Well,Idon’tthinksoasIamnotreallyasportyperson.
Doyouplayanysports
Well,Idon’treallyplaymanysportsbutinsummer,Iswimalot.
Doyouhaveafavoritesportstar
Well,Idon’tthinksoasIamnotabigfanofsports.
WhatkindsofsportsarepopularinChina
Well,Ithinkitlargelydependsonpeople’spreferences.Somemayprefertoplayheavysportslikebasketballandfootballwhilesomemaybefondoflightonessuchasjoggingandyoga.
Whatkindsofsportswouldyouliketotryinthefuture
Well,IwouldlovetotryskiingasIthinkitlookssocooltoskiinwinter.
Part2&3
Part2题目
Describeacountryorcitywhereyouwanttoliveorworkinthefuture.
Youshouldsay:
Wherethecountryorcityis
Whyyouwanttoliveorworkthere
Whoyouliketoliveorworkwith
Explainwhatyouhavetodotoachieveyourdreams
提示：
此话题属于“地点类”类话题，所要描述的是“你想生活或工作的城市或国家”；可能使用的主要时态是“一般现在时态”以及“一般将来时态”等；在交代前三个“basicinformation”时，我们可以思考除了陈述这些基础信息以外，可否在哪些点上进行拓展，从而使你的描述更加真实可信；比如在交代这个地方的地理位置时，是否可以顺便说明它的气候特征，当地居民的饮食习惯等等，由于气候特征及饮食习惯等原因，使我个人原因在这里生活或学习。
到最后解释说明的部分，大家需要展开说明你要做些什么才能在这个地方生活或工作。
Well,speakingofacityIwouldliketoliveandworkin,itisthecapitalcityofYunnanprovince,Kunming.IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstvisitedthatcitywhileIwasstillatcollegeyearsago.ItwasduringonesummerholidaywhenItookatriptoYunnanwithafewofmyroommates,andwehadaterrifictimetherefor5days.Ireallyenjoyedthattripfortwomainreasons.Oneisthatthecityhasthemostpleasantclimate,sowedidn’tfeelhotatallthroughitwassummer,andIguessthatisprobablythereasonwhythatplaceisoftendescribedasoneofthemostliveablecitiesinChina.AndthesecondreasonisthatIamsointothefoodthere.Nomatterwhereweateorwhatweate,Ijustlovetheirfood,andIcanstillrecallthatthereisonespecialkindofcoldnoodlesIamreallycrazyabout.Itisactuallymadeofriceandsupposedtobeeatenwithseveraldifferentsortsofvegetablessuchasceleries,mushrooms,carrotsaswellascucumber.Therefore,itisnotonlysoyummytoeat,butsohealthytopeople.
EversinceIcamebackfromthatcity,Iwouldoftendreamoflivinginthatcitywithmyfamily,andtomakemydreamcometrue,ofcourseIwouldhavetofindajobtherefirst.AsI’vebeenworkingasateacherofEnglishforalmost5years,IthinkIwouldprobablylookforinformationtoseeiftherearestillanyvacanciesavailableforteachersfromsomeschoolsortrainingorganizationsinthatcity,andImayalsohavetoparticipateinanonlineintervieworphysicallytravelthereforthejobinterviewafterIgetshortlisted.IfIcansuccessfullygettheofferintheend,Iwillquitmycurrentjobhereandthenpreparetomovetothecity,whichisgoingtotakealotofwork,Iimagine.
重点词汇及表达：
①liveable：形容词；适合居住的
Eg：NewYorkisoftendescribedasoneoftheleastliveablecitiesintheUSduetoitshighlivingexpense.
②vacancy:名词；空缺空白空位
Eg：MostcompanieshavemanyvacanciesavailableforvariouspositionsatthebeginningofeachMarch,aslotsofemployeestendtochangetheirjobsbytheendofeachyear.
③physically:副词；身体上的肢体上的
Eg:Iam100%surethatsheissickbothphysicallyandmentally.
④shortlisted:形容词；筛选的
Eg:Shefeelsratherfrustratedasshegotthenewsthatsheisnotshortlistedfortheuniversityshedreamstostudyin.
Part3题目
Doyouliketolivealoneorsharearoomwithothers
Well,IliketolivealonebecauseIamreallyalightsleeper,whichmeansanymovementsatnightswouldprobablywakemeup.Besides,ImightsnoreabitwhenIgetreallyexhausted,andIdon’twanttodisturbotherpeople.
①snore：动词；打呼噜
Eg：Hesnoressoloudlythatpeoplelivingnexttodoorcouldevenhearhim.
②exhausted:形容词；疲惫的
Eg：Peterdoesn’tlikemountain-climbing,asitalwaysmakeshimfeelexhausted.
Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofworkingabroad
Well,youcouldtrysomeauthenticfoodandgettoknowdifferentcultureswhileyouworkabroad,whichareobviouslysomeadvantages.However,youmightalsofeelastonishedwhenyouhavetoexperienceculturalshockorwhenyougethomesick,andthosearesomeofthedisadvantages.
①obviously：副词；显然的明显的
Eg：Itisobviouslycrucialforcollegestudentstotakecoursesoninterpersonalskills.
②astonished:形容词；吃惊的诧异的
Eg：Hisparentsarequiteastonishedthattheirsonfinallymadehiswaytoatopuniversity.
