特朗普的语言技巧可能受人质疑,但这位美国总统的常用语已对英语(精品课)造成了影响,这在最新增补的牛津在线词典中可见一斑。牛津在线词典内容开发负责人安格斯史蒂文森说,新增词汇"clicktivism"(网络点击行动主义)、"haterade"(极端仇恨)、"otherize"(异己)和"herdmentality"(羊群心态)都与特朗普有关。
DonaldTrump'slinguisticdexteritymaybequestionable,buttheUSpresident'slexiconhashadanimpactontheEnglishlanguage,whichisreflectedinthelatestadditionstooxforddictionaries.com,theonlinereferenceguidetocurrentEnglish.
特朗普的语言技巧可能受人质疑,但这位美国总统的常用语已对英语造成了影响,这在最新增补的牛津在线词典中可见一斑。牛津在线词典是流行英语的参考指南。
Newcoinagesthatreflectthelatestwaveofonlinepoliticalactivismformasignificantsectionofmorethan300newdefinitionsinthedatabase,whichisasisterworktotheOxfordEnglishDictionary.
反映最新一波网络政治活动的新词已在这个数据库中组成了300多个新词条。牛津在线词典是《牛津英语大词典》的姐妹版。
Additionsincluding"clicktivism"(apejorativewordforarmchairactivistsonsocialmedia),"haterade"(excessivenegativity,criticism,orresentment),"otherize"(viewortreat–apersonorgroupofpeople–asintrinsicallydifferentfromandalientooneself)and"herdmentality"(thetendencyforpeople'sbehaviourorbeliefstoconformtothoseofthegrouptowhichtheybelong)allemergedduringthe2016battlefortheWhiteHouse,saidheadofcontentdevelopmentAngusStevenson.
牛津在线词典内容开发负责人安格斯史蒂文森说,新增词汇包括"clicktivism"(网络点击行动主义)、"haterade"(极端仇恨)、"otherize"(异己)和"herdmentality"(羊群心态),它们都曾出现在2016年的白宫选战中。
"Wearegettingaconvergenceofhigh-levelpoliticsandonlinelanguageinquiteanewway,"Stevensonsaid."WehadallthewordsaroundBrexitinthelastupdateandwearenowstartingtoseeallthewordsaroundTrumpcomingintothedictionary."
史蒂文森说:"我们以新的形式将高级政治和网络用语结合。在上一次更新词典数据库时,我们吸收了所有与英国脱欧有关的词语。现在,我们正在将与特朗普有关的词语收录到在线词典中。"
StevensonsaidthatnewtermsfromTrump,hissupportersandopponentswereemergingmorerapidlythaninthepast."Wehavelotstoaddallthetime.Wedon'thave'fakenews'or'alternativefact'thistime,becausetheyhavejuststartedgainingcurrency,butIamsuretheywillbeinthenextupdate,"headded.
史蒂文森说,来自特朗普及其支持者与反对者的这些新词的出现速度比以往任何时候都快。他还补充说:"我们总是有很多词语要添加。这一次,我们没有收录'fakenews'(假消息)及'alternativefact'(另类事实),因为它们刚开始流传,但我可以确定的是下次更新词典时,它们将被收入。"
Aswellaspoliticalterms,publicconversationsaboutdiet,fitnessandgenderwereastronginfluenceonthewordsincludedinthelatestupdate."Superfruit",anutrient-richfruitconsideredtobeespeciallybeneficialforhealthandwellbeing;HIIT,theacronymforhigh-intensityintervaltraining;and"thirdgender",acategoryofpeoplewhodonotidentifysimplyasmaleorfemale,allmadeitintotheonlinedatabase.
与政治词汇一样,人们关于饮食、健康和性别的交谈也对这次的词汇更新造成了很大的影响。"Superfruit"(超级水果),指的是一种富含营养的水果,对身体健康非常有益;"HIIT",是"high-intensityintervaltraining"(高强度间隔训练)的首字母缩写;"thirdgender"(第三性别),指的是那种无法被简单判定为男性或女性的群体。这些词语都被纳入了在线数据库中。
Socialmediawerethesourceformanyofthenewcoinages,thoughmostwerethekindofcompoundsthatwouldhavelanguagepuristsclutchingtheirpearls."Craptacular"(remarkablypooranddisappointing),"bronde"(hairdyedbothblondandbrunette)and"fitspiration"(apersonorthingthatservesasmotivationforsomeonetosustainorimprovehealthandfitness)allmadethecut.
StevensonsaidtheneedforbrevityonTwitterwasnotresponsibleforrisingnumbersofcompoundwords,butithadwidenedthepoolofthoseinventingnewterms."Peoplefeelmuchfreertocointheirownwordsthesedays,"hesaid,advisinganyonewhowishedtomakeapermanentdentintheEnglishlanguagetomakesurethattheirwordsoundedattractive.Citingtheword"vlog",hesaidugly-soundingwordstendednottogainverywidecurrency.Headded:"Theyhavetohaveaeuphonioussound."
史蒂文森说,推特对词汇简洁性的要求并不是复合词数量的增加的原因,但这的确为创造新词汇的人们拓宽了道路。"如今,人们可以更自由地创造词语,"他说,他建议那些想要在英语词汇上留下永久印记的人们务必要确保他们所创造的新词发音好听。他引用"vlog"这个词,然后说发音很难听的词一般都不会被大家广泛使用。他补充说:"这些词语得有一个悦耳的读音。"