★oddity:n.[C]astrangeorunusualpersonorthing怪人；怪物；奇特的东西Withhisneatsuitson,hefeltlikeanodditywalkinginthispoorneighborhood.穿着必听的西装走在这个贫民窟里，他觉得自己就像个怪物。
★be/feelobligedtodosth.:ifyouareobligedtodosth.,youhavetodoitbecausethesituation,thelaw,aduty，etc.makesitnecessary(因形式、法律、义务等关系而)非做不可，迫使IthinkValentine’sDayisawasteoftime,butIstillfeelobligedtosendmywifeacard.UsagenoteobligedThewordobligeismostcommonlyusedintheexpressionbe/feelobliged.1.be/feelobligedtodosth.指“感到有责任做某事”Hefeltobligedtohelphismother,evenifitmeantleavingcollege.他觉得有责任帮助母亲，即使这意味着他要离开大学。
2.be/feelobligedtosb./sth.指“对某人或某事心存感激”Thankyouverymuch,doctor,Iamextremelyobligedtoyou.医生，非常谢谢你。
对您，我深表感谢。
★absorbed:a.sointerestedorinvolvedinsth.thatyoudonotnoticeanythingelse极感兴趣的；全神贯注的；专注的。
★allergic:a.1)(be-tosth.)(infml)ifyouareallergictosth.,youdonotlikeitandtrytoavoidit不喜欢某事，对某事反感Mostmenareallergictohousework.大多数男人都不喜欢做家务。
2)havinganallergy过敏的IdonotenjoypicnicsbecauseIamallergictograss.我不喜欢野餐，因为我对草过敏。
★runintosb.:(infml.)meetsb.bychance偶然遇见某人Youforgotallaboutyourcousin’sbirthdayuntilyousuddenlyranintohertoday.要不是你今天偶然遇见了你表姐，你己全然忘记了她的生日。
★freshfrom:havingjustcomefromaparticularplaceorexperience刚从…来的；刚有…经历的Schoolprincipalsshouldnotexpectteachers,freshfromcollege,todealwithalargegroupofdifficultchildren.学校的校长不应该指望刚从大学毕业的老师来应付一大群难以对付的孩子。
★excursion:n.[C]ashortjourneyyoutakeforpleasure短途出行；远足Itwassuchawonderfuldaythattheydecidetotakeadayexcursiontothemountain.这么好的天气，他们决定去山上一日游。
3.“Howwasit”Iasked,fullofearnestanticipation,(para.2)MeaningrWhenIaskedabouthowhertriptoEuropehadbeen,Iwasexpectingherresponseanxiouslyandsincerely.★Howwasit:(spoken)oftenusedinconversationtoasksb.abouttheiropinionorexperienceofsth.(口语常用表达，用于询问看法或经历)DidyouwatchthemovielastnightHowwasit你昨天晚上看那部电影了吗感觉怎么样？★fullof:(followedbyabstractnouns)feelingorshowingalotofparticularemotionorquality(感觉、表达或表现出)充满某种情感(特质)的fullofexcitement/energy/hope/happiness/praise充满兴奋/活力/希望/幸福/赞美Theteacherwasfullofpraiseforthehomeworkthatthestudentshaddone.老师对学生们完成的功课赞不绝口。
★earnest:a.veryseriousandsincere非常认真的；郑重其事的。
Attheofficehewasveryearnest，buthe’smorerelaxednow.在办公室他很认真，但是现在他放松多了。
4.Shenoddedthreeorfourtimessearchedtheheavensfortherightwords,andthenexclaimed，itwaslike，whoa!"(para.3)Meaning:shenoddedherheadthreeorfourtimes,triedtofindtherightwordsinhermindandthenshoutedwithexcitementitwaslikewhoa!Meaningbeyondwords:Sincethestudentwasnotquitesurehowtoexactlydescribehertravelexperience,thetoneoftheauthorissomewhatsarcastic.TheauthorintendedtosendoutthemessagethatthestudentwasincompetentregardingtheselectionofherEnglishvocabulary.★searchsomewhereforsth.:trytofindsth.insomeplace在某地方搜寻某物Therobberreachedoutandsearchedthebackpocketofmytrousersforanythingvaluable.那个盗贼伸手搜我裤子后面的口袋以寻找值钱的东西。
NoteTheheavensmeansthesky:heresearchtheheavensfortherightwords"impliesthestudenttriedhardtofindsuitablewordstodescribewhatshesawandexperiencedwhentravelinginEurope.Usagenotesearch,searchfor1.search:lookthrough检査；搜査Theysearchedthemaninfrontofmefromheadtofoot.他们把我前面的男子从头到脚搜査了一遍。
2.searchfor:look寻找；搜寻Thecustomsweresearchingfordrugsattheairport.海关人员在机场搜査毒品。
★exclaim:v.saysth.suddenlyandloudlybecauseofsurprise,anger,orexcitement(由于惊奇、气愤或激动)呼喊，惊叫Susanexclaimedhorrorwhenayoungmanwithagunsuddenlyappearedfrombehindher.当一名年轻男子突然持枪从苏珊背后出现时，她害怕得惊叫起来。
6.ThecivilizationofGreeceandthegloryofRomanarchitecturewerecapturedincondensednon-statement,(para.4)Meaning:ThecivilizationofGreeceandthegloryofRomanarchitecturewerejustdescribedinonewordratherthanacompletestatementbecauseofherinabilitytochooseappropriatewordstoexpressherself★capture:vt.1)succeedinrecording，showing，ordescribingasituationorfeeling,usingwordsorpictures(用文字或图片)记录下，描述，捕捉Someartistsareabletocatchalikenessinasketchwhileothersaregiftedtocaptureafleetingexpression.有些艺术家能画出酷似某人的肖像，而另一些则善于捕捉到稍纵即逝的表情。
2)catchapersonandkeepthemasaprisoner俘虏；逮捕Governmenttroopshavesucceededincapturingtherebelleader政府军己经成功捕获叛乱分子的头目。
★condensed:a.beingmadeshorter,usu.includingonlythemostimportantparts压缩的ThecouncilwasmerelygivenacondensedversionofwhathadalreadybeendisclosedinWashington.该理事会得到的知识已在华盛顿披露的内容的浓缩版。
★distress:n.[U]afeelingofextremeunhappiness忧虑；苦恼；悲伤Shehadfiveyearsofactiveandhappylifeinthehospitalbeforeshedied,withoutmuchpainordistressfromcancer.她过世前在医院过了五年积极而快乐的生活，并没有因为患癌症二遭受多大的痛苦和忧伤。
★distinguishbetween:recognizeandunderstandthedifferencebetweentwoormorethingsorpeople区分；辨别Theabilitytoreadinacriticalwayinvolvestheabilitytodistinguishbetweenfactsandthewriter’sopinionsorinterpretations.批判性阅读能力包括区分什么是事实，什么事作者自己的看法或解释能力。
★distinctive:a.easytorecognizebecauseofbeingdifferentfromotherpeopleorthingsofthesametype与众不同的；特殊的；特别的Thedistinctivedesignofaproductprovidesapowerfulcompetitiveadvantageoverotherproducts.一个独特的产品设计具有比其他产品更强有力的竞争优势。
_____________________________UsageNotedistinguished,distinctive,distinct这三个词词形相近，但意思有很大的差别，不能互换使用1.distinguished指”卓越的；杰出的；著名的”。
Hisgrandfatherhadbeenadistinguisheduniversityprofessor.他的曾祖父曾是一位杰出的大学教授。
2.distinctive指”（特征、性格或外表）独特的，有明显不同的”。
强调”表示差别的”、”有特色的”、”特殊的”Irenehadaverydistinctivevoice.艾琳有一个非常独特的声音。
3.distinct表明”分明的、明了的、清楚的”Ihavethedistinctfeelingthatmyfrienddidnotrealizewhatwashappening.我明显J惑到我朋友并未察觉所发生的一切。