Wouldyouliketoliveinadevelopedcitywithhighsalarybutwithpollutedair
Absolutelynot.IreallythinkitisimportantandnecessarytoliveinaplacewheretheairiscleanenoughsothatmyfamilyandIwouldnotbesoafraidtogetoutside,andasforhighsalary,Ineverthinkitcanguaranteeahappyandhealthylife.
①absolutely：副词；绝对的完全的
Eg：Whathehasproposedisabsolutelyreasonable,somostofusagreed.
②guarantee:动词；保证确保
Eg：Inordertoguaranteethehighqualityoftheirproducts,thecompanyintroducedasophisticatedqualitycontrolsystemfromGermany.
【写作】
A类小作文：
数据类图表
非数据类图表
表格
饼图(Hot)
流程图
线图
柱图(Hot)
地图
以下为柱图例题及范文解析：
题目：
Youshouldspend20minutesonthistask.
ThechartbelowshowstherateofmalesandfemaleswhowereoverweightinAustraliafrom1980to2010.
Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.
Writeatleast150words.
解题思路：
参考范文：
ThebarchartgivesinformationaboutthepercentageofoverweightmenandwomeninAustraliaover30yearsfrom1980to2010.
Overall,itisclearthatthisthree-decadeperiodwitnessedanoticeableincreaseinoverweightrateofbothmenandwomeninAustralia,andtheobesemenclearlyoutnumberedtheirfemalecounterparts.
Duringtwodecadesfrom1980to2000,theratioofoverweightmalesexperiencedanunbalancedincreasefrom47%to70%.Bytheyearof1990,theoverweightratiohadrisenataslowerpacetojustover50%,whilefromthenon,itrocketedto70%in2000.Inthemeantime,theoverweightfiguresofthefemalesawasimilartrend,risinggraduallyfrom30%in1980to50%in2000.
From2000to2010,thepercentageofoverweightmenwitnessedanoppositetrend,withaslightdecreaseof3%,whiletheoverweightrateinthefemaleremainedstableatapproximately50%duringthisdecade.
Wordcount:158
重点表达：
①rate:n.比率
②outnumber:vt.数量超过
③counterpart:n.对应的人或物
④ratio:n.比率（=rate）
⑤rocket:vi.快速增长
⑥seeasimilartrend:呈现相似的趋势
⑦witnessanoppositetrend:呈现相反的趋势
⑧remainstableat:保持稳定在……
本次机经真题解析由以下沪江留学老师产出
李敏老师
沪江网校雅思教研，英国杜伦大学毕业；英文专业8级；高中英语教师资格证书等，主攻雅思托福等留学考试。参与沪江网校WorldEnglishA2和B1、新版雅思6.5分写作、新版雅思7分写作等课程的设计规划与制作。
A类大作文：
教育类
Universitiesshouldacceptequalnumbersofmaleandfemalestudentsineverysubject.Doyouagreeordisagree？
Nowadays，full-timeuniversitystudentstendtofocusontheirstudying.Somepeoplethinkitisessentialforuniversitystudentstobeinvolvedinotheractivities.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Insomecountries,secondaryschoolsprovideageneraleducationofarangeofsubjects.Inothers,childrenhaveanarrowrangeofsubjectsrelatedtoaparticularcareer.Whichdoyouthinkismoreappropriateformodernworld
Asscientistscontributemoretothedevelopmentofoursocietythanotherpeopledo,sciencestudentsshouldgetmorefinancialsupportfromthegovernmentthanotherstudents.Doyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplethinkthatallyoungpeopleshouldberequiredtohavefull-timeeducationuntiltheyareatleast18yearsold.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree？
Aspartofeducation,studentsshouldspendaperiodoftimestudyingandlivinginadifferentcountrytolearnlanguageandculture.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplethinkonlybeststudentsshouldberewarded;othersthinkweshouldrewardstudentswhoshowimprovement.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.
社会类
Oldpeoplehavetheirownideasofhowtothink,behaveandlive.However,thesearenolongersuitableforyoungpeopleinpreparingtheirmodernlife.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.
Withthedevelopmentofmanycountries,peoplestarttoliveindividuallyandliveinverysmallfamilyunits.WhatarethecausesWhateffectsdoesithaveonsociety
政府类
Manypeoplebelievethatscientificresearchshouldbecarriedoutandcontrolledbythegovernmentratherthanprivatecompanies.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplethinktheyhaverighttouseasmuchfreshwaterastheywant,whileothersbelievegovernmentsshouldstrictlycontroltheuseoffreshwaterasitislimitedresource.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.
Thegovernmenthasthedutytoensurethatitscitizenshaveahealthydiet,whileothersbelievethisisindividuals'responsibility.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.
环境类
Withtheincreasingdemandforenergysourcesofoilandgas,peopleshouldlookforsourcesofoilandgasinremoteanduntouchedplaces.Dotheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantagesofdamagingsuchareas
Somepeoplethinkthatinsteadofpreventingclimatechange,weneedtofindawaytolivewithit.Doyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplesaythebestwaytosolvetheenvironmentalproblemistoraisethepriceoffuel,towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree？
Environmentalproblemsaretoobigforindividualcountriesandindividualpeopletoaddress.Wehavereachedthestagewheretheonlywaytoprotecttheenvironmentistoaddressitataninternationallevel.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement
Nuclearenergyisabettersourcesofenergytomeettheincreasingdemandofenergy.Doyouagreeordisagree
犯罪类
Somethinkmostcrimeistheresultofcircumstancese.g.povertyandothersocialproblems.Othersbelievethatmostcrimeiscausedbypeoplewhoarebadbynature.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.
