别不出它的味道。还有一些和它相类似的东西。例如，我们四周到处都是无线电波，但如果没有无线电接收器，我们就不能探测到或感觉到它的存在。同样，如果不用辐射探测器，我们也不能感觉到放射现象。但核辐射不同于普通的无线电波，它对人类以及其他生物不是无害的。能级非常高的辐射线能摧毁重要器官里的大量细胞从而把动物或人立即杀死。即使是最低能级的辐射线也能造成严重的损害。不存在任何绝对安全的辐射能级。如果辐射线没有击中任何重要的东西，造成的损害可能不太大。当辐射线只击中
54、少数细胞并且立即摧毁它们的时候，情况就是这样。你的身体能以健康的细胞代替死亡的细胞。但如果这些少数的细胞只受到损坏，而这些细胞又自行繁殖，那你就会遇到麻烦。它们进行畸形繁殖。它们有可能演变成癌，这种情况有时在许多年之后才能显示出来。这是核辐射现象带有某些神秘色彩的另一个原因。它可能在损害已经发生而受害者意识不到的情况下造成严重损害。一个人在受到照射时可能感觉良好，结果在五年、十年或二十年后死于癌症。或者小孩一生下来就体弱或易于感染严重的疾病，原因是他的祖父母曾吸收过辐射线。辐射线能伤害我们。我们应该知道真相。1983年Readthefollowingpassagecarefullya
55、ndthentranslatethesentencesunderlinedintoChinese.(20points)Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.Socialscientist
56、sare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproache
57、sareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas“naturevs.nurture.”(62)Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironmenthasli
58、ttle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispre-determinedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.Thosewhosupportthe“nurture”theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletely