Doyoustillwritelettersnowadaysordoyoujustuseemail
参考答案：
ObviouslyIdon’twritelettersanymoreasitissoold-fashionedandtakessolongtogetthemessagetoothers.Besides,Ibelievefewerandfewerpeoplewritelettersrightnow.
Canyoutellmesomeofthemajordifferencesbetweenwritinglettersandemail
Well,onebigdifferencebetweenthemIcanthinkofisthespeedatwhichthemessageisdelivered.WhatImeanbythatisthereceivercangetyourmessagethroughemailmuchfasterwhileitwillhavetotakeatleastafewdaysforthereceivertogetthemessage.
Whatsortsofemailcanmakeyoufeelexcited
Well,definitelyanyemailthatcontainsgoodnewscanmakemeexcitedoreventhrilled.Forinstance,IwillbesopleasedtoreceiveanemailinwhichIaminformedthatIamofficiallyadmittedtoauniversityI’vebeendreamingtogoto.
Doyouthinkthatpeoplewillstopusinglettersinthefuture
No,Idonotthinkletterswillbecomeobsoleteinthefuture,becauseitbringspeopleamuchmoreintimateandpersonalfeelingwhenpeoplereceivelettersfromtheirfriendsandfamilies,whichissomethingthatemailcannotdo.
Doyouprefertomakeaphonecallorsendanemailtoothers
ItreallydependsonwhatmatterIneedtoaddress.Forinstance,IwillhavetomakeaphonecallifIneedsomeone’simmediateattentiontothematterIworkon.Otherwise,Iwillprobablyjustsendanemailasitisnothingurgent.
Part2&3
Part2题目
Describeaninterestingwebsiteyouoftenvisit.
Youshouldsay:
Whatitis
Whenyoufirstvisitedit
Whatyoufoundout;
Andexplainwhyitwasinterestingtoyou.
提示：
到最后解释，说明的部分，大家需要展开说明为什么这个网站如此有趣，特别，比如它的内容，展现形式或者它提供的其他服务等等。
Well,there'sindeedoneparticularwebsiteIwouldliketotalkabout,anditisTaobao.YoumayhaveheardofitifyouhavestayedinChinalongenough.
Anyway,it'sbecomeoneofthemostinfluentialandpopularwebsitesinChina.Asashoppingwebsite,millionsofsellerstakeadvantageofthisplatformtosellallkindsofproductseveryday,whichissuchabenefitforshoppersaspeoplefromallagesseemtobeinterestedinit,sojustlikewhatpeoplesay,thereisnothingyoucannotfindifyougotosearchforitonTaobao.
Icouldstillrememberitwasabout8yearsagothatIfirstvisitedthatwebsitewhenIwasactuallytryingtolookforsomethingelseonanotherwebsite,andsuddenlyapop-upwindowcameoutsoIjustunconsciouslyclickedonit.AndthenitturnedouttobeTaobao.com.Fromthenon,asIbegantouseitmoreandmore,Iwassurprisedtofindoutthere'sahugevarietyofproductsbeingsoldeveryday.Plus,youcouldfindlotsofspecialoffersthereoccasionally.
Ienjoythatwebsitesomuchasit'ssuchawonderfulplacewhereIcanshopanythingIneedwithouthavingtowalkaroundatthoseshoppingmalls,whichcanbereallyexhausting.Inaddition,it'salsoanamazingplacewhereIcandosomewindowshoppingjusttokilltimewhenIfeelreallybored.Therefore,Ihavetoadmit,themoreIuseit,themoreIlikeit.
重点词汇及表达：
①influential：形容词；有影响力的
Eg：Withhisinfluentialbackground,Peterdefinitelyhasagreatimpactonthechangesofthecompany.
②avarietyof:短语；各种各样的
Eg：Thereareavarietyofproductsinthoseonlineshops.
③exhausting:形容词；令人疲惫的
Eg:Manypeopleareinfavorofrock-climbing,butitcanbearatherexhaustingactivity.
④window-shopping：名词；浏览商店的橱窗（只看不买）
Eg：Studentsusuallyenjoywindow-shoppingasmostofthemdonothaveenoughmoney.
Part3题目
Whatdoyouthinkofon-lineeducation
Well,Ipersonallythinkit'sapositivetrendasitdoesn'trequirelearnerstotraveltotraditionalschoolsorclassrooms,whichsavesalotoftime.
Instead,thelearnercanjuststayathomesittinginfrontofacomputerwiththeinternetaccess,andthenheorshecanjustenjoythepleasureofreceivingeducation.
