TheGNU'sBulletinisthesemi-annualnewsletteroftheFreeSoftwareFoundation,bringingyounewsabouttheGNUProject.
FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.Telephone:(617)876-3296675MassachusettsAvenueCambridge,MA02139-3309USAElectronicmail:gnu@prep.ai.mit.eduGNU'sWhoMichaelBushnellisstillworkingontheGNUHurdandmaintainsGNUtar.JimBlandyhaspreparedGNUEmacs19.RolandMcGrathispolishingtheGNUClibrary,maintainingGNUmakeandhelpingwiththeGNUHurd.
TomLordisworkingonOleo,theGNUspreadsheet,aswellasRx,afasterreplacementforregex.JanBrittensonisworkingontheCinterpreter.MikeHaertelismakingGNUgrepPOSIX-compliantandbeginningworkonopticalcharacterrecognition.NoahFriedmanisoursystemambiguator,releaseuncoordinatorandmaintainsafewGNUprogramsinhiscopioussparetime.
CarlHoffmanhashoppedaboardasfundraiserandconferenceorganizer.MelissaWeisshausisnowinchargeofPublications.SheiscurrentlyeditingneweditionsofourdocumentationandworkingontheGNUUtilitiesManual.
Lisa`Opus'GoldsteinhasbeenpromotedtoTreasurer,aftertheresignationofRobertJ.ChassellwhohadbeenourSecretary/TreasurersinceFSFwasformed7yearsago;BobisnowwritinghisIntroductiontoProgramminginEmacsLispandremainsonourBoardofDirectors.LarissaCarlsonisLisa'snewofficeassistant;GenaLynneBeanhasleftustofurtherhereducation.SpikeMacPheeassistsRMSwithadministrativetasks.CharlesHannumworksontypesettingandmanyotherjobs.
RichardStallmancontinuesasavolunteerwhodoescountlesstaskssuchasCcompilermaintenance.VolunteerLenTowerremainsouron-lineJOAT(jack-of-all-trades),handlingmailinglistsandgnUSENET,informationrequests,etc.
WrittenandEditedby:JanBrittenson,MelissaWeisshaus,NoahS.Friedman,CharlesHannum,RichardStallmanandLeonardH.TowerJr.
Illustrationsby:EtienneSuvasaandJamalHannah
JapaneseEditionby:MiekoHikichiandNobuyukiHikichi
TheGNU'sBulletinispublishedinJanuaryandJuneofeachyear.Pleasenotethatthereisnopostalmailinglist.Togetacopy,sendyournameandaddresswithyourrequesttotheaddressonthefrontpage.Enclosingabusinesssizedself-addressedstampedenvelope($0.52)and/oradonationofafewdollarsisappreciatedbutnotrequired.Ifyou'refromoutsidetheUSA,sendingamailinglabelratherthananenvelopeandenoughInternationalReplyCouponsforapackageofabout100gramsisappreciatedbutnotrequired.(IncludingafewextraInternationalReplyCouponsforcopyingcostsisalsoappreciated.)
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationisdedicatedtoeliminatingrestrictionsonpeople'sabilitiesandrightstocopy,redistribute,understandandmodifycomputerprograms.Wedothisbypromotingthedevelopmentanduseoffreesoftwareinallareasofcomputeruse.Specifically,weareputtingtogetheracompleteintegratedsoftwaresystemnamed"GNU"(GNU'sNotUnix)(pronounced"guh-new")thatwillbeupwardlycompatiblewithUnix.Mostpartsofthissystemarealreadyworkingandwearedistributingthemnow.
Theword"free"inournamepertainstofreedom,notprice.YoumayormaynotpaymoneytogetGNUsoftware.Eitherway,youhavetwospecificfreedomsonceyouhavethesoftware:first,thefreedomtocopytheprogramandgiveitawaytoyourfriendsandco-workers;andsecond,thefreedomtochangetheprogramasyouwish,byhavingfullaccesstosourcecode.Furthermore,youcanstudythesourceandlearnhowsuchprogramsarewritten.Youmaythenbeabletoportit,improveitandshareyourchangeswithothers.IfyouredistributeGNUsoftware,youmaychargeafeeforthephysicalactoftransferringacopy,oryoumaygiveawaycopies.
Otherorganizationsdistributewhateverfreesoftwarehappenstobeavailable.Bycontrast,theFreeSoftwareFoundationconcentratesonthedevelopmentofnewfreesoftware,workingtowardsaGNUsystemcompleteenoughtoeliminatetheneedforyoutopurchaseaproprietarysystem.
BesidesdevelopingGNU,FSFdistributescopiesofGNUsoftwareandmanualsforadistributionfee,andacceptstax-deductiblegiftstosupportGNUdevelopment.MostofFSF'sfundscomefromitsdistributionservice.Wearetaxexempt;youcandeductdonationstousonyourU.S.taxreturns.
TheOfficersoftheFoundationare:RichardM.Stallman,President;andLisaGoldstein,Treasurer/Secretary.TheFoundationBoardofDirectorsare:RichardM.Stallman,GeraldJ.Sussman,HaroldAbelson,RobertJ.Chassell,andLeonardH.TowerJr.
Thesimplestwaytomakeaprogramfreeistoputitinthepublicdomain,uncopyrighted.Butthisallowsanyonetocopyrightandrestrictitsuseagainsttheauthor'swishes,thusdenyingotherstherighttoaccessandfreelyredistributeit.Thiscompletelypervertstheoriginalintent.