distinct的另一个词义是”明显不同的；有区别的”Ourinterestswerequitedistinctfromthoseofthem.我们的兴趣与他们的截然不同。
现将distincthedistinctive用在一个句子里面，以便区分Oneofthedistinctivefeaturesofthisbookisitsdistinctillustrations这本书很明显的特色一直就是其有着清楚明了的图解。
★complimentary:a.1)givenfreetopeople免费赠送的Allguestswillreceiveacomplimentarybottleofchampagne.所有客人都将得到一瓶免费的香槟。
2)sayingthatyouadmiresb.orsth.赞美的；钦佩的Mrs.Stevenswasmostcomplimentaryaboutyourwork.史蒂文斯夫人称赞你的工作。
★complementary:a.complementarythingsgowelltogetheralthoughtheyareusu.differentS为补充的；互补的Theeconomiesofthetwocountriesarecomplementarytooneanotherinnature两国经济具有互补性。
10.TheyunfairlybearthebulkofthecriticismfortheseknowledgedeHcitsbecausethereisasensethattheyshouldknowbetter,(para.5)Meaning:Justbecausetheyareassumedtolearnbetter,studentsunfairlybecomethemaintargetofthecriticismfortheirinsufficientknowledge.★bulkrn.fUl(the-ofsth.)themajorityorlargestpartofsth.(某物的)大部分，多半Becausethebulkoftheworkwassupervisedbytheowner,theoverallcostisdifficulttoassess.大部分的工作是由业主监督，总体成本很难去评估。
★deficit:n.[C]1)alackofaquality,skill,orabilitythatyoushouldhave(素质、技能或能力的)缺乏、不足knowledge/language/sleepdeficit知识、语言、睡眠的缺乏2)theamountbywhichsth.islessthanyouneedorshouldhave赤字；亏损；逆差Owingtotheheavydeficit,thecompanyisapparentlyonthevergeofbankruptcy由于巨额亏损，该公司很明显己到了破产的边缘。
NoteTheworddeficitismainlyusedinthesecondmeaning(赤字；亏损；逆差)11.Studentsarenotdumb,buttheyarebeingmisledeverywheretheylookandlisten,(para.6)Meaning:Studentsarenotstupidhowever，theymistakenlylearnwhatevertheyseeandhearintheirlanguageenvironment.NoteHere,“theyarebeingmisled”isusedforemphasis,emphasizinganon-goingsituationof“beingmisled”.★dumb:a.(infml.)stupid愚蠢的Thequestionsweresetupjusttomakeherlookdumb.问题这么设计就是为了让她出丑。
12.Forexamplesignsingrocerystorespointthemtothestationary,eventhoughtheactualstationery-pads,albumsandnotebooks-arenotitemsnaileddown.(para.6)Meaning:Forexample，signsofmerchandiseingrocerystoresleadstudentstothe“stationary’’departmentsellingstationerylikepads=，albumsandnotebooks.However,thesedisplayedstationeryitemsaremovablebutnotnaileddown.Meaningbeyondwords:Takingthewrongspelledsignsingrocerystoresasanexample,theauthorarguesthatitisnotstudents’fault.Theverbphrasenaildowniscleverlyusedtodescribethefiinnysituation:movable“stationery”itemsareunderthesignofiinmovablestationarydistinctspellingmistakebetweenthetwowords.★stationary:a.standingstillinsteadofmoving不(移)动的；静止的Stationarycarsintrafficjamscausedagreatdealofpollution.交通堵塞中静止不动的汽车产生了大量污染。
Thegovernmenthasproclaimedanewlaw.政府公布了一箱新法令。
2）要求；索赔Theoldmanclaimedtheland.老人要求得到这块土地。