①positive：形容词；积极的乐观的
Eg：Nomatterwhattroubleshefaces,hecanalwaysstaypositive.
②access:名词；使用权
Eg：Petersentacomplaintlettertothemanagerofthehotelastherewasnointernetaccessinhisroom.
Howdoesinternetshapethewaypeoplelive
Well,ourlifehasbeendramaticallychangedsincetheinventionoftheinternet.
Inthepast,wedidn'thavetheaccesstothelatestnewsunlessweturnedonourTVorreadnewspaper,butnowwiththeinternet,especiallywiththeinternetfunctioninoursmartphone,wecangetthenewssofast.
①dramatically：副词；夸张的戏剧化的
Eg：Afterlivingfor5yearsintheUS,hereatinghabithasdramaticallychanged.
②function:名词；功能作用
Eg：Isuggestyoutrytofindmorefunctionsinthisnewsmartphone.
Whydosomepeople,especiallyyoungwomengetaddictedtoon-lineshopping
Well,reasonsmayvary,butIguessthemostdirectreasonistheconveniencebroughtbyon-lineshopping.Withthoseon-linestoressellingallsortsofgoods,itisclearlysoeasyforthoseyoungwomentobrowsewhattheylike,meaningalltheyneedtodoistositinfrontoftheircomputerandclicktheirmousetomaketheirpurchase.
①vary：动词；不同不一样
Eg：Peoplemayvaryintermsoftheirpersonalities,buttheyallcomehereforonepurpose.Thatistowinthecontestandgettheaward.
②purchase:动词/名词；购买
Eg：Inordertostophimfromoverspending,hekeepsarecordofeachpurchasehemakes.
Doyouthinkpeoplecanlivewithouttheinternet
Definitelynot.
Internethasgreatlyshapedthewayweliveinsomanyamazingways,sowerelyonitforalmosteverything.
Forinstance,weuseittosendemailsatwork,tostayintouchwithfriends,tolookforinformationandwealsouseitforfunwhenwefeelbored.
①amazing：形容词；吃惊的美好的
Eg：Withsomanyamazingmoviesintheup-comingseason,hedoesnotreallyknowwhichonetowatch.
②relyon:动词短语;依赖依靠
Eg：MostChinesekidsrelyontheirparentstoomuchsowhatusuallyhappensisthattheyfindithardtoliveontheirownindependentlyaftertheystarttheirstudyabroad.
黄函老师
沪江网校首席雅思口语名师；英国谢菲尔德大学毕业；英文专业8级；5年以上英文教学经验。
【写作】
A类小作文：
数据类图表
非数据类图表
表格(Hot)
饼图
流程图
线图
柱图(Hot)
地图(Hot)
以下为柱图题范文解析：
ThechartbelowshowstherateofmalesandfemaleswhowereoverweightinAustraliafrom1980to2010.
Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.
解题思路：
参考范文：
ThebarchartgivesinformationaboutthepercentageofoverweightmenandwomeninAustraliaover30yearsfrom1980to2010.
Overall,itisclearthatthisthree-decadeperiodwitnessedanoticeableincreaseinoverweightrateofbothmenandwomeninAustralia,andtheobesemenclearlyoutnumberedtheirfemalecounterparts.
Duringtwodecadesfrom1980to2000,theratioofoverweightmalesexperiencedanunbalancedincreasefrom47%to70%.Bytheyearof1990,theoverweightratiohadrisenataslowerpacetojustover50%,whilefromthenon,itrocketedto70%in2000.Inthemeantime,theoverweightfiguresofthefemalesawasimilartrend,risinggraduallyfrom30%in1980to50%in2000.
From2000to2010,thepercentageofoverweightmenwitnessedanoppositetrend,withaslightdecreaseof3%,whiletheoverweightrateinthefemaleremainedstableatapproximately50%duringthisdecade.
重点表达：
①rate:n.比率
②outnumber:vt.数量超过
③counterpart:n.对应的人或物
④ratio:n.比率（=rate）
⑤rocket:vi.快速增长
⑥seeasimilartrend:呈现相似的趋势
⑦witnessanoppositetrend:呈现相反的趋势
⑧remainstableat:保持稳定在……
A类大作文：
政府与城市类
Somepeoplesaidthegovernmentshouldn'tspendmoneyinbuildingtheatersandsportsstadiums;theyshouldspendmoremoneyonmedicalcareandeducation.Doyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplethinkhealthcareshouldbefreeforeveryone,whileothersthinktheyshouldpaymedicalcostsforthemselves.Discussbothsidesandgiveyourownopinion.