Somepeoplebelievethatyoungpeoplewhocommitseriouscrimesshouldbepunishedinthesamewayasadults.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
科技类
Theincreaseinfoodproductionowesmuchtofertilizersandbettermachinery,butsomepeoplethinkthatithasanegativeimpactonhumanhealthandcommunity.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Somegroupsofpeoplehavebenefitedfrommoderncommunicationtechnologybutsomepeoplehavenotbenefitedatall,towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplethinkit’snecessarytouseanimalsfortestingmedicinesintendedforhumanuse.Others,however,thinkit’snotrighttodothat.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouownopinion.
工作类
Insomecountriesitisillegalforcompaniestorejectjobapplicantsfortheirage.Isthispositiveornegativetothedevelopment
Countrieswithalongaverageworkingtimearemoreeconomicallysuccessfulthanthosecountrieswhichdonothavealongworkingtime.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
媒体类
Somepeoplethinknewshasnoconnectiontopeople'slives,soitisawasteoftimetoreadnewsinthenewspaperandwatchnewsprogramsintelevision.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Researchshowsthatovereatingcanbejustasharmfulassmoking.Thus,theadvertisingofcertainfoodproductsshouldbebanned,ascigaretteisbannedinmanycountries.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
旅游类
Tourismisamultibillion-dollarindustrythatsupportseconomicdevelopment.Howeversomepeoplethinkthatitcausestoomuchdamagetothelocalenvironmentandculture.Doyouagreeordisagree
Foreigntouristsabroadshouldbechargedmorethanlocalpeoplewhenvisitingthelocalhistoricalandculturaltouristattractions.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
其他类
Somepeoplebelievefamouspeople'ssupporttowardsinternationalaidorganizationsdrawstheattentiontoproblems,whileothersthinkcelebritiesmaketheproblemslessimportant.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.
以下为重点话题及范文解析：
题目：Somepeoplethinknewshasnoconnectiontopeople'slives,soitisawasteoftimetoreadthenewsonthenewspaperandwatchtelevisionnewsprograms.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
题型：同意与否型
话题：媒体类
解题思路：对于回答“是否同意型”的作文题目，可以完全采用同意/否定的观点，也可以从多角度入手，得出部分同意/否定的结论。本题观点可分成2部分，一部分是“newshasnoconnectiontopeople'slives”，另一部分是“itisawasteoftimetoread/watchthenews”。写作时这两点都需要涉及。
Thereisnodenythatnewsisoneofthemostcommoninformationsourceforthepublic,butsomehowitsrelationwithourlifeseemstoberatherawkwardnowadays.Therefore,itisnotstrangetosaythatthevalueofnewsisnotashighasitisexpectedtobe.
Thisviewisespeciallycorrectwhenitcomestonewsaboutpopularstarsinfieldsofentertainment,wherepaparazzitabloidsreportallkindsoftitbitsofcelebritieswhohavenearlynoconnectionswiththereaders.Asamusementbecomesthemainstreampursuitofthetimes,peoplearejustwillingtoindulgethemselvesinthehyped-upsensationseventhoughtheyarefullyawareofthedeliberateexaggerationswillnotbettertheirownlives.Fromthesekindsofnews,starsgainattention,mediaearnmoneyandcommonpeopleknowhowtowastetime.
Thankfully,therestillexistssomelatestinformationwhichdoeshaverelationswithpeople’slivelihood,exceptthedisappointingfactthattheexposednegativecasesareseldomfollowedupontheirsolutionsorfinalresults.Forinstance,reportsonsubstandardvaccinesandsexualabusesraisepublicattentioneveryfewyears,buteachtimethescandalappears,itwillnottakelongtosubsidemiraculouslyasifnothinghaseverhappened.Eventhoughtheincidenthascrossedamoralline,thosewhoarenotstakeholdersdonotdeserveexplanations.Transparencyandtruthneverfindtheirwaytothebroadmassofpeople,letalonethenewsofthethoroughoverhauloftheindustry.Inthissense,readingorwatchingsuchnewsonlyservesasawaytokilltimeasnothingwillbechangedhoweverdepressedanddiscontentedthepublicare.
Asdiscussedabove,entertainmentreportsthattakeupthelargestpartofnewsmerelyservestohelppeoplekillleisuretimes,whilesomeothernewsseemstobeconnectedwithourlives,thereisstillnoneedtowatchorreadsincetheresultsarealreadywellsetbythoseinthesaddle.
①awkward:adj.尴尬的
②paparazzitabloids:小报新闻
③titbit:n.花边新闻
④substandardvaccines:劣等疫苗
⑤subside:v.下沉；平息；减弱
⑥thethoroughoverhaulof:彻底整治……
⑦inthesaddle:管理者，领导者
本次机经由以下沪江留学老师产出
王倩竹老师
沪江网校留学资深教研老师，同济大学英语语言文学硕士，主攻雅思托福等留学考试。参与沪江网校《雅思保七冲八》、UnlockA1-B2雅思能力课程、WorldEnglishB1、新版雅思6.5分阅读、新版雅思7分听力等课程的设计规划与制作，并帮助多名1V1学生达到雅思写作7分。
【听力】
Section1&Section2重点场景（生活类）：求职，预约医生，博物馆导览，公园导览，制作工艺。
Section3&Section4重点场景（学术类）：机械流程，设备结婚扫，论文讨论，学术讲座，心理健康。
Section1Questions1-10
NEWJOBS
Questions1-5
WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.
