写作的重要性6分最低限，只要结构不出错，得分应该为9分。
四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。
内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。
结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(TopicSentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。
语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。
基本表达
人们认为：itisgenerally/widelybelieved/held/agreedthat
越来越：beincreasingly+adj.,beontherise,thegrowingnumberof
万能理由（Omnipotence）
1.方便：convenient/convenience
2.效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency
3.节省和浪费：savetime/money/space;economical,thrift
wastetime/money/space;costly,lavish
4.人的心理健康：independent,cooperative,competitive,
considerate,confident,creative,sociable,
perseverance;selfish,isolated,conserative
5.人的身体健康：health,disease,strong,strength,energetic
6.娱乐：colorful,pleasure,joy,recreation,entertainmentm,relax
tired,boring,lonely
7.环境：environment,pollute,poisonous,dirty
8.安全和危险：safe,danger,risk
9.经验：experience,socialexperience,enterthesociety
10.人际：humane,fair,unfair,help,assist,freedom,freely
写完之后修改注意：（内容方面尽量不要修改）
1、字母大小写
2、怪符号
3、单词拼写
4、主谓一致
5、动词时态
6、名词单复数
实例一
题目：Bicycles――AnImportantMeansofTransportinChina提纲：（1）为什么自行车在中国这样普及（2）和汽车的比较（3）自行车在中国的前途
Score:8
BicycleisanimportantmeansoftransportinChina.TheimportantreasonofitistheeconomyofChinese.TheuseofbicycleinChinaiswidelybecausepeopleinChinahavenothighwage.Theycanonlyaffordabicycle,andtheyhavenomoneytobuyacarwhichistooexpensive.SoChineseusuallybuyabicycle,anduseittogotowork,orgototravelandsoon.TheotherreasonisthelargepopulationofChina.Allthesemadethebicyclebecometheimportantmeansoftransport.
Thebicycle,comparedtothecar,isnottooexpensiveanditiseasytolearnandtouseanditcansavethesurfaceofputtingit.Itdoesn’tasktobuildthegaragelikecar.ThispointisveryimportanttoChina,becauseofthelackofland.Itisn’ttooexpensive,soChinesecanaffordit.Itdoesn’tneedanyoil,anditcan’tcausethepolusion.Allofthesearethegoodneedscomparedtothecar.
Inthefuture,bicyclewillbewidelyused.Anditwillbeingooddemand.Peoplewillproducemuchmoremodernbicycles.
Score:14
BicyclesareverypopularinChina.Almosteveryfamilyinthecityhastwoorthreebicycles.Duringtherushhour,youcanseethatthousandsofpeople--manandwoman,oldandyoung--ridetheirbicyclestoworkandstudy.ThatiswhyChinaiscalled“thekingdomofbicycles”.
注：1.第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。
2.Duringtherushhour分词结构开头。
3.破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。
Comparedwithcars,bicyclesaresuperiorinmanyways.First,theyarecheap,convenientandeasytoride.Second,ridingbicycleisgoodforhealth.Third,theybringnonoisenorairpollution.Thoughcarsarefasterandmorecomfortable,theyaretooexpensive.Theyconsumeplentyofoilandtheypollutetheair.Sometimes,itisdifficultforadrivertoparkhiscar.Moreovertheyoftencausetrafficjamsandaccidents.
注：1.Comparedwithcars分词结构开头。
2.besuperiorto/beinferiorto优于/低于
3.thirst,second,third英语语言有层次感，信号词
4.cheap便宜，最好用inexpensive
5.begoodforhealth对健康有好处（万能理由）
6.Moreover表示递进
Inmyopinion,thefutureofbicycleisverypromising.SinceChinaisadevelopingcountryandhasalargepopulation,Ithink,ridingbicycleisappropriatetoChinesepresentconditions.Itwillbeanimportantmeansoftransportationforquitealongtime.
注：promising有前途的apromisingyoungman
Score:11
Theremillionsofbicyclesintoday’sChina.Bicyclesareveryimportantmeansoftransportinpeople’sdailylives.Becausetorideabicycleisverysimple,tobuyabicyclewillnotcostsomuchmoney,toparkabicycleneedsjustasmallroomandtorideabicycledoesnotneedoilbuttherider’sstrength,bicyclesarepopularallovertheworld,especiallyinChina.
注：第一句应该用therebe结构
Comparedwithacar,abicycleismuchcheaper.ItismoresuitableforChinaasadevelopingcountry.Andabicyclehasalmostcausednopollutionbutacarhas.Onthecontrary,abicycleistooslow,itcostsmoretimesthanacar.
IthinkthepopulationofChina’sbicyclewillbekeptforthelongrun.Becauseitwillbereplacedbyacar,abusandsooninsomedevelopedareasinChina,anditwillbemadeawideuseinthedevelopingareasinChina,thenumberofbicyclesinChinawillbethesameastodaybutIbelievethatit’squalitywillbeimproved.
I、对比观点选择题：1.有人认为……；2.另外一些人认为……；3.谈谈你的观点和看法。（最好写成4段）
实例二99年6月真题
ReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively
Outline:1.有人认为读书要有选择2.有人认为应当博览群书3.我的想法
HowshouldwereadShouldwereadselectivelyorextensivelyEveryonehashisownview.
Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What’smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn’treadthem.Sincewecan’treadallthebooksandweshouldn’treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.
Butothersmaynotagree,theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledge,hewillhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.
Who’srightIthinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.
Score:14分
HowshouldwereadShouldwereadselectivelyorextensivelyEveryonehashisownview.（启）
注：第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解
（承）ParagraphII：（1）提出一种观点或优点；（2）本段的支持性分论点；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。
Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What’smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn’treadthem.Sincewecan’treadallthebooksandweshouldn’treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.（承）
注：1.本段总分总结构
2.theyarguethat=theythinkthat
3.withthedevelopmentof...随着……的发展
4.what'smore递进关系，moreover
5.bad=pornographic色情的&violent暴力的
Butothersmaynotagree,theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledge,hewillhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.（转）
注：1.But转折词（信号词）
2.theyemphasizethat=theythinkthat
3.today'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas现代社会今昔非比
4.许多知识awiderangeofknowledge/alargescopeofknowledge/muchknowledge；
获取知识acquire/getknowledge
5.knowsnothing→little；hemaybeuseless→hemaynotbeofgreatusetothesociety后者比前者更委婉
Who’srightIthinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.（合）
Score:11分
Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewiththem,theythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.
注：结构非常好，可以套用。
Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.Thosegoodbookscangiveuspleasureandknowledge,whilethosebadbookscanonlyleadustothewrongway.So,theysuggestthatweshouldonlychoosethegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadbooks.
注：1.“people,who...,”应去掉逗号，改为限制性定语从句。
2.asmanyasbadbooks改为asmanyasbadones
3.leadustothewrongway改为leadsb.astray
4.theysuggestthat=theythinkthat
5.touch碰（闪光点词汇：如教材P7：shoulderingtheresponsibilityofdoingsth.肩负起责任）
But,theotherpeople,whoholdthatreadingextensivelyisbetter,thinkthatonekindofbookscanonlygiveusoneaspectofknowledge.Eventhebestbookonlycontainsonefieldofinformation.So,theycaneasilycometotheconclusionthat“toknowmore,toreadmore”.Sotheybelievethatreadingextensivelyisbetter.
注：1.hold认为同样表示“think”的词还有argue,emphasize,believe,suggest,claim,insist,maintain,agree,hold
2.thebestbook在西方国家是“圣经”的意思
3.toknowmore,toreadmore错误，中式英语
Tomypoint,weshouldchoosegoodbookstoreadandreadgoodbooksasmanyaspossible.Bythisway,wecanincreasethequalityandquantityofreading.
范文22.IsTelevisionaBlessingoraCurse
Now,itisgenerallyacceptedthattelevisionplaysanimportantpartinpeople’slives.But,thereisanongoingheateddiscussionastowhethertelevisionisablessingoracurse.
注：itisgenerallyacceptedthat人们通常认为
Asisoftenpointedoutbysomepeople,televisionkeepsonebetterinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinpoliticsandscience,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandstimulating.Themostdistantcountries,thestrangestcustomsandthemostattractivescenesofnaturearebroughtrightintoone’sroom.
注：1.Asisoftenpointedoutbysomepeople=Somepeoplethinkthat
2.“使……”不用make，而用keep,allow,offer
However,otherpeopleinsistthattelevisionisacurseratherthanablessing.Theyarguethatithasbroughtaboutmanyseriousproblems.Themajoroneisitseffectsonyoungpeople.Theyarenowsousedtogettingtheirinformation,educationandentertainmentfromtelevisionthattheirliteracyaswellasphysicalabilityhasbeengreatlyweakened.Evenworsethanthat,vulgarcommercialsandindecentprogramsmaycultivatetheirbadtastes,distorttheirviewpointstowardshumanlifetosuchadegreethattheirmindsmightbecorrupted.
Insummary,televisionhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Whatevereffectsithas,onethingiscertain,televisioninitselfisneithergoodnorbad.Itistheusestowhichitisputthatdeterminesitsvaluetosociety.
范文5.Travelling
Peoplewholiketravellinghavetheirreasons.Theymaintainthattravellingcanhelpthemexpandtheirscopeofknowledge,especiallygeographicalandhistoricallearning.Theygoontopointoutthattouringwillprovidemorechanceforthemtoenjoyfoodandtryonclothesthattheyotherwisecannotpossiblehave.
注：geographicalandhistorical押尾韵，如：押头韵clear&clean
Thosewhodisliketravellinghavetheirreasons.Theywouldarguethattravellingmeansaconsiderableamountofmoneyandenergy.Forexample,trafficandaccommodationrequiremoneyandwalkingwhileseeingsightsoftentiresyou.
Inpractice,travellingdoesmoregoodthanharm.Ifyourfinanceandhealthpermit,youmightaswelldosometravellingfromtimetotime.Itwillatleastenableyoutogetfamiliarwithpeopleandthingsthatyouwillprobablygrowtolikeandlove.
注：1.inpractice=Ithink2.doesmoregoodthanharm好处比坏处多，其他表达方法：besuperiorto/inferiorto比如：theadvantagesaresuperiortothedisadvantages3.enable使
范文1.IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary
AtestofspokenEnglishwillbeincludedasanoptionalcomponentoftheCollegeEnglishTest(CET).SomepeoplearguethatitisabsolutelynecessarytoholdatestofspokenEnglishinChinabecausewehavebeeninformedfrequentlythataChinesestudentwhohasbeenlearningEnglishforovertenyearscannotevencommunicatewithanativespeaker.SometimeseventhosetopstudentswhoexcelingrammarandwritingskillsfindtheirEnglishinadequatetoexpresstheirthoughtsfreely.AtestofEnglishwillbringthecollegestudentsanawarenessoftheimportanceoforalEnglish,andwillthushelpthemwiththeircommunicatingskills.
使句子具有表现力的手段：1、用形容词修饰名词；2、副词修饰动词、副词修饰形容词
Ontheotherhand,someothersstillmaintainthatagoodcommandofreadingandwritingskillswillbeenoughfortheEnglishlearners.Tosomeextenttheiropinionderivesfromthefactthatstudentsarealreadyunderconsiderablepressurefromtheiropinionderivesfromthefactthatstudentsarealreadyunderconsiderablepressurefromtheircoursework.Anotherrequiredtestwillonlyaddtotheirburden.Moreover,somestudentsmaytaketheshortcutbyfocusingonseveralguessedquestionsaccordingtothefixedformatofthetest,hopingforacoincidencetobringthemgoodluck.
Inmyopinion,atestofspokenEnglishwilldomoregoodthanharm.SinceChinawillcontinueitspolicyofopeningandreform,theabilitytospeakEnglishfluentlyisamustforanyonewhowantstosurpassothersinahighlycompetitivesociety.WhetherItakethetestornot,IshallsparenoeffortstopracticeoralEnglishintheremainingyearsofmycollegestudy.
范文21.Shouldsmokingbebanned
ShouldsmokingbebannedAnswerstothisquestionvarygreatly.Somepeopleareinfavoroftheideaofsmoking.Theyalwayssaythatitcangetridofthetirednessandmakethemrefreshed.Andtheyalsosaythatgivingandbeinggivencigarettesisasignoffriendship.Therefore,theycarrycigaretteswiththemwherevertheygo.
注：1.varygreatly许多种2.beinfavorof=agree/beoftheopinionthat
3.getridofthetirednessandmakethemrefreshed使人神清气爽
4.Givingandbeinggiven给与被给。主、被动关系在英文中用现在、过去分词表达。
Butotherpeopleconsideritveryharmfultopeople’shealth.Theyhaveheardtheofficialreportsthatonepersonintheworlddiesfromsmokingeverysecond.Andtheyhaveheardthedoctor’swarningthatsmokersaremorelikelytohavelungcancerandtoincreasetheirchancesofhavingheartattack.Inaddition,smokingpollutestheairandmaycausefireaccidents.Thusithasbecomeamajorthreattopeople’slifeandproperty.
注：1.Theyhaveheardtheofficialreportsthat...官方报告表明..2.bemorelikelyto更有可能，更容易3.chance可能
Thereissometruthinbotharguments,buthuman’slifeandpropertyoutweighsanythingelse.Ifsmokingbringsusillnessanddeath,whynothaveitbannedbythegovernmentWithoutcigarettes,can’twecomeupwithbetterwaystoexpressourfriendshipandtomakeusrefreshed注：1.outweigh比……重要，同样的表达：besuperiorto/beinferiorto。overweight超重2.最后用两句反问句结尾，非常精妙。
课后作业PrivateCars
写成4段的首段写法：
Inrecentyears,withfasteconomicgrowth,privatecarshaveappearedinmanyfamiliesinChina.People'sattitudetowardprivatecarsvarieswidely.
②Withtheincreaseinthegeneralstandardofliving,someordinaryChinesefamiliesbegintoaffordaprivatecar.Yet,people'sopinionsofprivatecarsvaryfrompersontoperson/publicattitudetowarditvariesgreatly/widely./isquiteofthecontrary./differssharply.
③Inrecentfewyears,thephenomenon/issue/problemofowningaprivatecarhasbeenbroughttopublicattention/inthelimelight.People'sviewson/opinionsofowingaprivatecarvarywidely.
写成3段的首段写法：
Withthedevelopmentofmodernsociety/scienceandtechnology,/Withtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandard,
moreandmorepeoplecanownprivatecars.
carsareenteringordinaryfamilies.
thegrowingnumberofpeople/peopleineverincreasingnumberscanhaveaccesstoprivatecars.(此句是引言)
支持段的主题句：
Somepeopleclaimthat/Asispointedoutthat/Itisgenerallybelievedthat/Itiswidelyacceptedthat,therearesomeadvantagesofowningaprivatecar.
Thereisnodoubtthatprivatecarsbenefitpeoplehugely.
支持段的分论点：
①方便First,privatecarsprovidepeoplewiththemostconvenientformoftransportation.
②舒适Second,itiscomfortableforpeopletotravelin,especiallyinchangeableweather/rainingdays/sandstorm.
③炫耀Third,onlyaprivatecarcanshowaperson'ssocialstatus/achievement/success/prosperityinhisorhercareer.
否定段的主题句：①However(Nonetheless/Nevertheless/But),therearesomedisadvantagesofowingaprivatecar/Everycoinhastwosides.
②Whileenjoyingtheconveniencethatprivatecarsbringus,weshouldnotignoretheproblemtheycreate/produce/introduce/make.
③Despite/Inspiteof/Foralltheadvantages,theybringstheirowndisadvantages/problems/negativeeffects
④Likeanythingelse,privatecarsalsohavetheirownweakness/limits.
⑤However,privatecarsarenotwithoutshortcomings/faults.
⑥Yetotherspeakoftheproblemsprivatecarshavebrought.Theycomplainthat......
⑦However,privatecarsmayalsobringwithitproblemsoursocietyhadnotpreviouslyfaced.
⑧Despitetheincreaseinefficiencyandconveniencegeneratedbyprivatecars,thechangestheybringcouldverywellleadtopotentiallyadverseconsequences.
否定段的分论点：
①占有空间Ontheonehand,privatecarstakeup/occupytoomuchspace.
②交通事故Ontheotherhand,adrivershouldbecareful/cautiouswhiledriving,otherwise,caraccidentsaremorelikelytohappen.
③污染环境What'smore/Inaddition,privatecarsgiveoff/discharge/releaseCOwhichpollutetheenvironment/air.
注意：所谓上义词是指抽象、概括和笼统的，就是比较superordinate的词；而下义词就是具体的东西，即subordinate的东西。
第四段（总结段）的写法：
①Despiteallthedisadvantagesmentionedabove,Istillthinkthattheadvantagesoutweigh/aregreaterthanthedisadvantages.Asfortheaboveproblem,I'msuretheywillbesettledbythescientistsinthefuture/Itisonlyamatteroftimefortheproblemstobesolved.
