在教材的设计思路上,虽然两者均是以习题作为主要的呈现形式,但是MS更注重思维引导,将学习目标和任务进行拆解,由浅入深,循循善诱。而CI教材相对来讲更注重题目呈现的完整性,如Unit8阅读部分,同样是填空题型,CI教材直接以完整题目的形式给出(第4题),而后给出句子填空题的做题步骤(第5题);
“4.ReadQuestions1-8below.
1Underlinethekeyideas.
2Decidewhattypeofinformationyouneedforeachgap.
Questions1-8
1Bee-eaters’preyarebeesandother…
2Bee-eatersneedtoremovethe…frombeesbeforeeatingthem.
…
5.NowcompleteQuestions1-8inExercise4.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.
ExamadviceforSentencecompletion
·Underlinethekeyideaineachquestion.
·Decidewhattypeofinformationyouneedtocompletethesentence.
·Readthesectionofthepassagewhichdealswiththekeyideaandchooseyouranswer.
·Readthecompletedsentencetomakesureitisgrammaticallycorrect”
(GuyBrook-HartandVanessaJakeman(2016)CompleteIELTSB1P49)
而MS教材首先拆解做题的详细步骤并给出样例辅助理解(第3题),
“3.OnequestiontypeintheReadingpaperis‘notescompletion’.
Readtheadviceintheboxandstudytheexamplebelow.
·Readtheinstructionscarefully.Checkhowmanywordsyoucanuse.Dothewordsneedtocomefromthepassageorfromaboxofwordsthatyouaregiven
·Readthenotescarefully.
·Thinkofsimilarwordstothekeywordsinthenotes.
·Decidewhatkindofwordisneededinthegap.Useclueslikeprepositions(in,from)andarticles(a,an,the).
Example
LookatthegappedsentenceandreadparagraphF.
Storiesof
TheanswerisAncientGreece.”
(摘自:剑桥雅思综合教程:初级[M]群言出版社,2018(7)P148)
再练习词词对应,帮助学生形成同义替换的思维理念(第4题),
“4.ReadparagraphBindetail,Thenmatchthewordsandphrases1-5fromparagraphBwithwordsandphrasesa-ewhichhavesimilarmeanings.
1filmingasavedthelifeof
2cametohisrescuebfamous
3well-knowncvideoing
4againstthekillingofdgroup(ofdolphins)
…”
(摘自:剑桥雅思综合教程:初级[M]群言出版社,2018(7)P148)
进而过渡到句子填空(第5题),
“5.Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassage.
Apodofdolphinssavedthelifeofamancalled1,whilehewasvideoingthem.
Themanwasafamous2fortheprotectionofdolphins.”
最后才是篇章填空(第6题),
“6.Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassage.
Orcasweretryingtocatchandhurtagroupof1whoweretravellingfromoneplacetoanother.Themigratingwhaleswerehelpedby2.Thewholeincidentlastedmorethan3.Belugawhaleshelpedadiverwhocouldn’tgettothesurface.Becauseoftheicywatersshewasunableto4.Oneofthewhalessavedherlifebytakingholdofher5andgivingherapushforwards.”
3.2.讲解方式
两本教材设计思路的差异决定了讲解方式的不同:MS教材循序渐进,由浅入深将任务一步步拆解,最终引导学生达成学习目标,适用于启发式,探究式,互动式教学,即教师主导,学生主体,“以学生为中心”的教育理念,符合新东方现行的6~8人小班班型(即控制班级人数在8人以下,实现师生高效互动从而有效把控课堂质量)设计,通过设置任务及采用提问策略的方式有效地激发学生的学习动机和主动性,让学生通过合作学习,自主探究规律等方式领悟知识内涵,符合学生认知发展规律,达到主动高效学习的目的,全面培养学生综合语言应用能力的同时,也注重了学生跨文化交际能力和团队合作精神的培养。相比而言,CI教材以完整习题呈现为主,任务虽然有时会有分解但不够细致,规律总结不够全面,这就需要更多地依靠教师的力量,参透习题背后的设计意图,通过系统的方式给学生一步步搭建脚手架完成能力的升级和跃迁,主要以讲授法、归纳法为主,对教师能力的要求较高。
3.3.内容逻辑编排
两本教材都是按照话题为主线进行展开,涵盖了诸如建筑、生活、旅游、动物、自然等雅思考试中常见场景话题。虽然话题较为类似,但是内容编排逻辑大相径庭。MS教材目录设置清晰明了,分成听、说、读、写四个模块,每个模块内部均会列出每个单项子技能的学习目标,
“LISTENING
INTHISUNITYOUWILLLEARNHOWTO
·Listentopeopletalkingaboutatopicrelatedtoworkorstudy
·Completenotesinatask
·Useheadingsinthenotestoguideyouthroughwhatthespeakerissaying
·Usethespeaker’s‘signposting’wordstohelpyoufollownotes.”