2)[C]aneventinwhichsb.,esp.sb.important,behavesinabadwaythatshockspeople(尤指牵涉知名人士的)丑闻，丑事Theofficialgotinvolvedinascandalandwasforcedtoresignweekslater.到5位官员卷入了一粧丑闻，几个星期后被迫辞职。
★thruststh.upon/onsb.:(usu.passive)forcesb.todooracceptsth.迫使某人做某事；迫使某人接受某事Sheneverenjoyedthefamethatwasthrustonher.对于强加给她的名声，她从未感到开心过。
★proficiency：n.|U1agoodstandardofabilityandskill熟练；精通EvidenceofbasicproficiencyinEnglishispartoftheadmissionrequirements.具备基本的英语技能是入学要求的一部分。
UsageNotemoreover,however,consequently,also,etc.Moreover在剧中用作连接副词，用于表示补充或增加信息，类似的连接副词还有therefore,however，also,furthermore等，因果、转折、递进等这类词可以位于拒收，也可以位于句中。
Shesawthattherewasindeedamanimmediatelybehindher.Moreover,hewasobservingherstrangely.她看到确实又一个人紧跟在她身后。
并且，他还在怪异地观察着她。
Theharmfuleffectofthedryweatheronwildflowers,however,hasbeenenormous.可是，干燥的天气对野生花卉的有害影响是巨大的。
Hehasseenthesituationbeforeandhasconsequentlydevelopedafeelingforwhatwillhappennext.他以前见过此情形，所以知道接下来会发生什么。
Hisfirstbookwaspublishedin1932,anditwasfollowedbyaseriesofnovels.HealsowroteabookonBritishpubs.他的第一本书于1932年出版，接着他出版了一系列的小说。
他还写了一本有关英国酒吧的书。
★evidently:ad.usedforsayingthatsth.isobviouslytrue.明显地；显然Sheshouldhavebeenheretwohoursago,soshe’sevidentlydecidednottocomeafterall.她两小时以前就应该到这儿了，所以她显然决定不来了。
★exposure:1)[sing.,U1thechancetoexperiencenewideas,waysoflife,etc.接触；体验Exposuretoasecondlanguageshouldtakeplaceinelementaryschool.孩子们应该从小学就开始接触第二语言。
2)[U]whensb.isinasituationwheretheyarenotprotectedfromsth,dangerousorunpleasant显露ThedoctortoldPennythattoomuchexposuretothesunisbadfortheskinandmaycausecancer.医生对彭妮说在太阳底下晒太阳对皮肤有害，可能还会致癌。
Noteexposure是动词expose的名词形式，动词expose常用于短语be/getexposedto中，表示“接触、体验”。
Somechildrenareneverexposedtoclassicalmusic.有些孩子们从来没有接触过古典音乐。
18.Schoolsfailtoadequatelyteachtheessentialframeworkoflanguage,accurategrammarandpropervocabulary,whiletheyshouldtaketheresponsibilityofpushingtheyoungontothepathofcompetentcommunication,(para.7)MeaningrAlthoughschoolsareresponsibleforgettingstudentsonthetrackofeffectivecommunication,theyareunabletosufficientlyteachthebasicconceptsoflanguage-grammarandvocabulary★adequate:a.enoughinquantityorofagoodenoughqualityforaparticularpurpose足够的；充分的；合乎需要的Peopleaccusedthegovernoroffailingtotakeadequatemeasureswhichcouldhavepreventedthedisaster.人们指责该州长对本来可以避免的灾难没有采取充分的措施。
UsageNoteadequate,abundant1.adequate表示“在数量或质量上足以满足特定的标准，”强调刚好够用、没有多余。
Hedoesn’tearnalargesalarybutitisadequateforhisneeds.他挣钱不多，但也够用了。
2.abundant表示“充裕；绰绰有余”，强调数量很多或充足有余。
Wehaveabundantproofofhisguilt.我们有他犯罪的充分证据。