②Unquestionably,thechallengeofprivatecarsmeansweallshouldconsiderhowwecancontrolthem,sothattheywillnotcontrolus.
③Whethertheprivatecarsareablessingoracurseisadifficultquestiontoanswer,yetthedesireforthecomfortandindependenceaprivatecarcanbringwillnotbeelminated.
④Anyway/Anyhow/Inanycase,whethertheeffectisgoodorbad,onethingiscertain:privatecarshavechangedandwillcontinuetochangethewayofourtransportation,ourleisureandourlife.
选择题型变体逻辑结构（MyViewonSth.）
ParagraphII:（1）提出作者观点（本文主题句）；
（2）举例加以论证。
ParagraphIII:（1）总结全文（再次强调作者观点）
范文17.MyViewonFate
Thereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewoffate.Somepeoplebelievethateveryoneisborntoacertainthathecannotchange,whilesomeotherpeoplethinkthateverymanisthemasterofhisownlife.
注：1.consensus相同意见
2.第一句话可以套用，如范文18：Thereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewofwealth.
3.while轻微转折和对比，强转折用词but,however4.master主人
AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewiththelatteropinion.Thereisasaying,“Everyoneisthearchitectofhisownfuture.”Whichmeansone’sfateisdecidedinhisownhands.Infact,nooneisdestinedtoacertainfateinhisorherlife.Thosewhoclaimthattheywereborntofailorbeunluckyjustcan’trealizehowmuchinnerstrengthandabilitytheyhave.Wemustdependonourselvestochangesourlivesandmakeussuccessfulandhappy.
注：1.第一句asfaras与Iagree重复，把后半句改为thelatteropinionseemsmorereasonable。
2.architect建筑师，archor弓箭手
3.Infact前后是转折关系，之前从正面阐述，之后从反面阐述
范文17.MyViewonFate（续）
Let’stakeHelenKeller,anextraordinaryAmericanwoman,forexample.Whenshewasonly19monthsold,shebecameblindanddeaf.Insteadofacceptinghermisfortunehelplessly,sheshowedgreatcourageandunconquerablespiritinfightingagainstherdestinedfateandwasawardedthePresident’sMedalofFreedomin1964becauseoftheachievementsshehadmadeforhelpingtheblind,thedeafandthespeechless.Thisstorytellsusthatawisemanisalwayscreatinghisownfateratherthanwaitingforgoodluck.
注：1.本段开始举例
2.Let'stake……forexample中间是插入语，表示强调，举例不宜太长。
Inconclusion,IbelievethateveryoneisbornequalandisthebuilderofhisownfateWecanhavegoodfortuneonlyifwetakepainsandworkhard.Weshouldbearthefollowingsayinginmind,“Everymanisthemasterofhisownfate.”
注：bearsth.inmind：把……牢记在心
范文13.TheWaytoSuccess
第二段：Strongwill,perseveranceanddiligencearethethreeessentialsofsuccess.Amanofstrongwillandperseverancealwayshasaninflexiblespirit.Hestickstohiscausenomatterhowtoughitmightbe.Dr.SunYat-senwassuchaman.Manyofhisattemptsfailed,butheheldtohispurposewithfirmnessandfinallysucceededinoverthrowingtheQingDynasty.Diligencemeanssteadinessinone’sworkandstudy.SuQinstabbedhimselfinordertokeepattentivetostudies.Marxoftenworked15hoursaday.Lifeisshortandwehavemanythingstodo.Withoutdiligencenoonecanachieveanything.
II、社会热点话题写作逻辑结构
(2)具体描述这个事物或者观点（或者是我对这个现象/事物的基本看法specific）。
(2)支持性的细节分论点（至少两点）；
(3)本段总结（可以省略）。
Paragraph3:(1)总结全文，定下结论（通常为我的对策或看法）。
四级作文试题2000年1月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinancemyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast100words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
1.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多多种途径解决。
2.哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。
HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation
第一段：首先，应该是用一种描述性的语言引出讨论的重点：
Nowadays/Atpresent/Currently/Thesedays/Today,tuitionsandfeesforcollegestudentsare【moreexpensive】muchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinancemycollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcern.
第二段：有多种的方法，例如：1.向父母;2.银行贷款3.打工挣钱
第二段主题句：Therearemanywaystosupportmycollegeeducationfinancially./Waystosupportmyuniversitystudyfinanciallyvarygreatly/arevarious.
第二段分写：
Inthefirstplace,Icanget/gain/obtainallthemoneyfrommyparents.
Inthesecondplace,Icanapplyfor/askforabankloan,especiallysetup/establishedforcollegestudents/undergraduates.
What’smore,Icanfindaparttimejobtoearnenoughmoney.
第三段：我所赞同的方法（阐述原因，为何不选其他的方法）。
Personally/AsfarasI’mconcerned/Inmyopinion/Frommypointofview/Tomywayofthinking/AsIseeit,Ipreferthebankloanforthefollowingreasons.
Foronething,myparentsarenotrichenoughtoaffordme.
Foranother,Iwillnothaveenoughtimeandenergytostudyafterfinishingmypart-time/temporary/oddjobs.
Inaddition,IbelieveIcanhuntarewarding/dreamjobaftergraduation,andthenIwillbeabletopayoff/payback/return/giveback.
Therefore/So/Hence,.....
1、使用有难度的词汇；
2、使用形容词修饰名词，用副词修饰动词或整个句子；
3、使用被动语态；
4、使用倒装句；(notonly...butalso...；only...)