ExampleJameshasnotseenAnnielatelyduetospendinglonghoursatwork.
1Jamesenjoysthe_____ofhiswork.
2Anniedoesnotenjoyallthe_____forherwork.
3Annie’sjobinvolves_____,andofferingadvicetolandmanagersorownerswhowishtomakechanges.
4Annieworksinthecouncil’s_____division.
5Annieoutlinesherclients’legalobligations,andproposesthe_____oftheirland.
Questions6-7
ChooseTWOletters.A-E
WriteNOMORETHANONEWORDforeachanswer.
Fiona’sCompany
Whatthebusinesssells:4_____
Ideaforbusiness:5_____society
Businesscustomers:6_____
Question7
ChooseONEletter,A-E.
WhichTWOofthefollowingarelikelytocausethefarmerdifficultiesinherdevelopmentapplication
ANewaccommodation
BAnewroad
COlivetrees
DAvolcano
EAwetland
Questions8-10
Answerthequestionsbelow.
WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSORANUMBERforeachanswer.
8ForwhomdoesAnniethinkcarefullycontrolledlanduseisvaluable
__________
9WhendidatramserviceceaseinJamesandAnnie'stown
10WhatdidJamesstudyatuniversity
SECTION2Questions11-20
Question11
Classifythefollowingthingsthat:
AHamishthemusiciandidordoes.
BJuliettetheinterviewerdidordoes.
CRayRogersthemusicshowhostdidordoes.
Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orC,onyouranswersheet.
11He/Shewenttorockconcertsasateenager.
12He/Shecriedontheradio.
13He/Shewasverynervousaboutperforminginpublic.
14He/Shethinksworkadverselyaffectedhis/herprivatelife.
Questions15-18
Completethetablebelow.
WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Partoftheprocessofmakinganacousticguitar
1.Sourcingthewood:
Thebackofagoodguitarismadefromrosewood.Cedarisusedforthetop,butmahoganyisusedfortheneckasitcanendurechangesin(15)andhumidity.
2.Bookmatching
3.Shaping
4.Creatingasoundhole
5.Strutting:
Bracesaregluedontothetopandbacktoimprove(16)_____
andreflectsoundwaves.
6.Creatingthesides:
Wetwoodenstripsareplacedintoacurvedmould.
7.Preparingtheneck:
Theneckiscarvedfromasinglepieceofwood,andametalrodisdrivenupitfor(17)_____
8.Clamping:
Theback,sides,top,andneckaregluedandclampedtogether(18)_____
Section3Questions21and30
VERTICALGARDENING
Questions21-25
Apresentationonverticalgardening
PartII
Marina'swork
PartIII
David’swork
PartsI&IV
Bothstudents’work
Questions26-28
Labelthediagrambelowonthefollowingpage.
ChooseTHREEanswersfromthebox,andwritethecorrectanswer,A-E,nexttoquestions26-28.
A
Woodenbatten
B
PVCpanel
C
Mosquitorepellant
D
Matting
E
Supportingwall
Questions29-30
Choosethecorrectletter.A,B,orC.
29.Overall,howdoesMarinafeelaboutverticalgardening
ARatherskeptical
BKeenwithreservations
CEnthusiastic
30.TowhomdoesDavidthinkverticalgardeningwillmostlyappeal
ABigbusinessesratherthanindividuals
BThedevelopingworld
CPeopleallovertheworld
Section4Questions31-40
SELF-FULFILMENT
Questions31-32
31Whatisaconcernofagrowingnumberofthespeaker’sclients
AFinancialhardship
BFutureuncertainty
CVaguediscontent
32Whydidthefemaleclientstophersessionswiththepsychologist
AShedidnothavetime.
BThepsychologistdidnothelp.
CThereasonsareunclear.
Questions33-40
34.Peopleindevelopedcountrieshave_____tocredit.
35.Forpoorpeople,theymustuseaprivatelenderfora_____.
36.Peoplehaveincreasingdebtswhentheycannot_____.
37.Thismightbebecauseofsomethingunplanned,forexample,afailedbusinessor_____.
Questions38-40
Completetheflowchartbelow.
Isself-fulfilmentright
Writers/Philosophers/Otherswhosymbolise
(33)_____rather
thanself-fulfilment:
DietrichBonhoeffer;EmmanuelKant;MartinLutherKing;NelsonMandela
Peoplein(34)_____ghosttowns,&partsofthedevelopingworld
Thespeaker's(35)_____
King’s3dimensions:Length+Breadth+Height
Height
Height=especiallyhardfor(36)_____toaccept
ForKing,Height=God
Fornon-religiouspeople.Height=Something(37)_____
thanoneself/Anabstractidea,likeequalityor(38)_____
Conclusion
Thespeakerquestionsthedo-what-you-loveprincipleasitmaydegrademenial(39)_____
Trueself-fulfilmentissometimesdoingdisagreeablethingsforthesakeof(40)_____
Answerkey
Section1
1.location
2.travelling
3.surveying
4.EcologicalAssessment
5.bestuse
6-7.BE(ineitherorder)
8.Futuregenerations
9.1956
10.Psychology
Section2
11.B
12.C
13.A
14.A
15.temperature
16.tone
17.reinforcement
18.forseveraldays
19.C
20.B
Section3
21.Designing
22.large-scale/largescale
23.growth
24.tropicalrainforests
25.watering
26.E
27.B
28.D
29.A
30.B
Section4
31.C
32.C
33.self-sacrifice/self-sacrifice
34.ruralareas
35.mother
36.theyoung(mustincludethe’)
37.greater
38.justice
39.work
40.others
【阅读】
READINGPASSAGE1
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.