Topreventthis,wecopyrightoursoftwareinanovelmanner.Typicalsoftwarecompaniesusecopyrightstotakeawayyourfreedoms.Weusethecopylefttopreservethem.Itisalegalinstrumentthatrequiresthosewhopassontheprogramtoincludetherightstofurtherredistributeit,andtoseeandchangethecode;thecodeandrightsbecomelegallyinseparable.
ThecopyleftusedbytheGNUProjectismadefromacombinationofaregularcopyrightnoticeandtheGNUGeneralPublicLicense(GPL).TheGPLisacopyinglicensewhichbasicallysaysthatyouhavethefreedomsdiscussedabove.Analternateform,theGNULibraryGeneralPublicLicense(LGPL),appliestocertainGNULibraries.Thislicensepermitslinkingthelibrariesintoproprietaryexecutablesundercertainconditions.TheappropriatelicenseisincludedinallGNUsourcecodedistributionsandinmanyofourmanuals.Wewillalsosendyouaprintedcopyuponrequest.
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationdoesnotprovideanytechnicalsupport.Althoughwecreatesoftware,weleaveittootherstoearnalivingprovidingsupport.Weseeprogrammersasprovidingaservice,muchasdoctorsandlawyersnowdo;bothmedicalandlegalknowledgearefreelyredistributableentitiesforwhichthepractitionerschargeadistributionandservicefee.
Wemaintainalistofpeoplewhooffersupportandotherconsultingservices,calledtheGNUServiceDirectory.Itisinthefile`etc/SERVICE'intheGNUEmacsdistribution,`SERVICE'intheGCCdistributionand`/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/SERVICE'onanonymousFTPhostprep.ai.mit.edu.Contactusifyouwouldlikeaprintedcopyorwishtobelistedinit.
IfyoufindadeficiencyinanyGNUsoftware,wewanttoknow.WehavemanyInternetmailinglistsforbugreports,announcementsandquestions.TheyarealsogatewayedintoUSENETnewsasthegnu.*newsgroups.Youcangetalistofthesemailinglistsbymailingyourrequesttoeitheraddressonthefrontcover.
Whenwereceiveabugreport,weusuallytrytofixtheproblem.Whileourbugfixesmayseemlikeindividualassistance,theyarenot.Ourtaskissolargethatwemustfocusonthatwhichhelpsthecommunityasawhole.Wedonothavetheresourcestohelpindividuals.Wemaysendyouapatchforabugthathelpsustestthefixandensureitsquality.Ifyourbugreportdoesnotevokeasolutionfromus,youmaystillgetonefromanotheruserwhoreadsourbugreportmailinglists.Otherwise,usetheServiceDirectory.
So,pleasedonotaskustohelpyouinstallthesoftwareorfigureouthowtouseit--butdotellushowaninstallationscriptdoesnotworkorwherethedocumentationisunclear.
IfyouhavenoInternetaccess,youcangetmailandUSENETnewsviaUUCP.ContactalocalUUCPsite,oracommercialUUCPsitesuchas:
UUNETCommunicationsServices3110FairviewParkDrive-Suite570FallsChurch,VA22042USAPhone:1-800-4UUNET4or(703)204-8000Fax:(703)204-8001E-mail:info@uunet.uu.netAlonglistofcommercialUUCPandInternetserviceprovidersispostedperiodicallytoUSENETinthenewsgroupnews.announce.newuserswith`Subject:HowtobecomeaUSENETsite'.
HundredAcreConsultingcontinuestoprovidesupportanddevelopmentservices,withitsspecialtybeingtheGNUCCandC++compilers.ItcontinuesitspolicyofdonatingapercentageofitsprofittotheFSF.Sincewedescribeditsservicesjust5monthsago,ithashired3morepeopleandmovedtobiggeroffices.Thenewaddressis:
HundredAcreConsulting5301LongleyLane,SuiteD-144Reno,NV89511USAPhone:(702)829-9700or1-800-245-2885Fax:(702)829-9926E-mail:info@pooh.comDonationsTranslateIntoFreeSoftwareIfyouappreciateEmacs,GNUCC,Ghostscriptandotherfreesoftware,youmaywishtohelpusmakesurethereismoreinthefuture--remember,donationstranslateintomorefreesoftware!
Yourdonationtousistax-deductibleintheUnitedStates.Wegladlyacceptallcurrencies,althoughtheU.S.dollaristhemostconvenient.
Ifyouremployerhasamatchinggiftsprogramforcharitabledonations,pleasearrangetohaveyourdonationmatchedbyyouremployer.Ifyoudonotknow,pleaseaskyourpersonneldepartment.
$500$250$100$50other$________Othercurrency:________Circletheamountyouaredonating,cutoutthisform,andsenditwithyourdonationto:
FreeSoftwareFoundation675MassachusettsAvenueCambridge,MA02139-3309USACygnusMatchesDonations!ToencouragecashdonationstotheFreeSoftwareFoundation,CygnusSupportwillmatchgiftsbyitsemployees,andbyitscustomersandtheiremployees.
Cygnuswillmatchdonationsfromitsemployeesuptoamaximumof$1000peremployee,andwillmatchdonationsfromcustomersandtheiremployeesat50%toamaximumof$1000percustomer.CygnusSupportwilldonateuptoatotalof$10,000in1993.
DonationspayabletotheFreeSoftwareFoundationshouldbesentbyeligiblepersonstoCygnusSupportwheretheywillbematchedandforwardedtotheFSFeachquarter.TheFSFwillprovidethecontributorwithareceipttorecognizethecontribution(whichistax-deductibleonU.S.taxreturns).DonationssenttotheFSFdirectlywillnotbematched,exceptbypriorarrangementwithCygnusSupport.