Somepeoplearguethatgovernmentsshouldinvestmoreinparksandrecreationalfacilities,whileothersadvisegovernmentstoincreasetheirinvestmentinhospitalsandmedicalservices.Discussbothviewsandpresentyouropinion.
教育与学习类
Thesubjectsandlessoncontentsaredecidedbytheauthoritiessuchasthegovernment.Somepeoplearguethatstudentsshouldmakethechoice.Doyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplearguethatteachersshouldbeallowedtopunishdisruptivestudents.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Aspartofeducation,studentsshouldspendaperiodoftimestudyingandlivinginadifferentcountytolearnlanguageandculture.Doyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplethinkthatsomesubjectssuchasmathandphilosophyaredifficultforsomestudents,sopeopleshouldtakeitasselectivenotcompulsory.Doyouagreeordisagree
Inschoolsanduniversities,somegirlstendtochooseartssubjects,whileboyschoosetostudysciencesubjects.WhatarethereasonsDoyouthinkthistrendshouldbechanged
社会与家庭类
Arecentsurveyshowsthatinmanycountriesacrosstheworldpeoplearegenerallylivinglonger.Butanincreasedlifeexpectancyhasmanyimplicationsfortheagingindividualsandforthesocietyasawhole.Whatarethepossibleeffectsofalongerlifeexpectancyonindividualsandthesociety
Youngpeopleareleavingtheirhomesfromruralareastostudyorworkinthecities.WhatarethereasonsDoadvantagesofthisdevelopmentoutweighitsdisadvantages
科技与经济类
Somepeoplethinkthatrobotsareveryimportantforhumans'futuredevelopment.Others,however,thinkthatrobotsareadangerousinventionthatcouldhavenegativeeffectsonsociety.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.
Itisnoticedthatanever-increasingnumberofpeoplepreferonlineshopstophysicalstores.Whatarethecausesofthephenomenonandwhatinfluencesarethere
Somepeopleclaimthatpublicmuseumsandartgallerieswillnotbeneededbecausepeoplecanseehistoricalobjectsandworksofartbyusingacomputer.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion
工作与生活类
Nowadays,olderpeoplewhoneedemploymenthavetocompetewithyoungerpeople.WhatproblemsdothiscauseAndwhatarethesolutions？
Oldgenerationsoftenholdsometraditionalideasonthecorrectwayoflife,thinkingandbehavior.However,somepeoplethinkthatitisnothelpfulfortheyounggenerationstoprepareformodernlifeinthefuture.What'syouropinion
Moreandmorepeopleareworkingathomeratherthanintheworkspace.Somepeoplesaythiswillbringbenefitstotheworkersandtheirfamilies,butothersthinkitwillbringstresstothehome.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.
Somepeoplewouldliketoliveincities,whileothersincountryside.Whatarethebenefitsofbothwaysandwhatisyourchoice
Exposuretointernationalmedia,suchasTV,filmandmagazine,hasasignificantimpactonthelocalculture.Doyouagreethattheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages
动物与环境类
Somepeoplethinkthatitisnotworthytospendtoomuchmoneyonprotectionofwildanimalsbutonhumanbeings.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Insteadoftryingtopreventclimatechange,peopleshouldfindawaytolivewithit.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree.
文化与旅游类
Themuseumshouldbeadmittedfreeofcharge.Dothedisadvantagesoutweighadvantagesofthisissue
Inrecentyears,'responsibletourists'havepaidattentiontopreservingbothcultureandenvironmentoftheplacestheyvisit.However,somepeoplesaythatitisimpossibletobea'responsibletourist'.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Somepeoplethinkthatculturaltraditionswillbedestroyedwhentheyareusedasmoney-makingmachinesaimsattourists,otherpeoplebelievethatitistheonlywaytosavesuchconditionsintheworldtoday.Discussbothsidesandgiveyourownopinion.
法律与犯罪类
Somepeoplebelievethatifapoliceforcecarriesguns,itwouldcauseahighlevelofviolenceinthatsociety.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
Manypeopleareafraidtoleavetheirhomesbecauseoftheirfearofcrime.Somebelievethatmoreactionshouldbetakentopreventcrime,butothersfeelthatlittlecanbedone.Whatisyouropinion
Somepeoplearguethatgovernmentsshouldpunishallthecriminalsinafixedway,whileotherssuggestgovernmentstopunishcriminalsflexiblybyconsideringcriminals'genders,age,andmotives.Discussbothviewsandpresentyours.