5、尽可能地使用名词，而不是习惯中的动词和形容词。
绿化我们的城市
第一段：
近年来，随着工商业的迅猛发展，许多大城市中树木的数量大幅度降低。人们作出各种努力防止树木被砍伐，但是，认识到绿化城市也同样重要。
普通版
Recently,withthedevelopmentofbusinessesandindustries,moreandmoretreeshavedisappearedinbigcities.Wehavetriedourbesttopreventpeoplefromcuttingtrees.But,itisimportanttorealizetomakeourcitiesgreen.
润色版
Incontemporarysociety,whileourindustriesandbusinesseshaveexperienceda(n)rapid/fast/amazing/marked/fantasticdevelopment,thenumberoftreesinmanylargecitieshasdeclined/decreased/reducedsharply/dramatically.Althoughremarkableeffortshavebeenexertedtopreventmoretreesfrombeingcut,therealizationofmakingcitiesgreenerisstillofgreatimportance.
注：区分industry和industrial
绿化我们的城市（续）
第二段：
绿化城市会带来很多好处。其一，绿化城市能够净化空气。科学研究已经证明树木通过吸收作用可以降低大气中碳化合物的含量。其二，它能够美化城市。到处是花草树木，我们会欣然地感到自己置身于美丽的花园中。最后，绿化城市能够带来大量木材，这是解决自然资源短缺的有效办法。
Therearemanyadvantagesinmakingcitiesgreener.First,itmakesourairclean.Scientificresearchhasprovedthattreescanreduceagreatamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospherethroughabsorption.Second,itaddstothebeautyofourcities.Withtreesandflowerseverywhere,thereisapleasantfeelingthatweliveinabeautifulgardenandareclosertonature.Finally,itwillbringusalotoftimber.Andthisisaneffectivewaytosolvetheproblemoflackofnaturalresources.
WhatbenefitscantheprogramofmakingcitiesgreenerbringtousFirst,theairwillbecleaner.Scientificexperimentshavealreadyprovedthattreescanreduceairpollutionbyproducingalotofoxygen.Thiswillimprovethequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Second,ourcitieswilllookmorebeautiful.Justimaginethecitywhichisfulloftreesandflowers.Whatanattractivegardenitis!What’smore,bymakingcitiesgreener,wecanprovideourindustrywithtimberthepreciousnaturalresources.
第三段：
绿化城市需要全国人民共同努力，人们不仅要广泛认识到城市绿化对城市环境的贡献，还应该同心协力栽植更多的树木并保护它们不受商业使用的侵犯。
Makingcitiesgreenerrequirespeople’seffortsalloverthecountry.Andpeopleshouldnotonlyrealizethatitisimportanttomakecitiesgreenerforitscontributiontourbanenvironment,butalsoplanttreesandprotectthemfrombeingusedinbusiness.
Makingcitiesgreenerrequiresmorethanwidespreadawareness;itcallsforanimmediatecommitmenttoplantingmoretreesandgrowingmoreflowers.
(Makingcitiesgreenerrequiresthewholenation’sefforts.Andnotonlyshouldmostpeoplegaintheawarenessofthesignificantcontributionofmakingcitiesgreenertourbanenvironment,butalsomakeacommitmenttotheprotectionofmoretreesagainstbusiness.)
句型变化
A.(1)Wecanimaginethebeautifulsurroundings.(2)Therearemanytreesalongthestreets.(3)Thereisacleanriverinthecity.(4)Therearemanyfishesintheriver.(5)Therearewillowtreesontheoneside.(6)Therearesomepiecesofgrasslandontheotherside.(7)Therearemanyflowersonthem.
B.(1)Justimaginethebeautifulsurroundingsifwehavemadeourcitiesgreener.(2)Greentreeslinethestreets.(3)Acleanriverwindsthroughthecity,inwhichalotoffishesabound.(4)Ontheonesidestandrowsofwillowtrees.(5)Ontheothersideliesastretchofgrasslandsprinkledwithmanyyellowandredflowers.
1.Therebe...
1)a.Therearefewerandfewercitizenswholiketoseefilms.
b.Filmsarenowlosingtheirappealformanycitizens.
2)a.Therearemanypeoplewhocomplainofseverehousingshortages.
b.Housingshortagesbecomethesourceofgreatcomplaint.
2.If
1)a.Ifyoucomparethetwomethodscarefully,youwillfindthedifference.
b.Carefulcomparisonofthetwomethodswillshowyouthedifference.
2)a.Ifweonlyapplybookknowledge,wewillnotgetgoodresult.
b.Theapplicationofbookknowledgealonewillnotbringyougoodresult.
3)a.Ifthereisnopollution,mancancertainlysurvive.
b.Mancancertainlysurviveintheworldwherethereisnopollution.
3.Inorderto
1)a.Inordertopreventtheproblembecomingtooserioustosolve,wemusttakeanimmediatestep.
b.Animmediatestepmustbetakenbeforetheproblembecomestooserioustosolve.
2)a.Inordertobuildastableandprosperousnation,peopleshouldmakenewefforts.
b.Neweffortswillbring...
4.Moreandmore
1)a.MoreandmorepeoplenowprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.
b.PeopleineverincreasingnumbersprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.
2)a.Moreandmorepeoplewhobecomemoreandmorerichcanaffordamotorcycle.
b.Thegrowingnumberofpeoplewhobecomeincreasinglyrichcannowaffordamotorcycle.
3)a.Moreandmoreteenagerssmokecigarettesinrecentyears.
b.Teenagesmokingisontherise/increase/decrease/declineinrecentyears.
4)a.Moreandmoreteachersareneededwiththedevelopmentofeconomy.
b.Thereisanincreasingdemandforteacherswiththedevelopmentofeconomy.