DelftUniversityofTechnology,theNetherlands,hasdevelopedOCEAN,acomprehensivechipdesignpackage.Itincludesafullsetofpowerfultoolsforsynthesisandverificationofsemi-customsea-of-gatesandgate-arraychips.OCEANcoverstheback-endofthedesigntrajectory--fromcircuitlevel,downtolayoutandaworkingchip.
OCEANprovidesinteractivetoolsforplacement,routing,simulationandextraction,eitherautomaticallyormanuallyguided.Itisavailableasfreesoftware,withfullsourcecode,andisknowntorunonLinux,HPandSunworkstationsundertheXWindowSystem.Forimportandexportofdata,itknowsaboutEDIF,BLIF,SLS,GDSII,CIF,SPICEandLDM.
YoucanobtainOCEANbyanonymousFTPfromdonau.et.tudelft.nl.Formoreinformation,contactpatrick@donau.et.tudelft.nlontheInternet.
Thetaskofcentralmaintenanceistotakeresponsibilityforfixingbugs,integratingandcleaningupcontributions,makingreleasesandwritinghighpriorityimprovements.
RichardStallmanhopesthiswillenablehimtoundertakeanewproject.
TheInternationalCenterforScientificandTechnicalInformationhostedafreesoftwareconferenceinMoscow,April19--23,1993.Overtwohundredpeopleattended,arrivingfromtheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,Austria,Denmark,Germany,Iran,Japan,theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
GuestofhonorRichardStallmanexplainedwhyhewritesfreesoftware.AmongthetopicsoftheconferencewereanAlgol--68toCconverter,theAndrewUserInterfaceSystem,CoexistenceinaWorldofNewFreedoms,EfficientRecognitionofStaticSearchSetswithgperf,experiencesfromimplementingafreeModula--2translator,RussianExperiencesfromaChildren'sComputerClub,theRussianSQLservercurrentlyunderdevelopment,theRussianPLATONIntegratedBankSystem,GNUDocumentationinRussia,LinuxinEducationandFreeSoftwareinRussia.Othertopicsincludedresourceorganization(databasesanddirectories),andfreesoftwarebusinessaspects.
TheconferencewassponsoredbyPCWorldmagazine,PCCenter"Techno",UrbanSoftLtd.ofSt.Petersburg,TradingHouseOstankino,KLOTOScientificResearch,ZelenogradskyCenter"Zelax"andJohnGoode.
WriteVictorP.Ivannikov,ivan@ivann.delta.msk.su,SergeiKuznetsov,kuz@ivann.delta.msk.su,orYuriP.Smirnov,sup@ivann.delta.msk.su,tocontactGNUinRussia.Formoreinformationabouttheconference,contactGeoffreyS.Knauth,gsk@marble.com.
TheLeagueforProgrammingFreedomhasfiledanamicus("friendofthecourt")brieftosupportAmericanMulti-Systems,asmallbusinessthatwasshutdownbyacourtforviolatingtwocasinogamesoftwarepatentsheldbyacompanycalledFortunet.
Fortunet,whichhasshutdownothermakersofcasinogamesinthepast,obtainedapreliminaryinjunctionrestrainingVernBlanchard,theownerofAMS,fromsellingorservicingaBingoprogram.TheLeagueforProgrammingFreedomaskeditsmembersforpriorart.MarshallMiddenandStevePeltzfoundamulti--userBingoprogramthathadbeenplayedonthePlatosysteminthe1970's.Thejudge,however,grantedthemotiononthegroundsthatatime--sharingsystemplayingBingoisdifferentfromanetworkedsystemplayingBingo.Fortunethasanexpertwitnesswithanimpressiveresumewhoisexpressingthemostabsurdopinions.
TheLPFbriefarguesagainstthevalidityofsoftwarepatentsingeneralandthesepatentsinparticular.ItalsoarguesthattheydonotapplytotheAMSBingosystem.Thebriefhasalreadyhadaneffect--thejudgehasscheduledahearingtoreconsidertheinjunction.
Fightingapatentincourtisagruelingexperienceevenifyouultimatelysucceed.Theonlyfeasiblewaytosolvetheproblemofsoftwarepatentsistoaddresstheproblemasawhole.ThisisthemainactivityoftheLPF.Tosucceed,itneedsyoursupport.
TheLeagueforProgrammingFreedom(LPF)aimstoprotectthefreedomtowritesoftware.Thisfreedomisthreatenedby"look-and-feel"interfacecopyrightlawsuitsandbysoftwarepatents.TheLPFdoesnotendorsefreesoftwareortheFSF.
TheLeague'smembersincludeprogrammers,entrepreneurs,students,professors,andevensoftwarecompanies.
FromtheLeaguemembershipform:
TheLeagueforProgrammingFreedomisagrass-rootsorganizationofprofessors,students,businesspeople,programmers,andusersdedicatedtobringingbackthefreedomtowriteprograms.TheLeagueisnotopposedtothelegalsystemthatCongressintended--copyrightonindividualprograms.Ouraimistoreversetherecentchangesmadebyjudgesinresponsetospecialinterests.
MembershipduesintheLeagueare$42peryearforprogrammers,managersandprofessionals;$10.50forstudents;$21forothers.
Tojoin,pleasesendacheckandthefollowinginformation:
TheLeagueisnotconnectedwiththeFreeSoftwareFoundationandisnotitselfafreesoftwareorganization.TheFSFsupportstheLPFbecause,likeanysoftwaredevelopersmallerthanIBM,itisendangeredbysoftwarepatents.Youareindangertoo!Itwouldbeeasytoignoretheproblemuntilyouoryouremployerissued,butitismoreprudenttoorganizebeforethathappens.