TheOriginsofLaughter
Whilejokingandwitareuniquelyhumaninventions,laughtercertainlyisnot.Othercreatures,includingchimpanzees,gorillasandevenrats,laugh.Thefactthattheylaughsuggeststhatlaughterhasbeenaroundforalotlongerthanwehave.
Thereisnodoubtthatlaughingtypicallyinvolvesgroupsofpeople.“Laughterevolvedasasignaltoothers—italmostdisappearswhenwearealone,”saysRobertProvine,aneuroscientistattheUniversityofMaryland.Provinefoundthatmostlaughtercomesasapolitereactiontoeverydayremarkssuchas“seeyoulater”,ratherthananythingparticularlyfunny.Andthewaywelaughdependsonthecompanywe’rekeeping.Mentendtolaughlongerandharderwhentheyarewithothermen,perhapsasawayofbonding.Womentendtolaughmoreandatahigherpitchwhenmenarepresent,possiblyindicatingflirtationorevensubmission.
Tofindtheoriginsoflaughter,Provinebelievesweneedtolookatplay.Hepointsoutthatthemastersoflaughingarechildren,andnowhereistheirtalentmoreobviousthanintheboisterousantics,andtheoriginalcontextisplay.Well-knownprimatewatchers,includingDianFosseyandJaneGoodall,havelongarguedthatchimpslaughwhileatplay.Thesoundtheyproduceisknownasapantlaugh.Itseemsobviouswhenyouwatchtheirbehavior—theyevenhavethesameticklishspotsaswedo.Butafterremovingthecontext,theparallelbetweenhumanlaugh-terandachimp’scharacteristicpantlaughisnotsoclear.WhenProvineplayedatapeofthepantlaughsto119ofhisstudents,forexample,onlytwoguessedcor-rectlywhatitwas.
Thesefindingsunderlinehowchimpandhumanlaughtervary.Whenwelaughthesoundisusuallyproducedbychoppingupasingleexhalationintoaseriesofshorterwithonesoundproducedoneachinwardandoutwardbreath.Theques-tionis:doesthispantlaughterhavethesamesourceasourownlaughterNewresearchlendsweighttotheideathatitdoes.ThefindingscomefromElkeZim-merman,headoftheInstituteforZoologyinGermany,whocomparedthesoundsmadebybabiesandchimpanzeesinresponsetoticklingduringthefirstyearoftheirlife.Usingsoundspectrographstorevealthepitchandintensityofvocal-izations,shediscoveredthatchimpandhumanbabylaughterfollowbroadlythesamepattern.Zimmermanbelievestheclosenessofbabylaughtertochimplaugh-tersupportstheideathatlaughterwasaroundlongbeforehumansarrivedonthescene.Whatstartedsimplyasamodificationofbreathingassociatedwithenjoy-ableandplayfulinteractionshasacquiredasymbolicmeaningasanindicatorofpleasure.
Pinpointingwhenlaughterdevelopedisanothermatter.Humansandchimpsshareacommonancestorthatlivedperhaps8millionyearsago,butanimalsmighthavebeenlaughinglongbeforethat.Moredistantlyrelatedprimates,includinggorillas,laugh,andanecdotalevidencesuggeststhatothersocialmammalscandotoo.Scientistsarecurrentlytestingsuchstorieswithacompara-tiveanalysisofjusthowcommonlaughterisamonganimals.Sofar,though,themostcompellingevidenceforlaughterbeyondprimatescomesfromresearchdonebyJaakPankseppfromBowlingGreenStateUniversity,Ohio,intotheultrasonicchirpsproducedbyratsduringplayandinresponsetotickling.
Allthisstilldoesn’tanswerthequestionofwhywelaughatall.Oneideaisthatlaughterandticklingoriginatedasawayofsealingtherelationshipbetweenmotherandchild.Anotheristhatthereflexresponsetoticklingisprotective,alertingustothepresenceofcrawlingcreaturesthatmightharmusorcompel-lingustodefendthepartsofourbodiesthataremostvulnerableinhand-to-handcombat.Buttheideathathasgainedthemostpopularityinrecentyearsisthatlaughterinresponsetoticklingisawayfortwoindividualstosignalandtesttheirtrustinoneanother.Thishypothesisstartsfromtheobservationthatalthoughalittleticklecanbeenjoyable,ifitgoesontoolongitcanbetorture.Byengaginginaboutoftickling,weputourselvesatthemercyofanotherindividual,andlaugh-ingiswhatmakesitareliablesignaloftrust,accordingtoTomFlamson,alaugh-terresearcherattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngels.“Eveninrats,laughter,tickle,playandtrustarelinked.Ratschirpalotwhentheyplay,”saysFlamson.“Thesechirpscanbearousedbytickling.Andtheygetbondedtousasaresult,whichcertainlyseemslikeashowoftrust.”
We’llneverknowwhichanimallaughedthefirstlaugh,orwhy.Butwecanbesureitwasn'tinresponsetoaprehistoricjoke.Thefunnythingisthatwhiletheoriginsoflaughterareprobablyquiteserious,weowehumanlaughterandourlanguage-basedhumortothesameuniqueskill.Whileotheranimalspant,wealonecancontrolourbreathwellenoughtoproducethesoundoflaughter.Withoutthatcontroltherewouldalsobenospeech—andnojokestoendure.