(摘自:剑桥雅思综合教程:初级[M]群言出版社,2018(7)P156)
学生可以明确知晓本章需要重点掌握的知识点及内容框架,同时也提供了一个自查清单,方便学生学习完一个单元后按照技能目标自查知识点的掌握情况。与此同时,MS教材的设计也更符合学生的逻辑认知规律,每一个听说读写子技能内部都是按照背景知识引入-重要考点知识细分拆解讲解-考试技能扩展的设计思路进行展开,循序渐进,既兼顾交际功能同时又紧贴语言知识结构和雅思考试本身,集探究性,趣味性,功能性,应用型于一体[7]。对比而言,CI教材的设计虽然也是以话题为主线,但是听说读写四个单项内容之间的顺序编排,以及各个题目之间的过度不够流畅,有时甚至有跳跃之感,如CI教材第五单元写作部分,
“1Workinpairs.LookattheWritingtaskbelowandsaywhetherthesentencesinthenextcolumnaretrue(T)orfalse(F).ifasentenceisfalse,correct.
1ThechartsgiveinformationaboutthenumberofzebrasandbuffalosandtheamountofrainattheNboroNatureReservebetween2005and2011.T
2In2005,therewerefewerzebrasthanbuffalos,with40zebrasand50buffalos.
F(Therewere50zebrasand40buffalos.)
2ReadthecorrectedsentencesinExercise1againandgroupthemsothattheyformparagraphswiththesetopics.
aanintroductiontotheinformationinthecharts
basummaryandcomparisonofinformationabouttheanimals.
3FindwordsandphrasesinthesentencesinExercise1whichmeanroseandfell.
4LookattheprepositionsinboldinthesentencesinExercise1.Thenchoosethecorrectprepositioninitalicsineachofthesentencesbelow.
1Theystartedtheresearchin/on2002.
2Thenumberofanimalsincreasedfrom/between2004and2008.
(GuyBrook-HartandVanessaJakeman(2016)CompleteIELTSB1P54)
3.4.输出项科目的实际场景运用
两套教材的另一个很明显的区别点体现在输出项科目(口语和写作)上,MS教材更加注重实际场景的有效运用,而CI教材则更多停留在认知或是理解层面,未能很好地过度到应用层面。比如CI教材第五单元口语部分,其中一个教学目标是让学生学会expressingfeelingsandopinions[8]。针对本部分,CI教材先通过第4题
“4Completethesephrasebywritingoneortwowordsineachgap.ThenlistentoSuchinagaintocheckyouranswers.
1I…mycat…
2I’mnotsure…yousaythis,but…
3I’mquite…onbirds…
(GuyBrook-HartandVanessaJakeman(2016)CompleteIELTSB1P51)
听力填空题形式给学生可供使用的语料,接着第5题
“5WhichphrasesfromExercise4doesSuchinuse:
awhenshedoesn’tknowaword
bwhenshe’snotsureoftheanswer
ctoexpressstrongfeelings
dtoexpressfeelingswhicharenotsostrong”
3.5.与考试的贴合度
3.6.规律总结
CI和MS两套教材都立足学生能力的养成和发展,体现的方式略有不同。MS教材更多注重学习和考试策略的指导,给予更多方法论和规律的总结和提炼,如在每一个需要重点掌握的习题旁边都会人性化地标出考试建议,从而使学生更直观地了解考试重点,测试点以及相应的解答方法,如MS教材第八单元写作模块中在考试技能(examskills)旁边人性化标识了读者在行文过程中需要引起重视的几个方面,
“Writetheessayinfull,followingtheadviceinthebox
·Giveexamplestosupportyourideas.
·Uselinkingexpressions.
·Referbacktothemainpointsoftheessayintheconclusion.
·Usephrasessuchas‘inconclusion’or‘toconclude’forthefinalparagh.
·Don’tintroduceanynewpointsintheconclusion.
·Inyourlastsentence,suggestwhatshouldhappeninthefuture.”
(摘自:剑桥雅思综合教程:初级[M]群言出版社,2018(7)P155)
暗合了前面几个部分的内容重点,起到了画龙点睛和升华的作用;相比而言,CI教材主要是以习题的方式呈现,需要借助教师总结或者学生自己归纳规律。