★competent:a.havingenoughskillsorknowledgetodosth.toasatisfactorystandard合格的；能干的Mysecretaryisperfectlycompetent,butshedoesn’thavemuchpatience.我的秘书非常能干，但是她19.SincegrammarisboringtomostoftheyoungstudentsIthinkthatitmustbehandleddelicately,stepbystep.(para.8)Meaning:Asgrammarisuninterestingtomostoftheyoungstudents,Ithinkitshouldbetaughtcarefullyandskillfully,bitbybit.20.ThechancecamewhenonedayIwasdrivingwithmyson.Aswesetoutonourtrip,henoticedabirdinjerkyflightandsaid,“It’sflyingsounsteady.”(para.8)MeaningrTheopportunitytoteachhimEnglishcamewhenwewerebothonacarheadingforourtrip.Onseeingabirdflyingunsteadily,hecommentedthatthebirdwasflyingunsteady.★jerk:n.[C]asuddenquickmovement猛的一动；猝然一动Theoldbusstartedwithajerk,sothepassengersshookasudden.那辆旧的公共汽车猛地一动，车上的乘客都突然摇晃了一下。
★jerky:a.movingroughlywithmanystartsandstops(在进行中)不平稳的，颠簸的Afterthebuscametoajerkyhalt,thepassengersgotthehurriedly.公共汽车颠簸着停下来以后，乘客们都匆忙下车了。
21.1carefullyasked,myson,howisthebirdflying“What’swrongDidIsayanythingincorrectly”Hegotlost.“Great!Yousaidincorrectlyinsteadofincorrect.Weuseadverbstodescribeverbs.Therefore,it’sflyingsounsteadilybutnotsounsteady”(para.8)MeaningrOnhearingwhathesaid,Iaskedhimcautiouslyhowthebirdwasflying.Mysondidn’thaveanyideaaboutwhatwaswrongsoheaskedifhesaidanythingincorrectly.Bypraisinghiscorrectuseofincorrectly,Iexplainedthatunsteadyisimproperlyusedbecauseanadverbisneededtodescribeaverb.Meaningbeyondwords:Fromcarefullyasked^and“Great”wecanseethewaythefatherusedtocorrecthissonsgrammaticalmistakeisveryencouraging.★getlost:beunabletounderstandsth.Becauseitisnew,difficult,complicated,etc.迷惘；困惑；不知所措。
Whenyoureadfaster,yourcomprehensiongoesupbecauseinsteadofgettinglostinthewords,youseethegeneralpicture.当你快速阅读的时候，理解力会上升，因为你看到的是一个整体画面，而没有拘泥于单个词汇。
★function:n.[C,U]thepurposethatsth.has,orthejobthatsb.orsth.does(事物的)功能；作用；(某人的)职责Oneofthechieffunctionsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswiththeirplacesinsociety.教育的主要职能之一是帮助未来的公民在社会上找到自己的位置。
vi.workoroperateinthecorrectway正常动作；正常运转IftheInternetstoppedfunctioning,theconsequentlossescouldbemeasuredintensofbillionsofdollars.如果因特网停止运作，由此产生的损失可用数百亿美元来衡量。
★scratch:n.\C]1)(from-)fromapointwherenothinghasbeenthere,soyouhavetodoeverythingyourself从零开始；从头开始；白手起家Itmaybethefirsttimeinyearswhenyouhavebadtostartfromscratchmakingnewfriends.这可能是多年来的第一次你不得不从头开始结交新朋友。
2)athinmarkorcutonthesurfaceofsth.oronsb.’sskin(物件或皮肤上的)刮痕，划痕Thescratchonthewatchwasalmosttoominutetosee.手表上的划痕几乎小得看不见。