Questions1-6
Lookatthefollowingresearchfindings(Questions1-6)andthelistofpeoplebelow.
Matcheachfindingwiththecorrectperson,A,B,CorD.
Writethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD,inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet.
NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.
ListofPeople
Provine
Zimmerman
Panksepp
Flamson
Questions7-10
Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A-K,below.
Writethecorrectletter,A-K,inboxes7-10onyouranswersheet.
Somescientistsbelievethatlaughterfirstdevelopedoutof7_____.Researchhasrevealedthathumanandchimplaughtermayhavethesame8_____.Scientistshavelongbeenawarethat9_____laugh,butitnowappearsthatlaughtermightbemorewidespreadthanoncethought.Althoughthereasonswhyhumansstartedtolaugharestillunknown,itseemsthatlaughtermayresultfromthe10_____wefeelwithanotherperson.
Acombat
Bchirps
Cpitch
Dorigins
Eplay
Frats
Gprimates
Ifear
Hconfidence
Ktickling
Jbabies
Questions11-13
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1
Inboxes11-13onyouranswersheet,write
TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis
11Bothmenandwomenlaughmorewhentheyarewithmembersofthesamesex.
12Primateslacksufficientbreathcontroltobeabletoproducelaughsthewayhumansdo.
13Chimpanzeesproducelaughterinawiderrangeofsituationsthanratsdo.
READINGPASSAGE2
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.
Children'sLiterature
Storiesandpoemsaimedatchildrenhaveanexceedinglylonghistory:lullabies,forexample,weresunginRomantimes,andafewnurserygamesandrhymesarealmostasancient.Yetsofaraswritten-downliteratureisconcerned,whiletherewerestoriesinprintbefore1700thatchildrenoftenseizedonwhentheyhadthechance,suchastranslationsofAesop'sfables,fairy-storiesandpopularballadsandromances,thesewerenotaimedatyoungpeopleinparticular.Sincetheonlygenuinelychild-orientedliteratureatthistimewouldhavebeenafewinstructionalworkstohelpwithreadingandgeneralknowledge,plustheoddPuritanicaltractasanaidtomorality,theonlycourseforkeenchildreaderswastoreadadultliterature.Thisstilloccurstoday,especiallywithadultthrillersorromancesthatincludemoreexciting,graphicdetailthanisnormallyfoundintheliteratureforyoungerreaders.
Bythemiddleofthe18thcenturytherewereenougheagerchildreaders,andenoughparentsgladtocatertothisinterest,forpublisherstospecializeinchildren'sbookswhosefirstaimwaspleasureratherthaneducationormorality.InBritain,aLondonmerchantnamedThomasBorehamproducedCajanus,TheSwedishGiantin1742,whilethemorefamousJohnNewberypublishedALittlePrettyPocketBookin1744.Itscontents–stories,children'sgamesplusafreegift('Aballandapincushion')–inmanywaysanticipatedthesimilarlucky-dipcontentsofchildren'sannualsthiscentury.ItisatributetoNewbery'sflairthathehituponawinningformulaquitesoquickly,tobepiratedalmostimmediatelyinAmerica.
Suchpleasinglevitywasnottolast.InfluencedbyRousseau,whoseEmile(1762)decreedthatallbooksforchildrensaveRobinsonCrusoewereadangerousdiversion,contemporarycriticssawtoitthatchildren'sliteratureshouldbeinstructiveanduplifting.ProminentamongsuchvoiceswasMrs.SarahTrimmer,whosemagazineTheGuardianofEducation(1802)carriedthefirstregularreviewsofchildren'sbooks.Itwasshewhocondemnedfairytalesfortheirviolenceandgeneralabsurdity;herownstories,FabulousHistories(1786)describedtalkinganimalswhowerealwaysmodelsofsenseanddecorum.
Sothemoralstoryforchildrenwasalwaysthreatenedfromwithin,giventhewaychildrenhaveofdrawingoutentertainmentfromthesternestmoralist.Butthegreatestblowtotheimprovingchildren'sbookwastocomefromanunlikelysourceindeed:early19thcenturyinterestinfolklore.Bothnurseryrhymes,selectedbyJamesOrchardHalliwellforafolkloresocietyin1842,andcollectionoffairytalesbythescholarlyGrimmbrothers,swiftlytranslatedintoEnglishin1823,soonrockettopopularitywiththeyoung,quicklyleadingtoneweditions,eachonemorechild-centeredthanthelast.Fromnowonyoungerchildrencouldexpectstorieswrittenfortheirparticularinterestandwiththeneedsoftheirownlimitedexperienceoflifekeptwelltothefore.
Whateventuallydeterminedthereadingofolderchildrenwasoftennottheavailabilityofspecialchildren'sliteratureassuchbutaccesstobooksthatcontainedcharacters,suchasyoungpeopleoranimals,withwhomtheycouldmoreeasilyempathize,oraction,suchasexploringorfightingthatmadefewdemandsonadultmaturityorunderstanding.
Thefinalapotheosisofliterarychildhoodassomethingtobeprotectedfromunpleasantrealitycamewiththearrivalinthelate1930sofchild-centeredbest-sellersintendonentertainmentatitsmostescapist.InBritainnovelistsuchasEnidBlytonandRichmalCromptondescribedchildrenwhowerealwaysfreetohavethemostunlikelyadventures,secureintheknowledgethatnothingbadcouldeverhappentothemintheend.Thefactthatwarbrokeoutagainduringherbooks'greatestpopularityfailstoregisteratallintheself-enclosedworldinhabitedbyEnidBlyton'syoungcharacters.Reactionagainstsuchdream-worldswasinevitableafterWorldWarII,coincidingwiththegrowthofpaperbacksales,children'slibrariesandanewspiritofmoralandsocialconcern.Urgedonbycommittedpublishersandprogressivelibrarians,writersslowlybegantoexplorenewareasofinterestwhilealsoshiftingthesettingsoftheirplotsfromthemiddle-classworldtowhichtheirchieflyadultpatronshadalwayspreviouslybelonged.
