ApacheTomcat8(8.5.56)

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TherewritevalveimplementsURLrewritefunctionalityinawaythatisverysimilartomod_rewritefromApacheHTTPServer.

Therewritevalveisconfiguredasavalveusingtheorg.apache.catalina.valves.rewrite.RewriteValveclassname.

Itcanalsobeinthecontext.xmlofawebapp.Thevalvewillthenusearewrite.configfilecontainingtherewritedirectives,itmustbeplacedintheWEB-INFfolderofthewebapplication

Therewrite.configfilecontainsalistofdirectiveswhichcloselyresemblethedirectivesusedbymod_rewrite,inparticularthecentralRewriteRuleandRewriteConddirectives.Linesthatstartwitha#characteraretreatedascommentsandwillbeignored.

Syntax:RewriteCondTestStringCondPattern

TheRewriteConddirectivedefinesarulecondition.OneormoreRewriteCondcanprecedeaRewriteRuledirective.ThefollowingruleisthenonlyusedifboththecurrentstateoftheURImatchesitspattern,andiftheseconditionsaremet.

TestStringisastringwhichcancontainthefollowingexpandedconstructsinadditiontoplaintext:

ThesevariablesallcorrespondtothesimilarlynamedHTTPMIME-headersandServletAPImethods.MostaredocumentedelsewhereintheManualorintheCGIspecification.Thosethatarespecialtotherewritevalveincludethosebelow.

Otherthingsyoushouldbeawareof:

CondPatternistheconditionpattern,aregularexpressionwhichisappliedtothecurrentinstanceoftheTestString.TestStringisfirstevaluated,beforebeingmatchedagainstCondPattern.

Remember:CondPatternisaperlcompatibleregularexpressionwithsomeadditions:

Example:

TorewritetheHomepageofasiteaccordingtothe``User-Agent:''headeroftherequest,youcanusethefollowing:

RewriteCond%{HTTP_USER_AGENT}^Mozilla.*RewriteRule^/$/homepage.max.html[L]RewriteCond%{HTTP_USER_AGENT}^Lynx.*RewriteRule^/$/homepage.min.html[L]RewriteRule^/$/homepage.std.html[L]Explanation:Ifyouuseabrowserwhichidentifiesitselfas'Mozilla'(includingNetscapeNavigator,Mozillaetc),thenyougetthemaxhomepage(whichcouldincludeframes,orotherspecialfeatures).IfyouusetheLynxbrowser(whichisterminal-based),thenyougettheminhomepage(whichcouldbeaversiondesignedforeasy,text-onlybrowsing).Ifneitheroftheseconditionsapply(youuseanyotherbrowser,oryourbrowseridentifiesitselfassomethingnon-standard),yougetthestd(standard)homepage.

Syntax:RewriteMapnamerewriteMapClassNameoptionalParameters

TherewriteMapClassNamevaluealsoallowsspecialvalues:

Themapsareimplementedusinganinterfacethatusersmustimplement.Itsclassnameisorg.apache.catalina.valves.rewrite.RewriteMap,anditscodeis:

packageorg.apache.catalina.valves.rewrite;publicinterfaceRewriteMap{publicStringsetParameters(Stringparams);publicStringlookup(Stringkey);}RewriteRuleSyntax:RewriteRulePatternSubstitution

TheRewriteRuledirectiveistherealrewritingworkhorse.Thedirectivecanoccurmorethanonce,witheachinstancedefiningasinglerewriterule.Theorderinwhichtheserulesaredefinedisimportant-thisistheorderinwhichtheywillbeappliedatrun-time.

Patternisaperlcompatibleregularexpression,whichisappliedtothecurrentURL.``Current''meansthevalueoftheURLwhenthisruleisapplied.ThismaynotbetheoriginallyrequestedURL,whichmayalreadyhavematchedapreviousrule,andhavebeenaltered.

Somehintsonthesyntaxofregularexpressions:

MasteringRegularExpressions,2ndEditionJeffreyE.F.FriedlO'Reilly&Associates,Inc.2002ISBN978-0-596-00289-3

Intherules,theNOTcharacter('!')isalsoavailableasapossiblepatternprefix.Thisenablesyoutonegateapattern;tosay,forinstance:``ifthecurrentURLdoesNOTmatchthispattern''.Thiscanbeusedforexceptionalcases,whereitiseasiertomatchthenegativepattern,orasalastdefaultrule.

Note:WhenusingtheNOTcharactertonegateapattern,youcannotincludegroupedwildcardpartsinthatpattern.Thisisbecause,whenthepatterndoesNOTmatch(i.e.,thenegationmatches),therearenocontentsforthegroups.Thus,ifnegatedpatternsareused,youcannotuse$Ninthesubstitutionstring!

Thesubstitutionofarewriteruleisthestringwhichissubstitutedfor(orreplaces)theoriginalURLwhichPatternmatched.Inadditiontoplaintext,itcaninclude

Back-referencesareidentifiersoftheform$N(N=0..9),whichwillbereplacedbythecontentsoftheNthgroupofthematchedPattern.Theserver-variablesarethesameasfortheTestStringofaRewriteConddirective.Themapping-functionscomefromtheRewriteMapdirectiveandareexplainedthere.Thesethreetypesofvariablesareexpandedintheorderabove.

Asalreadymentioned,allrewriterulesareappliedtotheSubstitution(intheorderinwhichtheyaredefinedintheconfigfile).TheURLiscompletelyreplacedbytheSubstitutionandtherewritingprocesscontinuesuntilallruleshavebeenapplied,oritisexplicitlyterminatedbyaLflag.

Thespecialcharacters$and%canbequotedbyprependingthemwithabackslashcharacter\.

Thereisaspecialsubstitutionstringnamed'-'whichmeans:NOsubstitution!ThisisusefulinprovidingrewritingruleswhichonlymatchURLsbutdonotsubstituteanythingforthem.ItiscommonlyusedinconjunctionwiththeC(chain)flag,inordertoapplymorethanonepatternbeforesubstitutionoccurs.

Unlikenewermod_rewriteversions,theTomcatrewritevalvedoesnotautomaticallysupportabsoluteURLs(thespecificredirectflagmustbeusedtobeabletospecifyanabsoluteURLs,seebelow)ordirectfileserving.

AdditionallyyoucansetspecialflagsforSubstitutionbyappending[flags]asthethirdargumenttotheRewriteRuledirective.Flagsisacomma-separatedlistofanyofthefollowingflags:

THE END

TheNinjaLibrarian:2022

Towardsafreemattereconomy—part7

ApacheTomcat8(8.5.56)

WhatisSystemsTheory?

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