Ifyouhaven'tmadeupyourmindyet,writetoLPFformoreinformation,orsendInternetmailtolpf@uunet.uu.net.Theaddressis:
LeagueforProgrammingFreedom1KendallSquare-#143P.O.Box9171Cambridge,MA02139USAPhone:(617)243-4091Email:lpf@uunet.uu.netProjectGNUWishListWishesforthisissuearefor:
TheTextSoftwareInitiative(TSI)isaninternationalefforttopromotethedevelopmentanduseoffreesoftwareforallkindsoftextanalysisandmanipulation,includingmarkupofphysicalandlogicaltextfeatures,linguisticanalysisandannotation,browsingandretrieval,statisticalanalysisandothertext-relatedtasksinresearchincomputationallinguistics,humanitiescomputing,terminologyandlexicography,speech,etc.AcentralcomponentofTSIisthedevelopmentofguidelinesandstandardsfortextsoftware,inordertoensurecompatibility,extendabilityandreusability.
TSIborrowsfromtheprinciplesofFSF,bypromotingdistributedsoftwaredevelopmentonavoluntarybasisandprotectingthefreedomtocopy,redistributeandmodifysoftware.
Formoreinformation,contacttheprojectcoordinators,whoareNancyIde,ide@cs.vassar.eduandJeanVeronis,veronis@grtc.cnrs-mrs.fr.
Thereismoretofreelyredistributableinformationthansoftware.Hereisapartiallistoforganizationsprovidingotherformsoffreelyredistributableinformation.
ICOT(InstituteforNextGenerationComputerTechnology)isdistributingthefifth-generationsoftwareproducedbytheirresearcheffortsasfreesoftware.Thisincludesover70megabytesofprogramsforsymbolprocessing,knowledgerepresentation,problemsolvingandinferenceandnaturallanguageprocessing.Formoreinformation,contactirpr@icot.or.jp.
Mieko,h-mieko@sra.co.jp,andNobuyukiHikichi,hikichi@sra.co.jp,continuetoworkontheGNUProjectinJapan.TheyhavetranslatedtheFSFOrderFormandGNU'sBulletinintoJapaneseandaredistributingthemwidely.TheyaskfordonationsandalsoofferGNUsoftwareconsulting.RecentlytheybeganredistributingtheirJapanesetranslationoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicenseVersion2.ThistranslationisauthorizedbytheFSFandisavailablebyanonymousFTPfromsrawgw.sra.co.jpin`/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j'.YukitoshiFujimurafromAddison--WesleyPublishersinJapangreatlycontributedtothistranslation.WorkisunderwayonaformaltranslationoftheGNULibraryGeneralPublicLicense.
JapaneseversionsofGNUEmacs(nemacs),Epoch(nepoch)andMULEareavailableandwidelyusedinJapan.MULE(theMULtilingualEnhancementofGNUEmacs)canhandlemanycharactersetsatonce.EventuallyitsfeatureswillbemergedintoFSF'sversionofEmacs.Ken'ichiHanda,handa@etl.go.jp,isbetatestingMULE;youcanFTPsourcesfromsh.wide.ad.jpin`/JAPAN/mule'oretlport.etl.go.jpin`/pub/mule'.
TheVillageCenter,Inc.hasprintedaJapanesetranslationoftheGNUEmacsLispReferenceManualanduploadedtheTexinfosourcetovariousbulletinboards.Recently,theyalsopublishedacopyleftedbook,Mieko'sThinkGNU.ThisappearstobethefirstcopyleftedpublicationinJapan,apartfromthosebytheFSF.PartoftherevenuegeneratedisdonatedtotheFSF.Theaddressis:
VillageCenter,Inc.KandaAmerexBldg.2F1-16,3-Chome,Misaki-ChoChiyoda-ku,Tokyo101JapanAgroupconnectedwiththecommercialpersonalcomputernetworkinJapaniswritinganddistributingacopyleftedhardware(circuitdiagram)designsystemthatrunsonaMIPS-architectureCPU.Thet2OS,whichrunsonthismachine,isasubsetofUnixthatusesGCCandGDBasthesystem'scompileranddebugger.TheyarealsorunningMachandMIPS-BSD.
ManygroupsinJapandistributeGNUsoftware,includingJUG(aPCusergroup),ASCII(publishers)andtheFujitsuFMTownsusersgroup.AnonymousUUCPisalsonowavailableinJapan;formoreinformationcontacttoku@dit.co.jp.PublishersinJapanaresteadilyreleasingmorearticlesandbooksaboutGNUsoftwareandFSF.
YoucanorderGNUsoftwaredirectlyfromtheFSF.ForJapan,weprovideanFSFOrderFormwritteninJapanese,aswellasatoll--freefacsimilenumber;askjapan-fsf-orders@prep.ai.mit.eduforacopyoftheorderform.Weencourageyoutobuytapes:every150tapeordersallowsFSFtohireaprogrammerforayeartowritemorefreesoftware.
TheFSFdoesnotdistributenemacs,nepochorMULEontape;howeverMULEisavailableontheGNUSourceCodeCD-ROM.
GNUisdedicatedtohavingquality,easy-to-useon-lineandprinteddocumentation.GNUmanualsareintendedtoexplaintheunderlyingconcepts,describehowtouseallthefeaturesofeachprogram,andgiveexamplesofcommanduse.GNUmanualsaredistributedasTexinfosourcefiles,whichyieldbothtypesethardcopyandon-linehypertext-likedisplayviathemenu-drivenInfosystem.Thesemanuals,sourceforwhichisprovidedwithoursoftware,arealsoavailableinhardcopy;seethe"FreeSoftwareFoundationOrderForm."