抽象与其他类
Individualgreedandselfishnesshasbeenthebasisofthemodernsociety.Somepeoplethinkthatwemustreturntotheolderandmoretraditionalvaluesofrespectforthefamilyandthelocalcommunityinordertocreateabetterworldtolivein.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree
以下为重点话题及范文解析：
题目：Aspartofeducation,studentsshouldspendaperiodoftimestudyingandlivinginadifferentcountytolearnlanguageandculture.Doyouagreeordisagree
题型：同意与否题
话题：教育类
Morethanadecadeago,theideaofstudyingabroadwasratherrare.However,withmoreandmorestudentschoosingtogoabroadnowadays,someacademicsproposethatitisasurefirewayforlanguageandculturelearningbyimmersingstudentsintheculture.Inmyopinion,althoughlearningabroadisnotsomethingthateverystudenthavetochoose,itisanalluringoptionformanystudents.
Admittedly,movingtoanewcountryforstudyingandlivingissometimesadifficultleaptomakeforafewstudentsinconsiderationofthefactorssuchasfinancialburdens,timespentawayfromfamiliesandfriends,andthebigresponsibilitytheywilltakeon.Still,manygraduatesarelookingforwardtofurtheringtheirstudiesorworkingabroadsomedayforitsobviousbenefits.
Formostoflanguagelearners,studyingabroadgrantsthemachancetocompletelyimmersethemselvesintheforeignlanguage,andthereisnobetterwaytolearnthantodiverightin.Thisisbecauseiftheyareina“realenvironment”,theyneedtodotheconsiderablelanguagepracticebyusingthenewlanguageindailylifeinordertocommunicate.Inaddition,somelocaluniversitieswillofferlanguagecoursestoprovidetheinternationalstudentswithamoreformaleducation.
Intermsofculture,studentswhohaveanexperienceoflearningabroadareabletogetintouchwithdiversecultures.Comparedwiththosewholearnculturesviareadingbooksorwatchingmovies,thestudentslivinginexoticlocalenvironmentcanhavethechancetoexperienceanincrediblenewwayoflife,andthushaveabetterunderstandingandappreciationofthelocalpeopleandhistory.
Inconclusion,althoughplentyoffactorsmaystopstudentsfromlearninginaforeigncountry,thetrendisthatanincreasingnumberofstudentsseektostudyandliveabroadwithaviewtoitspositiveeffectsoneducation.
①surefire:adj.一定成功的
②lookforwardtodoing:盼望，期待
③immerse:vt.沉浸，使陷入
④exotic:adj.异国的
⑤withaviewto:考虑到，以……为目的
本次机经真题解析由以下沪江留学老师产出
李敏老师
沪江网校雅思教研，英国杜伦大学毕业；英文专业8级；高中英语教师资格证书等，主攻雅思托福等留学考试。参与沪江网校WorldEnglishA2和B1、新版雅思6.5分写作、新版雅思7分写作等课程的设计规划与制作。
【听力】
Section1&Section2重点场景（生活类）：银行咨询，交通工具，购车保险，艺术鉴赏，公园导览，图书馆场馆介绍，活动介绍。
Section3&Section4重点场景（学术类）：学术讨论，课程安排，作业反馈，论文讨论，饮食与情绪，昆虫/动物研究。
Section1
Questions1-3
Completethenotesbelow.
WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.
ExampleAnswer
ThecustomerisgoingtoFrancefor1week
Traveller’schequescanbereplacedwithin1_____
Havingalittlecashisusefulforthingslike2_____
ThebankchargesforATMwithdrawalswitha3_____
Questions4-7
Completethetablebelow.
WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.
OrderCollectinbranchHomedelivery
Monday-ThursdayNextdayNextday
4Before_____p.m.10a.m.5._____p.m.
Friday-SaturdayTuesdayTuesday
6_____10a.m.7_____p.m.
Questions8-10
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.
8Thebankwillbuybackunusedtraveller'scheques
Afreeofcharge.
Bforasmallfee.
Ciftheyarereturnedingoodcondition.
9SandradoesnotwantEurosbecauseshe
Aalreadyhassome.
Bwillbegivensome.
Cwillbebuyingsomeattheairport.
10OnTuesdaySandrawill
Acollectthechequesfromthebranch.
Bbeatwork.