Criticalemphasis,duringthisdevelopment,hasbeendivided.Forsomethemostimportanttaskwastoridchildren'sbooksofthesocialprejudiceandexclusivenessnolongerfoundacceptable.Othersconcentratedmoreonthepositiveachievementsofcontemporarychildren'sliterature.Thatwritersoftheseworksarenowoftenrecommendedtotheattentionsofadultaswellaschildreadersechoesthe19th-centurybeliefthatchildren'sliteraturecanbesharedbythegenerations,ratherthanbeingadefensivebarrierbetweenchildhoodandthenecessarygrowthtowardsadultunderstanding.
ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.
DATE
FEATURES
AIM
EXAMPLE
Before1700
Notaimedatyoungchildren
Educationandmorality
Puritanicaltract
Bythemiddleof18thcentury
Collectionof14andgames
Readforpleasure
ALittlePrettyPocketBook(exportedto15)
Early19thcentury
Growinginterestin16
Tobemorechildren-centered
Nurseryrhymesand17
Late1930s
Storiesofharm-free18
Entertainment
EnidBlytonandRichmalCrompton’snovels
Questions19-21
Lookatthefollowingpeopleandthelistofstatementsbelow.
Matcheachpersonwiththecorrectstatement.
WritethecorrectletterA-Einboxes19-21onyouranswersheet.
19ThomasBoreham
20Mrs.SarahTrimmer
21GrimmBrothers
Questions22-26
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
Inboxes9-13onyouranswersheetwrite
22Childrendidn’tstarttoreadbooksuntil1700.
23SarahTrimmerbelievedthatchildren’sbooksshouldsetgoodexamples.
24Parentswereconcernedabouttheviolenceinchildren’sbooks.
25Aninterestinthefolklorechangedthedirectionofthedevelopmentofchildren’sbooks.
26Todaychildren’sbookwritersbelievetheirworksshouldappealtobothchildrenandadults.
READINGPASSAGE3
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.
HoneyBeesinTrouble
Cannativepollinatorsfillthegap
ARecently,ominousheadlineshavedescribedamysteriousailment,colonycollapsedisorder(CCD)，thatiswipingoutthehoneybeesthatpollinatemanycrops.Withouthoneybees,thestorygoes,fieldswillbesterile,economieswillcollapse,andfoodwillbescarce.
BButwhatfewaccountsacknowledgeisthatwhat’satriskisnotitselfanaturalstateofaffairs.Foronething,intheUnitedStates,whereCCDwasfirstreportedandhashaditsgreatestimpacts,honeybeesarenotanativespecies.Pollinationinmodemagricultureisn’talchemy,it’sindustry.ThetotalnumberofhivesinvolvedintheU.S.pollinationindustryhasbeensomewherebetween2.5millionand3millioninrecentyears.Meanwhile,Americanfarmersbeganusinglargequantitiesoforganophosphateinsecticides,plantedlarge-scalecropmonocultures,andadopted“cleanfarming”practicesthatscrubbednativevegetationfromfieldmarginsandroadsides.Thesepracticeskilledmanynativebeesoutright—they’reasvulnerabletoinsecticidesasanyagriculturalpest—andmadetheagriculturallandscapeinhospitabletothosethatremained.Concernaboutthesepracticesandtheireffectsonpollinatorsisn’tnew—inher1962ecologicalalarmcrySilentSpring,RachelCarsonwarnedofa‘FruitlessFall’thatcouldresultfromthedisappearanceofinsectpollinators.
DBrenoFreitas,anagronomist,pointedoutthatinnaturesuchahighdegreeofspecializationusuallyisaverydangerousgame:itworkswellwhilealltherestisinequilibrium,butrunsquicklytoextinctionattheleastdisbalance.Ineffect,bydevelopinganagriculturalsystemthatisheavilyreliantonasinglepollinatorspecies,wehumanshavebecomeriskilyoverspecialized.Andwhenthehuman-honeybeerelationshipisdisrupted,asithasbeenbycolonycollapsedisorder,thevulnerabilityofthatagriculturalsystembeginstobecomeclear.
EInfact,afewwildbeesarealreadybeingsuccessfullymanagedforcroppollination.“Theproblemistryingtoprovidenativebeesinadequatenumbersonareliablebasisinafairlyshortnumberofyearsinordertoservicethecrop，”JimCanesays.“You’retalkingmillionsofflowersperacreinatwo-tothree-weektimeframe,orless,foralotofcrops.”Ontheotherhand,nativebeescanbemuchmoreefficientpollinatorsofcertaincropsthanhoneybees,soyoudon’tneedasmanytodothejob.Forexample,about750blueorchardbees(Osmialignaria)canpollinateahectareofapplesoralmonds,ataskthatwouldrequireroughly50,000to150,000honeybees.Therearebeetinkerersengagedinsimilarworkinmanycomersoftheworld.InBrazil,BrenoFreitashasfoundthatCentristarsata,thenativepollinatorofwildcashew,cansurviveincommercialcasheworchardsifgrowersprovideasourceoffloraloils,suchasbyinterplantingtheircashewtreeswithCaribbeancherry.