SeveralGNUmanualsarenowboundassoftcoverbookswithanewlay-flatbindingtechnology.Thisallowsyoutoopenthemsotheylieflatonatablewithoutcreasingthebinding.Eachbookhasaninnerclothspineandanoutercardboardcoverthatwillnotbreakorcreaseasanordinarypaperbackwill.Currently,theEmacs,EmacsLispReference,Texinfo,GAWK,Make,GDB,BisonandFlexmanualshavethisbinding.AllotherGNUmanualsarealsoboundsotheylieflatwhenopened,usingothertechnologies.
TheEmacsManualdescribeseditingwithGNUEmacs.Thenew8theditionhasbeenupdatedforEmacs19.Italsoexplainsadvancedfeatures,suchasoutlinemodeandregularexpressionsearch,howtousespecialmodesforprogramminginlanguageslikeC++andTeX,howtousethetagsutility,howtocompileandcorrectcode,andhowtomakeyourownkeybindingsandotherelementarycustomizations.
TheGNUEmacsLispReferenceManualcoversthisprogramminglanguageingreatdepth,includingdatatypes,controlstructures,functions,macros,syntaxtables,searchingandmatching,modes,windows,keymaps,markers,bytecompilationandtheoperatingsysteminterface.
TheTexinfoManualexplainsthemarkuplanguageusedtogenerateboththeonlineInfodocumentationandtypesethardcopies.Ittellsyouhowtomaketables,lists,chapters,nodes,indexes,crossreferences,howtouseTexinfomodeinGNUEmacsandhowtocatchmistakes.
TheGAWKManualdescribeshowtousetheGNUimplementationofawk.Itiswrittenforsomeonewhohasneverusedawkanddescribesallthefeaturesofthispowerfulstringandrecordmanipulationlanguage.
TheMakeManualdescribesGNUmake,aprogramusedtorebuildpartsofotherprograms.Themanualtellshowtowritemakefiles,whichspecifyhowaprogramistobecompiledandhowitsfilesdependoneachother.Theneweditionofthemanualdescribesthenewfeaturesinmakeversion3.64,andincludesanewintroductorychapterfornoviceusers,aswellasanewsectiononautomaticallygenerateddependencies.
DebuggingwithGDBexplainshowtousetheGNUDebugger,runyourprogramunderdebuggercontrol,examineandalterdata,modifytheflowofcontrolwithintheprogramanduseGDBthroughGNUEmacs.
TheBisonManualteachesyouhowtowritecontext-freegrammarsfortheBisonprogramthatconvertintoC-codedparsers.Youneednopriorknowledgeofparsergenerators.
TheFlexManualtellsyouhowtowritealexicalscannerdefinitionfortheflexprogramtocreateaC-codedscannerthatwillrecognizethepatternsdescribed.Youneednopriorknowledgeofscannergenerators.
UsingandPortingGNUCCexplainshowtorun,installandporttheGNUCcompiler.Currently,wearedistributingtwoversionsofGCC,version1andversion2,eachdocumentedbyadifferenteditionofthemanual.
TheTermcapManual,oftendescribedas"TwiceasmuchasyoueverwantedtoknowaboutTermcap,"detailstheformatoftheTermcapdatabase,thedefinitionsofterminalcapabilitiesandtheprocessofinterrogatingaterminaldescription.Thismanualisprimarilyforprogrammers.
TheEmacsCalcManualincludesbothatutorialandareferencemanualforCalc.Itdescribeshowtodoordinaryarithmetic,howtouseCalcforalgebra,calculusandotherformsofmathematics,andhowtoextendCalc.
TheCLibraryReferenceManualdescribesalmostallofthefacilitiesoftheGNUClibrary,includingbothwhatUnixcalls"libraryfunctions"and"systemcalls."Wearedoinglimitedprintrunsofthismanualuntilitbecomesmorestable.Itisnew,andwewouldlikecorrectionsandimprovements.Pleasesendthemtobug-glibc-manual@prep.ai.mit.edu.
WeofferUnixsoftwaresourcedistributionstapesintarformatonthefollowingmedia:
Wealsooffer:
Thecontentsofthevarious9-trackandcartridgetapesforUnixsystemsarethesame(exceptfortheRS/6000Emacstape,whichalsohasexecutables);onlythemediaaredifferent(seethe"FreeSoftwareFoundationOrderForm").SourcecodeforthemanualscomesinTexinfoformat.Wewelcomeallbugreports.
Someofthefilesonthetapesmaybecompressedwithgziptomakethemfit.Refertothetop-level`README'fileatthebeginningofeachtapeforinstructionsonuncompressingthem.uncompressandunpackdonotwork!
VersionnumberslistedafterprogramnameswerecurrentatthetimethisBulletinwaspublished.Whenyouorderadistributiontape,someoftheprogramsmightbenewer,andthereforetheversionnumberhigher.
ThistapecontainsMITScheme7.1.Schemeisasimplified,lexically-scopeddialectofLisp.ItwasdesignedatMITandotheruniversitiestoteachstudentstheartofprogramming,andtoresearchnewparallelprogrammingconstructsandcompilationtechniques.Thecurrentversionconformstothe"Revised^4ReportOntheAlgorithmicLanguageScheme"(MITAILabMemo848b),forwhichTeXsourceisincluded.
