随机突变文库构建与筛选研究进展

本文总结了近年来发表的最新的定向进化方法。用于生成突变文库的传统技术如易错PCR和DNA改组在不断完善中得到广泛应用。重点介绍了正交体内连续进化和3种CRISPR介导的定向进化平台:EvolvR、CRISPR-X和CasPER,还提及了近年来快速发展的蛋白质半理性设计策略。此外,介绍了近年来出现的高通量筛选方法,这些方法共同加速了定向进化领域的发展。

通过电穿孔引入CRISPR-X,同时靶向多个sgRNAs,可以诱发多个基因组位点突变。CRISPR-X是一种强大的工具,允许在CRISPR靶点引入不同的点突变,连续突变和进化出新的蛋白质功能。可以设想,该系统能使两种相互作用的内源性表达蛋白共同进化,并为在自然环境下突变选择活性增强的抗体和酶蛋白提供一种简化的策略。

CasPER在同源基因组中能促进数百个核苷酸的有效突变。通过多种方式将大型突变DNA片段整合到一起,其效率几乎达到100%,从而产生数百万个突变体。研究员利用CRISPR/Cas9在基因组靶点引入DSB,并通过天然同源定向修复整合300–600bp线性DNA供体,提高酶在自然环境中的定向进化效率。该方法适用于以相同的效率靶向单基因组和双基因组基因座,使基因组整合子的突变分布保持均匀。应用CasPER对酿酒酵母甲羟戊酸途径中的2种关键代谢酶进行定向进化,可将异戊二烯产量提高11倍。

CasPER通过同源重组支持异源DNA基因组整合,可以在供体整个片段上实现多重基因组工程,从而实现高效率和高通量的进化研究。CasPER已在酵母中得到应用,未来它还能够应用于其他的具有高效的同源重组机制的有机体。

传统突变技术易错PCR和DNA改组不断引入创新,而新技术的涌现为定向进化的未来发展提供了一个新视角。本文主要介绍以下几个新的突变技术:1)正交DNA聚合酶-质粒OrthoRep是一种简化的连续进化系统,加速了定向进化的发展。它能够使目标基因在宿主酵母繁殖时快速稳定地突变和进化。2)传统的定向进化通常不可能在多个位点进行独立的突变,而CRISPR介导的定向进化可以利用不同的sgRNAs定位多个位点,扩大了突变文库,并将其应用于动物、植物、微生物等不同物种中,具有广阔的发展前景。3)蛋白质半理性设计快速发展,有针对性地构建高质量的小型突变文库,进一步降低了筛选工作量。

稳定的高通量筛选方法至关重要。如何使高通量筛选方法适用更广泛的酶功能,是未来研究的重点。科学家们还需不断地改进现有的技术手段,研发和优化更高效的文库构建和筛选方法,为定向进化创造更加诱人的前景。

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