25.Perhaps,languageshouldbelookeduponasaroadmapandavaluablepossession:oftenstudytheroadmap(checkgrammar)andtuneupthecarengine(adjustvocabulary).Learninggrammarandagoodvocabularyisjustlikedrivingwitharoadmapinawell-conditionedcar(para.11)Meaning:Maybe,youshouldregardlanguageasaroadmapandaverypreciouspropertyyouhave.Youshouldoftenlookattheroadmap(reviewgrammar)andmakesmallchangestoyourcarengine(improvevocabulary).Meaningbeyondwords:Theroadmapandthecarareusedmetaphoricallytomeanthatgrammarandvocabularyarepowerfuldevicesthatwillenableyoutofreelyexploreinthelanguageworld.★lookuponsb./sth.as:considersb.orsth.inaparticularway,asaparticularthing把某人/某事看作Wehadestablishedageneralopinionwhichlookeduponcorruptioninpublicofficeasathreattosociety.我们达成了一个共识：把公职腐败视为对社会的威胁。
★tune:vt.1)(alsoup)makesmallchangestoanenginesothatitworksaswellaspossible调整，调节(发动机)是达到最佳状态Inordertokeepdriverssafe,mechanicsareurgedtomakesurethatcarenginesareproperlytunedup.为了保证司机的安全，一定要敦促机械师确保汽车发动机已调整好。
2)makesmallchangestoamusicalinstrumentsothatitwillproducethecorrectnotes为(乐器)调音，定弦Someoneiscomingtomorrowtotunethepiano.明天会有人来给钢琴调音。
★adjustv.changeormovesth.slightlytoimproveitormakeitmoresuitableforaparticularpurpose调节；调整Thefigureshavebeenadjustedforinflation.数据因通货膨胀而作了调整。
vi.getusedtoanewsituationbychangingyourideasorthewayyoudothings适应Hesoonadjustedtoarmylife.他很快就适应了军队生活。
UsageNoteadjust,adapt1.当表示“适应...环境”时，adjust和adapt差不多。
常与to搭配。
可以说adjust(sth./oneself)tosth和adapt(sth./oneself)tosth.。
其中adjust和adapt互为同义词。
例如：Onceyougettotheunitedstates,youwillhavetoadjustyourselftoacompletelynewlifestyle.—旦你到了美国，你就需要进行调整，以适应美国全新的生活方式。
Thechildrenfoundithardtoadapttothenewschool.这些孩子们发现很难适应这所新学校。
2.adjust作及物动词用时，还有“”调节；使...适合；校准“之意，而adapt不表示此意。
例如：adjustradio(dial)调准收音机的选台指针adjustcoloronaTV调整电视的色彩adjustonetieinamirror照镜子整理领带adjusttelescopetooneeyes调节望远镜使之适合眼睛观看3.adapt作及物动词时，还有“(改装)使适合；改变“之意，其同义词是modify,不是adjust。
例如：Theseteachingmaterialscanbeadaptedforolderchildren。
这些教材修订一下可以给大一点的孩子用。
26.Theroadmapprovidestheframeworkandguidanceyouneedforyourtrip,butitwon’ttellyouexactlywhattreesorflowersyouwillsee,whatkindofpeopleyouwillencounter,orwhattypesoffeelingsyouwillbeexperiencingonyouijoumey.(para.12)MeaningbeyondwordsrTheroadmapcanonlygiveyouthedirectionyouneedforyourtrip,butit’simpossibleforyoutopredictwhatkindoftripitwillbeaheadofyou.27.Here,thevocabularymakesthejourneytruecolorscomealive!(para.12)Meaningbeyondwords:Vocabularyisconsideredasthebeautifulsceneriesalongthewayofthetrip.Theimpliedmeaningisthatvocabularyisasimportantasgrammar.28.Equippedwithgrammarandagoodvocabulary,youhaveflexibilityandexcellentcontrol,(para.12)Meaningbeyondwords:Justastravelingwitharoadmapandagoodcar,withthehelpofgrammarknowledgeandalargevocabulary,youwillfeelmorecomfortableandconfldentwhenusingtheEnglishlanguage.。