5)a.Moreandmoretreeshavedisappearedinthecity.
b.Thereisasharpdeclineinthenumberoftreesinthecity.
社会热点话题
写作练习：JobsforGraduates
1)大学生难找工作
2)原因很多
3)解决的办法
Withthefantasticdevelopmentofmodernsociety,peopleineverincreasingnumbershaveaccesstotertiaryeducation（高等教育）.Asaresult,job-huntingisnowbecomingheadacheformostgraduates.
范文23：Nowadays,collegegraduatescometorealizethatitisnoteasytogetarewardingjob.Most/Manyofthemcannotgetajobrightaftergraduation.
Thejobmarketforcollegestudents/graduatesisgettingtighterandtighter.Accordingtoasurvey,only80%ofcollegegraduatesoftheclassof2002foundjobstheyeartheygraduated,comparedwith95%in2000.Whydocollegegraduatesfinditincreasinglydifficulttogetjobs
第二段细节论证
分析原因：
1、Amongthemostconvincing/importantreasonsgiven/cited/offered/identifiedbypeopleforthisproblem/phenomenon,oneshouldbestressed/emphasized/mentioned...
2、Onemayregard/see/view/thinkofthetrend/increase/phenomenonasasignof/resultof/responseto/reactionto...
3、Theincrease/change/failure/successin...mainly/largely/partlyresultsfrom/arisesfromisdueto/owingto/attributabletothefactthat/severalfactors...
Severalyearsago,manystudentswereenrolledin/admittedto/takenin/matriculatedpopularmajor,sothatthesupplyissuperiorto/outweigh/exceedsthedemand.Manygraduatesarereluctanttoworkintheremoteareas/westernprovinces/developingareas/lessdevelopedcountry.Graduateswithoutworkingexperiencesarenowlosingtheirappealformanyinternationalcooperations,suchas...
国家制定法律法规
个人接受教育
III、图表题（table,bargraph,piechart,linegraph）
图表题的写作逻辑结构：
ParagraphI:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写；
（2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。
ParagraphII:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）；
（2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己的观点，至少两点）。
ParagraphIII:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法；
（2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点
【标题】ChangesinPeople’sDiet
Directions:Writeathree-paragraphcompositionto:
1.Statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.
2.Givepossiblereasonsforthechanges.
3.Drawyourownconclusion.
Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.
【短文】ChangesinPeople’sDiet
Inthepastfiveyearstherehavebeenmanychangesinpeople’sdiet.Grain,asthemainfoodofmostChinese,isnowplayingalessimportantrole,whiletheproportionofsomehigh-energyfoods,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreased.
WhathascausedthesechangesIthinktherearetworeasons.First,peoplenowhavemoremoney.Thepriceofmeatandmilkismuchhigherthanthatofgrain,sointheolddayspeoplecouldn’taffordthem.Nowtheyhaveenoughmoneytobuybothmeatandmilk.Second,peoplenowadayspaymoreattentiontotheelementsoftheirdiet.Theylookforawell-balanceddietthatwillbegoodfortheirhealth.
Inshort,therehavebeenchangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyearsbecauseoffinancialandhealthreasons,andtherewillbefurtherchangesinthefuture
【修改版】
Ascanbeseenfromthetable,thepastfiveyearshaswitnesseddramaticchangesinpeople’sdiet.Grain,asthestaplefoodofmostChinese,isnowplayingalessimportantroleintheirdiet,whiletheconsumptionofhighqualityfoodsuchasmeat,milkandfruithasgreatlyincreased.
Therearetwofactorsleadingtothechange.Foronething,peoplenowenjoyahigherstandardofliving.Intheolddaysfewfamiliescouldaffordmeatandmilkeveryday,whichoftenmeantabigchunkofthefamilyincome.Butnowpeoplehaveenoughmoneytotastearichverityoffoods.Foranother,peopleoftodayattachmoreattentiontonutrition.Theyarenotmerelycontenttofillthestomach.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietwhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.
Inaword,withpeople’sstandardoflivinggettinghigherandhigher,changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreater.
图表题的适用句型：
1.Aswecanseefromthechart/graph/table/diagram,...
2.Thechart/graphshows/displaysthat...
3.Ascanbeshowninthetable...,
4.Thefigures/statisticsinthechartreflect/show/revealthat...,
5.Itisclear/apparentfromthechart/tablethat...
（2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻（specific）。
（2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）；
ParagraphIII：总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。
PracticeMakesPerfect
Practiceisthekeytosuccessinallfieldsofactivity.Itispracticealonewhichenablesustobuildupspeedandefficiency.Whenweaccomplishsomethingperfectlywithoutwastingeffort,thisistheresultoflongpractice.
【改写为】AnEnglishproverbsays/Oneofthegreatestmenonceremarked/Nearlyeverycivilizationhasitsownequivalenttotheproverb:"Practicemakesperfect".Itmeansthat/Inotherwords,itispracticealonewhichenablesustobuildupspeedandefficiency.Whenweaccomplishsomethingwithoutwastingeffort,thisistheresultoflongpractice.
PracticeMakesPerfect（续）
TakethestudyofEnglishforexample.Onlypracticecanenableustospellwordscorrectlyandmastertherulesofgrammar.Anditisonlythroughpracticethatwecanbecomefluentinspeakingandwriting,thereisnootherway.Anothergoodexampleissports.Practiceistheonlywaytobecomestrongerandrunfaster.Besides,inteamgamespracticeiswhatimprovesoursenseofcooperationandhelpstheteamtowin.