MITSchemeiswritteninC,butispresentlyhardtobootstrap.BinarieswhichcanbeusedtobootstrapSchemeareavailableforthefollowingsystems:
Ifyoursystemisnotonthislistandyoudon'tenjoythebootstrapchallenge,seethe"JACAL"entryinthe"ProjectGNUStatusReport."
Thistapecontainsprogrammingtools:compilers,interpretersandrelatedprograms(parsers,conversionprograms,debuggers,etc.).
ThistapeconsistsmostlyofsmallerutilitiesandmiscellaneousapplicationsnotavailableontheotherGNUtapes.
Thistapeincludessoftwarewhichiscurrentlyinbetatestandisavailableforpeoplewhoarefeelingadventurous.Someofthesoftwarealreadyhasreleasedversionsonthedistributiontapes.Thecontentsofthistapearetransient;astheprogramsbecomestable,theywillreplaceolderversionsonothertapes.Pleasesendbugreportstotheaddressinthenotesforeachprogramonthetape.NotethatEmacs19,inbetatest,isontheEmacstape.
ThetwoX11tapescontainVersion11,Release5oftheMITXWindowSystem.ThefirstFSFtapecontainsallofthecoresoftware,documentationandsomecontributedclients.Wecallthisthe"required"XtapesinceitisnecessaryforrunningXorrunningGNUEmacsunderX.Thesecond,"optional",FSFtapecontainscontributedlibrariesandothertoolkits,theAndrewUserInterfaceSystem,gamesandotherprograms.
TheX11Requiredtapealsocontainsallfixesandpatchesreleasedtodate.Weupdatethistapeasnewfizesandpatchesarereleased.
TheBerkeley"Net2"releasecontainsthesecond4.3BSDdistributionandisnewerthanboth4.3BSD-Tahoeand4.3BSD-Reno.ItincludesmostoftheBSDsoftwaresystemexceptforafewutilities,somepartsofthekernelandsomelibraryroutineswhichyourownClibraryislikelytoprovide(wehavereplacementsonothertapesformanyofthemissingprograms).ThisreleasealsocontainsthirdpartysoftwareincludingKerberosandsomeGNUsoftware.
WeoffertwoVMStapes.OnehasjusttheGNUEmacseditor.TheotherhastheGNUCcompiler,Bison(tocompileGCC),GAS(toassembleGCC'soutput)andsomelibraryandincludefiles.WearenotawareofaGDBportforVMS.BothVMStapeshaveexecutablesfromwhichyoucanbootstrap,astheDECVMSCcompilercannotcompileGCC.PleasedonotaskustodevoteefforttoVMSsupport,becauseitisperipheraltotheGNUProject.
TheFSFhasatapesubscriptionservice.Ifyoudonothavenetaccess,thesubscriptionserviceenablesyoutostaycurrentwiththelatestFSFdevelopments.Foraone-timecostequivalenttothreetapes,wewillmailyoufournewversionsofthetapeofyourchoiceoverthecourseofthenextyear.
Everyquarter,wewillsendyouanewversionofanEmacs,Languages,Utilities,ExperimentalorMITXWindowSystemRequiredtape.TheBSDNet-2,MITSchemeandtheMITXWindowSystemOptionaltapesarenotchangedoftenenoughtowarrantquarterlyupdates.
SinceEmacs19isnowontheEmacsTape,asubscriptionwillbeaconvenientwaytokeepcurrentwithEmacs19updatesasitmovesthroughbeta-test.
AsubscriptionisalsoaneasywaytokeepupwiththeregularbugfixestotheMITXWindowSystem.WeupdatetheX11Requiredtape,asfixesandpatchesfortheXWindowSystemareissuedthroughouttheyear.
Seesection"Subscriptions"inthe"FreeSoftwareFoundationOrderForm".
AllthesoftwareandpublicationsfromFreeSoftwareFoundationaredistributedwithpermissiontocopyandredistribute.TheeasiestwaytogetGNUsoftwareistocopyitfromsomeoneelsewhohasit.
YoucangetGNUsoftwaredirectfromtheFSFbyorderingdiskettes,atapeoraCD-ROM.SuchordersprovidemostofthefundsfortheFSFstaff,sopleasesupportusbyorderingifyoucan.Seethe"FreeSoftwareFoundationOrderForm".
Therearealsothirdpartygroupswhodistributeoursoftware;theydonotworkwithus,butcanprovideoursoftwareinotherforms.Foryourconveniencewelistsomeofthem;see"FreeSoftwareforMicrocomputers".PleasenotethattheFreeSoftwareFoundationisnotaffiliatedwiththeminanywayandisresponsibleforneitherthecurrencyoftheirversionsnortheswiftnessoftheirresponses.
IfyouhaveInternetaccessandcannotaccessoneofthehostsbelow,youcangetthesoftwareviaanonymousFTPfromGNU'sdistributionhostprep.ai.mit.edu(theIPaddressis18.71.0.38).Formoreinformation,getfile`/pub/gnu/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE'.prepisaverybusyhostandonlyallowsalimitednumberofFTPloginsatanygiventime.Pleaseuseanothermachine,ifatallpossible.
TheseTCP/IPInternetsitesprovideGNUsoftwareviaanonymousFTP(program:ftp,user:anonymous,password:youre-mailaddress,mode:binary).Pleasetrythembeforeprep.ai.mit.edu.
ThoseonJANETcanlookundersrc.doc.ic.ac.ukin`/gnu'.