Csignforthechequesathome
SECTION2
Question11
11NUSextracards
Aareofferedfreetoallstudents.
Barerecognisedinternationally
Cgiveyouayear's-worthofdiscounts
Questions12-15
StudentRailcards
Foryoungpeoplebetween16and25
Maturestudents25+studying12_____
Get13_____trainfaresintheUK
Discountsfortheatreticketsand14____
1year￡28
3years15_____
Questions16-17
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.
Localbusoperatorsofferbuspasses
Aespeciallyforstudents.
Bforvariouslengthsoftime.
Cthatarecheaperthelongertheperiod.
Dforuseonlyforcommuting.
Ethatcanbeusedbyyourfriends
Questions18-20
Writethecorrectletter,A,BorC,nexttoquestions18-20.
Whichplacesareusefulforthefollowing
AHouseholditems
BVintageclothes
CSecond-handtextbooks
18Theuniversitycampus
19Charityshops
20Carbootsales
Section3
Questions21-25
WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforyouranswer.
Autumnterm:Keydates
Termstarts
15thSeptember
Releasetimetables
Release21_____
14thOctober
Allassignmentsonline
by22_____
Releasegradesforfirstassignment
23_____
Release24_____forBelgiumtrip
29thOctober
Belgiumtrip
25_____
Questions26-30
26Thecollegeistryingto
Asignificantlyreducetheamountofpaperituses
Bbecarefulabouttheamountofdocumentsitproduces.
Cdiscoverwhystudentskeeplosingtheirwork
27Accordingtothetext,studentsatthecollege
Aarenotallowedtoprintdocuments.
Bhaverestrictionsonhowmanypagestheycanprint.
Chavetopaytodoanyprinting.
28Thecollege
Ahaspermissiontoreproducethequizzes.
Bwantsthestudentstogivethemfeedbackaboutthequizzes.
Cthinkstheonlinequizzesaremoreeffectivethanthepaperones.
29Thetutorexplainsthat
Athequizzesareeasytofindontheintranet.
Bthequizzeswillbeonlineforafewweeksonly.
Cthemajorityofthequizzesareonline.
30Theonlinequizsystem
Aoccasionallydoesn'twork.
Bkeepsthequizresultsconfidential.
Callowstutorstoidentifyareaswherethestudentsmaybehavingdifficulties
Section4
Questions31-40
Questions31-34
31_____timesarelesscommonwithinthefamily
32Wemayeatmorethanweneedduetoour_____
33Eatinghabitscanbeaffectedbyboth_____emotions.
34Peoplewhoare_____aremorelikelytoeatmoreduetonegativeemotions
Questions35-39
Answerthequestionsbelow.
Whichtypeofhungerrelatestothepointsbelow
WriteEforemotionalhunger.WritePforphysicalhunger.
35Experiencesasuddenurgetoeat
36Hungersforanytypeoffood
37Needstosatisfythehungerassoonaspossible
38Willstopeatingoncefull
39Willfeelnosenseofguiltaftereating
Questions40
Choosethecorrectletter.A,BorC.
40Peoplesufferingfromobesitycanbehelpedby
Atakingthepressureoffthemaboutfeelingguilty.
Bunderstandingwhytheyhavenegativefeelings.
Cpinpointingstressfulmomentsthatcancauseemotionalhunger
Answerkey
124hours
2snacksandlaxis
3debitcard
42.30
55(.00)
6anytime
71.30
8A
9A
10B
Section2
11C
12fulltime
131/3off/onethirdoff
4holidayoffers
15￡65
16&17INEITHERORDER
BC
18C
19B
20A
21(the)secondassignment
2224thNovember
2317thNovember
24(the)bookingforms
2519thNovember
26A
27B
28A
29C
30C
31formaleating
32emotionalstate
33positiveandnegative
34overweight
35E
36P
37E
38P
39P
40C
【阅读】
READINGPASSAGE1
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.
AWonderPlant
Thewonderplantwithanuncertainfuture:morethanabillionpeoplerelyonbambooforeithertheirshelterorincome,whilemanyendangeredspeciesdependonitfortheirsurvival.Despiteitsapparentabundance,anewreportsaysthatspeciesofbamboomaybeunderseriousthreat.