【改写为】History/Oursocietyaboundswiththeexamplesof"Practicemakesperfect".......（正反两方面都举例子）Ontheotherhand/Onthecontrary,nopracticewillonlyleadustofailure.Thereishardly/scarcelyamanwhocanachievesuccesswithoutpractice.Allevidencepointsto/justifies/lendssupportstothefactthatpracticeisthekeytosuccessinallfieldsofactivity.
举例一般为：英语学习；体育锻炼
Tosumup,therecanbenoachievementwhichisnotbasedonasolidfoundationofpractice.
【改写为】Foruscollegestudents,thesaying/proverbhasaprofoundandrealisticsignificance:therecanbenoachievementwhichisnotbasedonasolidfoundationofpractice
课后复习（self-studyProgram）
1、课堂讲解内容：体会用词艺术和丰富的句式
2、写作练习：2002年6月真题（StudentUseofComputers）
3、记忆写作万能理由和基本表达
4、完型填空练习：完成Passage1--Passage3
做题步骤：
（2）初选答案（排除法、优选法）；
（3）寻找线索；
（4）回头补缺；
（5）核实答案。
图表题：2002年6月考题
Topic:StudentUseofComputers(atleast150words)
1、上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；
2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；
3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
2002年6月的图表题作文：
Asisshownbythebargraph,theaveragenumberofhoursastudentinacertainuniversityspendsonthecomputerperweekincreaseddramaticallyovertheperiodfrom1990to2000.In1990,itwaslessthantwohours.Andin1995,ithit/reachfourhours.Andin2000,thenumbersoaredto（飞速上升）nearlytwentyhours,whichisovertentimesthanthatof1990.
注：soaredto/boom/shootup/rocket/jump飞速上升
climb上升很慢
shrink下降，缩水
第一段还有一种写法：……In1990,thenumberwaslessthan2hours,whilethefigurehit4hours（或者这样写：whilein1995,）ascomparedwiththatof1990,ithadalmostdoubled.Andwhatimpressusmostisthatthefiguresoaredto...,which…
Obviouslycomputersarebecomingincreasinglypopularformalesandforfemales.Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfortherise.Inthefirstplace,computersfacilitateusinmoreaspectsoflife.Also,therapiddevelopmentoftheinternetenlargesourdemandsforusingcomputers.Wecaneasilycontactfriendsinremoteplacesthroughtheinternet.Inthesecondplace,thepricesofcomputersaregettinglowerandlower,whichenablemorestudentstopurchasethem.
However,therestillexistsomeproblems,suchas,poorquality,out-of-datedesignsandsoon.Andhowtobalancethetimebetweenusingcomputersanstudyingisalsoaseriousproblem.Anyhow,wewillbenefitalotfromcomputersaslongasweusethemproperly.
IV、书信题的写作方法：
（一）信封格式：
名字、信箱、地域范围由小到大，写在右下角（与我们相反）。
（二）信纸格式：
日期：背月份的缩写
称呼（后面的标点是逗号）:DearSirorMadam,Towhomitmayconcern,
正文：空4个字节或者顶格写，段与段之间空行）
签名：sincerelyyours
书信写作的五点要求：
1、开门见山说意图
2、咨询/建议1、2、3、
3、不同内容可分段
4、感谢客气不可少
5、期待回信成老套
（三）开头段：
1、告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）
DearSir/Mr.Prometheus,
Iwasastudentatyourcollege,enrolledinPhilosophyDepartment.
/Iama…atyour…
/Iama…atyourcollege,enrolledinthe…course.
/Mynameis…,Iam…
2、问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）
DearPrometheus,
Hello/Hi.Howareyou/Ihopeeverythingisfine./Howarethingsgoingwithyou
/Howareyougettingonin/gettingalongwith…..
3、解释写信的原因
（1）致谢：
IdeeplyappreciateyourcourtesyandIhopetoreciprocateyourfavorwhentheopportunityarises.
/Iamgreatlyindebtedtoyoufor(thedouble)youhavegonetoonmybehalf.
/ThankyouforyourletteraboutstudyinginCanada.
/IamwritingtotellyouhowgratefulIamfor…
/Iwouldliketothankyoumostsincerelyfor…
（2）抱怨：
Iamwritingtocomplainaboutthepoorserviceatyourdining-room.
/Iamwritingtoexpressmydissatisfactionwith/at…
/Iwishtomakeacomplaintabout…
/Iamwritingtodrawyourattentionto….
/IamafraidIhavegotacomplaintabout….
（3）致歉：
Iwouldbegratefulifyouwouldbesokindastoprovidemewithcertainessentialinformationregardingthefollowingaspects.
/IamwritingtoyoubecauseIamunableto….
/Ianterriblysorrythat….
/Iwouldliketoexpressmyapologiesfornotbeingableto….
（4）询问：
Iwouldliketoobtain/request/seek/inquireaboutsomeinformationabout…
/Iamwritingtoaskifyoucandomeafavor.
/Iwouldlikesomedetailedinformationon/about….
（四）结尾段：
1、发出请求
（1）Pleasegivethismatteryourimmediateattention.
（2）Iwouldverymuchappreciateitif……assoonaspossible.
（3）Pleaserendermesomevaluableadvicewhichisconductivetomyfinaldecision.
2、提供帮助
（1）Ihopethese……willbehelpful,andpleasefeelfreetocontactmeformoreinformation.
（2）……willbetakingresponsibilityforyouandifyoushouldneedanyassistance,she/hewillbepleasedtohelpyou
3、再次表示歉意或感激
（1）Thankyouforyourkindassistance.
（2）Pleaseacceptmyheartfeltthanksanddeepestgratitude,nowandalways.
（3）IamsorrythatIcannot……,andtrustthatyouwillunderstand.
（4）Inaddition,letmeapologizeforanyinconvenienceImayhavecaused.
（5）Ishallfeelobligedbyareplyatyourearliestconvenience.