YoucangetsomeGNUprogramsviaUUCP.OhioStateUniversitypoststheirUUCPinstructionsregularlytonewsgroupcomp.sources.donUSENET.ThesepeoplewillsendyouUUCPinstructionsviaelectronicmail:
hao!scicom!qetzal!upba!ugn!nepa!denny,uunet!hutch!barber,src@contrib.de(Europe),james@bigtex.cactus.org,acornrc!bob,toku@dit.co.jp(Japan),staff@cis.ohio-state.edu,info@uunet.uu.netForthosewithoutInternetaccess,seethesection"FreeSoftwareSupport"forinformationongettingelectronicmailandfiletransferviaUUCP.
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationhasproduceditssecondCD-ROM.ThisCD-ROMcontainssourcesforalloftheprogramsontheEmacs,Languages,Utilities,Experimental,andtheMITXRequiredandOptionaltapes.Inaddition,theCD-ROMcontainsthesourcesforMULE0.9.7(see"FreeSoftwareandGNUinJapan");somepackagesportedtoIntel80386and80486-basedmachinesrunningMS-DOS:Demacs,DJGPP2.4andMITScheme7.2;andasnapshotoftheEmacsLispArchiveatOhioStateUniversity.(YoucangetlibrariesinthisarchivebyUUCP(askstaff@cis.ohio-state.edufordirections)orbyanonymousFTPfromarchive.cis.ohio-state.eduin`/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive'.)
TheCD-ROMdoesnotcontainthecontentsoftheMITScheme,VMSorNet2tapes.
TheversionnumbersofthesoftwareontheCD-ROMcorrespondtotheversionnumberslistedin"GNUSoftwareAvailableNow."
TheCD-ROMisinISO9660formatandcanbemountedasaread-onlyfilesystemonmostoperatingsystems.IfyourdriversupportsityoucanmounttheCD-ROMwith"RockRidge"extensionsanditwilllookjustlikeanordinaryUnixfilesystem,ratherthanonefulloftruncatedandotherwisemanglednamesthatfitthevanillaISO9660specifications.
YoucanbuildmostofthissoftwarewithoutneedingtocopythesourcesofftheCD.Itrequiresonlyenoughfreediskspacefortheobjectfilesandtheintermediatebuildtargets.ExceptfortheGCCbinariesforSPARCstationsrunningSolaris2.0andtheMS-DOSbinaries,therearenoprecompiledprogramsonthisCD.YouwillneedaCcompiler(programswhichneedsomeotherinterpreterorcompilernormallyprovidetheCsourceforabootstrappingprogram).
TheCDcosts$400ifyouarebuyingitforabusinessorotherorganization,or$100ifyouarebuyingitforyourself.
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationhasbeenrepeatedlyaskedtocreateapackagethatprovidesexecutablesforallofoursoftware.Usuallyweofferonlysources.Inadditiontoprovidingbinarieswiththesourcecode,theDeluxeDistributionincludescopiesofallourprintedmanualsandreferencecards.
TheFSFDeluxeDistributioncontainsthebinariesandsourcestohundredsofdifferentprogramsincludingGNUEmacs,theGNUCCompiler,theGNUDebugger,thecompleteMITXWindowSystemandtheGNUutilities.
Youmaychooseoneofthesemachinesandoperatingsystems:HP9000series200,300,700or800(4.3BSDorHP-UX);RS/6000(AIX);SONYNews68k(4.3BSDorNewsOS4);Sun-3,Sun-4orSPARC(SunOS4orSolaris).Ifyourmachineorsystemisnotlisted,orifaspecificprogramhasnotbeenportedtothatmachine,pleasecalltheFSFofficeatthephonenumberbeloworsende-mailtognu@prep.ai.mit.edu.
WewillsupplythesoftwareononeofthesemediainUnixtarformat:1600or6250bpi,1/2inch,reeltoreeltape;SunDC300XLP1/4inchcartridge,QIC-24;HP16trackDC600HC1/4inchcartridge;IBMRS/60001/4inchcartridge,QIC-150;Exabyte8mmtape.Ifyourcomputercannotreadanyofthese,pleasecallus.
ThemanualsincludedareoneeachoftheBison,Calc,Gawk,GNUCCompiler,GNUCLibrary,GNUDebugger,Flex,GNUEmacsLispReference,Make,TexinfoandTermcapmanuals;sixcopiesofthemanualforGNUEmacs;andapacketofreferencecardseachforGNUEmacs,Calc,theGNUDebugger,BisonandFlex.
Inadditiontotheprintedandon-linedocumentation,everyDeluxeDistributionincludesaCD-ROM(inISO9660formatwithRockRidgeextensions)thatcontainssourcesofoursoftware.
TheDeluxeDistributioncosts$5000.ThispackageisforpeoplewhowanttogeteverythingcompiledforthemorwhowanttomakeapurchasethathelpstheFSFinalargeway.Toorderthepackage,pleasefilloutthe"FreeSoftwareFoundationOrderForm",andsenditto:
FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.675MassachusettsAvenueCambridge,MA02139-3309USAPhone:(617)876-3296Electronicmail:gnu@prep.ai.mit.eduMS-DOSDistributionFSFdistributes,on3.5inch1.44MBdiskettes,someoftheGNUsoftwarethathasbeenportedtoMS-DOS.Thediskshavebothsourcesandexecutables.
DemacsisaversionofGNUEmacs18.55portedtoMS-DOS,withsomechangesfromEmacs18.57.Twoversionsareactuallyincluded--onewhichhandles8-bitcharactersets,andone,basedonNemacs,whichhandles16-bitcharactersets,includingKanji.FSFdistributesitonfivediskettes.