FIncertainplaces,nativebeesmayalreadybedoingmorethanthey’regettingcreditfor.EcologistRachaelWinfreerecentlyledateamthatlookedatpollinationoffoursummercrops(tomato,watermelon,peppers,andmuskmelon)at29farmsintheregionofNewJerseyandPennsylvania.Winfiree’steamidentified54speciesofwildbeesthatvisitedthesecrops,andfoundthatwildbeeswerethemostimportantpollinatorsinthesystem:eventhoughmanagedhoneybeeswerepresentonmanyofthefarms,wildbeeswereresponsiblefor62percentofflowervisitsinthestudy.Inanotherstudyfocusingspecificallyonwatermelon,Winfreeandhercolleaguescalculatedthatnativebeesalonecouldprovidesufficientpollinationat90percentofthe23farmsstudied.Bycontrast,honeybeesalonecouldprovidesufficientpollinationatonly78percentoffarms.
G“TheregionIworkinisnottypicalofthewaymostfoodisproduced，”Winfreeadmits.IntheDelawareValley,mostfarmsandfarmfieldsarerelativelysmall,eachfannertypicallygrowsavarietyofcrops,andfarmsareinterspersedwithsuburbsandothertypesoflandusewhichmeansthereareopportunitiesforhomeownerstogetinvolvedinbeeconservation,too.Thelandscapeisabee-friendlypatchworkthatprovidesavarietyofnestinghabitatandfloralresourcesdistributedamongdifferentkindsofcrops,weedyfieldmargins,fallowfields,suburbanneighborhoods,andseminaturalhabitatlikeoldwoodlots,allatarelativelysmallscale.Inotherwords,’’pollinator-friendly”farmingpracticeswouldnotonlyaidpollinationofagriculturalcrops,butalsoserveasakeyelementintheoverallconservationstrategyforwildpollinators,andoftenaidotherwildspeciesaswell.
HOfcourse,notallfarmerswillbeabletoimplementallofthesepractices.Andresearchersaresuggestingashifttoakindofpolyglotagriculturalsystem.Forsomesmall-scalefarms,nativebeesmayindeedbeallthat’sneeded.Forlargeroperations,asuiteofmanagedbees—withhoneybeesfillingthegeneralistroleandother,nativebeespollinatingspecificcrops—couldbeaugmentedbyfreepollinationservicesfromresurgentwildpollinators.Inotherwords,they’resaying,westillhaveanopportunitytoreplaceariskymonoculturewithsomethingdiverse,resilient,androbust.
Questions27-30
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage
Inboxes27-30onyouranswersheet,write
YES-ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
NO-ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NOTGIVEN-ifthereisnoinformationonthis
27IntheUnitedStates,farmersusehoneybeesinalargescaleoverthepastfewyears
28Cleaningfarmingpracticeswouldbeharmfultofarmers’
29Theblueorchardbeeisthemostefficientpollinatoramongnativebeesforeverycrop
30Itisbeneficialtootherlocalcreaturestoprotectnativebees
Questions31-35
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.
Writeyouranswersinboxes31-35onyouranswersheet.
31.Theexampleofthe‘FruitlessFairunderlinesthewriter’spointabout
Aneedsforusingpesticides.
Bimpactsoflosinginsectpollinators.
Cvulnerabilitiesofnativebees.
Dbenefitsinbuildingmorepollinationindustries.
32.Whycanhoneybeesadapttothemodemagriculturalsystem
Athehoneybeescanpollinatedmorecropsefficiently
BThebeesaresemi-domesticatedsinceancienttimes.
CHoneybeehivescanbeprotectedawayfrompesticides.
DTheabilityofwildpollinatorsusingtoservecropsdeclines.
33.Thewritermentionsfactoriesandassemblylinestoillustrate
Aonedrawbackoftheindustrialisedagriculturalsystem.
Balowcostinmodemagriculture.
Ctheroleofhoneybeesinpollination.
Dwhatahighyieldofindustrialagriculture.
34.Inthe6thparagraph，Wlnfree’sexperimentprovesthat
Ahoneybeecanpollinatevariouscrops.
Btherearemanytypesofwildbeesasthepollinators.
Cthewildbeescanincreasetheyieldtoahigherpercentage
Dwildbeesworkmoreefficientlyasapollinatorthanhoneybeesincertaincases
35.Whatdoesthewriterwanttosuggestinthelastparagraph
Atheimportanceofhoneybeesinpollination
Badoptionofdifferentbeesinvarioussizesofagriculturalsystem
Cthecomparisonbetweentheintensiveandtherarefiedagriculturalsystem
Dthereasonwhyfarmerscanrelyonnativepollinators
Questions36-40
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-F,below.
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet
36Headlineofcolonycollapsedisorderstatesthat
37ViewpointsofFreitasmanifestthat
38Examplesofblueorchardbeeshaveshownthat
39Centristarsataismentionedtoexemplifythat
40OnefindingoftheresearchinDelawareValleyisthat
A.nativepollinatorscansurvivewhenaspecificplantissupplied.
B.itwouldcausesevereconsequencesbothtocommerceandagriculture.
C.honeybeescannotbebred.
D.someagriculturallandscapesarefavorableinsupportingwildbees.
E.alargescaleofhoneybeesareneededtopollinate.
F.anagriculturalsystemisfragilewhenrelyingonasinglepollinator