（6）Onceagain,Iamsorryforanyinconveniencecaused.
4、期盼回信：R.S.V.P.
（1）Ilookforwardtoyourpromptresponse.
（2）Lookingforwardtoapromptreply,
（3）Iexpecttohearfromyouverysoon.
（4）Ihopetoreceiveyourreplyshortly.
（5）Iamalreadyeagerlyawaitingyourreplytothisfirstletter.
书信题范文：2001.6
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.
SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.
1.表示欢迎
2.提出度假安排的建议
3.提醒应注意的事项
ALettertoaSchoolmate
June23,2001
DearXiaoWang
ExampleI:
DearXiaoWang,
Iamveryhappytolearnthatyouaregoingtovisitmeduringtheweek-longholiday.Myparentswillalsobehappytoseeyouagain.Iamsureyouwillenjoyeveryminutehere.
Iknowyoulikeswimming.Ariverliesnotfarawayfrommyhome.Wecangoswimmingthere.Ithinkitwouldbeverypleasantandrefreshingtoswiminsuchhotsummerdays.Ineverybigroomofmyhomethereisanair-conditioner.WecanwatchTV,playVCDsorreadbooksverycomfortablyathome.
Amountainabouttwomilesawayfromhereisbeautifulanditisworthtouring.Wecangothereonfoot.Whenweclimbtothetopofthemountain,wecanhaveawonderfulbirdseyeviewofthewholevillage.
Justphonemebeforeyousetoff.Thereisnoneedforyoutotakeanything.I’llprepareeverythingforyou.
Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyousoon.
Yours,
ZhangYin
公文信函:2002.1
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:
ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusYoushouldwriteatleast100words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:
假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。
January12th,2002
DearMr.President,
LiMing
freshman大一
sophomore大二
junior大三
senior大四
ExampleII:
DearMr.Prometheus,
IamastudentatyourTOEFLclassandIamwritingtoexplainmyabsencefromclassessinceMarch11,2001.
OnMarch10,2001,Iwasinvolvedinaseriousmotorvehicleaccident.Iwastransportedtothehospitalinanambulance,whereIwastreatedforabrokenankle,fracturedcollarbone,and3bruisedribs.Mydoctoradvisedcompletebedrestfor6weeks,andasaresult,IhavebeenunabletoattendclassessinceMarch11,2001.
Iamconcernedaboutkeepingupwithmystudies,andhavebeendoingtherequiredreadings,asassignedbyyou.MybiggestconcerniswhetherIwillbeabletoparticipatethefinalclass.Wouldyoupleaseadvisemeregardingmycourses,specificallyiftherewillbeanyspecialconsiderationgiventomeinlightofmycurrentsituationThankyouforyourkindassistance.
Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.
Sincerely,
Janet,
StudentNo…
题型总结：
对比观点选择题：4段
社会热点话题：3段
图表题：
书信题：
格言题：
描写叙述题：
完型填空
做题技巧
（一）PrepTipsforCloze
I.做题步骤：
2、初选答案（排除法、优选法）；
3、寻找线索；
4、回头补缺；
5、核实答案。
II.出题重点：
1.词语的辨析：
形近词举例：Test2
...ordownfrighteninghillsidestotowns__87__indeepvalleys.
87.A)lyingB)layingC)laidD)lied
注：说谎：lieliedliedlying
躺：lielaylainlying
放置，下蛋：laylaidlaidlaying
2.逻辑关系：
1）列举/种属关系：
such…as;especially;inparticular;specifically;forexample;forinstance;likely;
2）因果关系：
because(for);dueto;owingto;thanksto;since;for;as;forthereasonthat;seeingthat;
3）并列/递进：
besides;likewise;moreover;also;too;what’smore;apartfrom;except;furthermore;
notnoly…butalso….;inaddition;
4）转折/让步关系：
however;but;nevertheless;nonetheless;whereas;still;though;although;anyhow;anyway;inanycase;yet;
5）对比关系：
bycontrast;incontrast;bycomparison;like;as…as;onthecontrary;conversely;oppositely;….than….;
逻辑关系举例1：Test4
Sometimeshomeworkisreturned76briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.
76.A)byB)inC)forD)with
逻辑关系举例2：Test2
TheUnitedStatesiswell-knownforitsnetworkofmajorhighwaysdesignedtohelpadrivergetfromoneplacetoanotherintheshortestpossibletime.__71__thesewidemodernroadsaregenerally__72__andwellmaintained,with__73__sharpcurvesandmanystraight__74__,adirectrouteisnotalwaysthemost_75__one.
71.A)AlthoughB)SinceC)BecauseD)Therefore
72.A)stableB)splendidC)smoothD)complicated
73.A)littleB)fewC)muchD)many
74.A)selectionsB)separationsC)seriesD)sections
75.A)terribleB)possibleC)enjoyableD)profitable
either…or…;neither…nor…;too…to…;so…that…;not…until…;hardly…when…;nosooner…than…;notonly…butalso…
固定结构举例：Test3
76geographybooksfocusonasmallarea77atownorcity.Othersdealwithastate,aregion,anation.Oran78continent.Manygeographybooksdealwiththewholeearth.Another79todividethestudyof80istodistinguishbetweenphysicalgeographyandculturalgeography.Theformerfocusesonthenaturalworld;the81startswithhumanbeingsand82howhumanbeingsandtheirenvironmentact83eachother.butwhengeographyisconsideredasasinglesubject,84branchcanneglecttheother.
76.A)SomeB)ManyC)MostD)Few
77.A)outsideB)exceptC)asD)like
81.A)secondB)laterC)nextD)latter
2.搭配：
例如：a.+n.;ad.+v.;takeadvantageof….;makeuseof….等；