DemacsrunsonIntel80386and80486--basedmachinesrunningMS-DOS.ItiscompatiblewithXMSmemorymanagersandVCPI,butnotwithMicrosoftWindowsextendedmodeorotherDPMImanagers.
DJGPPisacompleteportofGCC,libraries,developmentutilitiesandasymbolicdebugger,forIntel80386and80486--basedmachinesrunningMS-DOS.FSFdistributesitonfourdiskettes.
DJGPPrequiresatleast5MBofharddiskspacetoinstall,and512KofRAMtouse.ItiscompatiblewithXMSmemorymanagersandVCPI,butnotwithMicrosoftWindowsextendedmodeorotherDPMImanagers.Itcannotemulatemultitasking(e.g.theUnixforksystemcall)orsignals.
TheGNUishMS-DOSProjectreleasesGNUsoftwareportedtoPCcompatibles.Ingeneral,thissoftwarewillrunon8086and80286--basedmachines;an80386isnotrequired.Someoftheseutilitiesarenecessarilymissingfeatures.FSFdistributesitonasetofdiskettes.
Wearedistributingtheseutilities,bothsourceandexecutables:RCS,flex,GAWK,cpio,diff,MicroEmacs,find,somefileutilities,gdbm,grep,libc,ptx,indent,less,m4,make,sed,shar,sortandTexinfo.
WearedistributingversionsofGNUChessandgnuplotportedtoMicrosoftWindows,onasinglediskette,containingbothsourceandexecutables.
WedonotprovidesupportforGNUsoftwareonmicrocomputersbecauseitisperipheraltotheGNUProject.However,wearedistributingafewsuchprogramsontape,CD-ROManddiskette.Wearealsowillingtopublishinformationaboutgroupswhodosupportandmaintainthem.Ifyouareawareofanysuchefforts,pleasesendthedetails,includingpostaladdresses,archivesitesandmailinglists,toeitheraddressonthefrontcover.
See"MS-DOSDistribution"formoreinformationaboutmicrocomputersoftwareavailablefromtheFSF.Pleasedonotaskusaboutanyothersoftware.TheFSFdoesnotmaintainanyofitandhasnoadditionalinformation.
WestillhaveourFreeSoftwareFoundationT-shirtsavailable,designedbyCambridgeartistJamalHannah.Thefrontofthet-shirthasanimageofaGNUhackingataworkstationwiththetext"GNU'sNotUnix"aboveandthetext"FreeSoftwareFoundation"below.Theyareavailableintwocolors,NaturalandBlack.Naturalisanoff-white,unbleached,undyed,environment-friendlycotton,printedwithblackink,andisgreatfortye-dyeingordisplayingasis.Blackisprintedwithwhiteinkandisperfectforlatenighthacking.Allshirtsarethick100%cotton,andareavailableinsizesM,L,XLandXXL.
Usethe"FreeSoftwareFoundationOrderForm"toorderyourshirt,andconsidergettingoneasapresentforyourfavoritehacker!
Workforsomethingbecauseitisgood,notjustbecauseitstandsachancetosucceed.
-VaclavHavelThankGNUsThankstoallthosementionedabovein"InformalGCCConsortium","GNUsFlashes","ProjectGNUStatusReport","GNUinJapan"and"GNUSoftwareAvailableNow".
ThankstotheArtificialIntelligenceLaboratoryandtheLaboratoryforComputerScienceatMITfortheirinvaluableassistance.
ThankstotheMax-Plack-InstitutfuerInformatikImStadtwaldforbuyingourDeluxeDistributionpackage.
ThanksagaintotheUSENIXAssociationforlettingushaveatableattheirconference;totheOpenSoftwareFoundationfortheircontinuedsupport;andtoCygnusSupportforassistingProjectGNUinmanyways.
ThankstoWiredMagazineandBarryMeikleoftheUniversityofTorontoBookstorefordonatingusadspaceintheirseparatepublications.
ThankstoWarrenA.Hunt,Jr.andComputationalLogic,Inc.fortheirdonationandsupport.
JimBlandythanksJamieZawinskiforhisimplementationofsomeoftheX-relatedfeaturesinEmacs19.
Thanksgoouttoallthosewhohaveeitherlentordonatedmachines,includingCygnusSupportforaSunSPARCstation;Hewlett-Packardfortwo80486,six68030andfourSpectrumcomputers;BrewsterKahleofThinkingMachinesCorp.foraSun-4/110;CMU'sMachProjectforaSun-3/60;IntelCorp.fortheir386machine;NeXTfortheirworkstation;theMITMediaLaboratoryforaHewlett-Packard68020;SONYCorp.andSoftwareResearchAssociates,Inc.,bothofTokyo,forthreeSONYNewsworkstations;IBMCorp.foranRS/6000;theMITLaboratoryofComputerSciencefortheDECMicroVAX;theOpenSoftwareFoundationfortheCompaq386;DeltaMicrosystemsforanExabytetapedrive;ananonymousdonorfor5IBMRT/PCs;LiantSoftwareCorp.forfiveVT100s;JerryPeekfora386machine;NCDCorporationforanXterminal;andInterleaf,Inc.,VeronikaCaslavsky,PaulEnglish,CindyWoolworthandLisaBergenfortheloanofascanner.
Thankstoallthosewhohavecontributedportsandextensions,aswellasthosewhohavecontributedothersourcecode,documentationandgoodbugreports.
Thankstoallthosewhosentmoneyandofferedhelp.
Thanksalsotoallthosewhosupportusbyorderingmanuals,distributiontapes,diskettesandCD-ROMs.
Thecreationofthisbulletinisourwayofthankingallwhohaveexpressedinterestinwhatwearedoing.