AEveryyear,duringtherainyseason,themountaingorillasofCentralAfricamigratetothefoothillsandlowerslopesoftheVirungaMountainstograzeonbamboo.Forthe6500rsothatremaininthewild,it’savitalfoodsource.Althoughthereareatalmost150typesofplant,aswellasvariousinsectsandotherinvertebrates,bambooaccountsforupt090percentoftheirdietatthistimeofyear.Withoutit,saysIanRedmond,chairmanoftheApeAlliance,theirchancesofsurvivalwouldbereducedsignificantly.Gorillasaren’ttheonlylocalskeenonbamboo.ForthepeoplewholiveclosetotheVirungas,it’savaluableandversatilerawmaterialusedforbuildinghousesandmakinghouseholditemssuchasmatsandbaskets.Butinthepast100yearsorso,resourceshavecomeunderincreasingpressureaspopulationshaveexplodedandlargeareasofbambooforesthavebeenclearedtomakewayforfarmsandcommercialplantations.
CBambooisatypeofgrass.Itcomesinawidevarietyofforms,ranginginheightfrom30centimeterstomorethan40meters.Itisalsotheworld’sfastest-growingwoodyplant;somespeciescangrowmorethanameterinaday.Bamboo’secologicalroteextendsbeyondprovidingfoodandhabitatforanimals.Bambootendstogrowinstandsmadeupofgroupsofindividualplantsthatgrowfromrootsystemsknownasrhizomes.Itsextensiverhizomesystems,whichtieinthetoplayersofthesoil,arecrucialinpreventingsoilerosion.Andthereisgrowingevidencethatbambooplaysanimportantpartindeterminingforeststructureanddynamics.“Bamboo’spatternofmassfloweringandmassdeathleavesbehindlargeareasofdrybiomassthatattractwildfire,”saysKapos.“Whentheseburn,theycreatepatchesofopengroundwithintheforestfarbiggerthanwouldbeleftbyafallentree.”Patchinesshelpstopreservediversitybecausecertainplantspeciesdobetterduringtheearlystagesofregenerationwhentherearegapsinthecanopy.
DHowever,bamboo’smostimmediatesignificanceliesinitseconomicvalue.Modernprocessingtechniquesmeanthatitcanbeusedinavarietyofways,forexample,asflooringandlaminates.Oneofthefastestgrowingbambooproductsispaper-25percentofpaperproducedinIndiaismadefrombamboofiber,andinBrazil,100,000hectaresofbambooaregrownforitsproduction.Ofcourse,bamboo’smainfunctionhasalwaysbeenindomesticapplications,andasalocallytradedcommodityit’sworthabout$4.5billionannually.Becauseofitsversatility,flexibilityandstrength(itstensilestrengthcomparestothatofsomesteel),ithastraditionallybeenusedinconstruction.Today,morethanonebillionpeopleworldwideliveinbamboohouses.Bambooisoftentheonlyreadilyavailablerawmaterialforpeopleinmanydevelopingcountries,saysChrisStapleton,aresearchassociateattheRoyalBotanicGardens.“Bamboocanbeharvestedfromforestareasorgrownquicklyelsewhere,andthenconvertedsimplywithoutexpensivemachineryorfacilities,”hesays.“Inthisway,itcontributessubstantiallytopovertyalleviationandwealthcreation.”
FAroundtheworld,bamboospeciesareroutinelyprotectedaspartofforesteco-systemsinnationalparksandreserves,butthereisnexttonothingthatprotectsbamboointhewildforitsownsake.However,somesmallstepsarebeingtakentoaddressthissituation.TheUNEP-INBARreportwillhelpconservationiststoestablisheffectivemeasuresaimedatprotectingvaluablewildbamboospecies.Townsend,too,seestheUNEPreportasanimportantstepforwardinpromotingthecauseofbambooconservation.“Untilnow,bamboohasbeenperceivedasasecond-classplant.WhenyoutalkaboutplacessuchastheAmazon,everyonealwaysthinksaboutthehardwoods.Ofcoursethesearesignificant,butthereisatendencytooverlooktheplantstheyareassociatedwith,whichareoftenbamboospecies.Inmanyways,itisthemostimportantplantknowntoman.Ican’tthinkofanotherplantthatisusedsomuchandissocommerciallyimportantinsomanycountries.”Hebelievesthatthemostimportantfirststepistogetscientistsintothefield.“Weneedtogooutthere,lookattheseplantsandseehowtheysurviveandthenusethatinformationtoconservethemforthefuture.”
Questions1-7
ReadingPassagehassixsectionsA-F.
Whichsectioncontainsthefollowinginformation
WritethecorrectletterA-Finboxes1-7onyouranswersheet
NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce
1.Comparisonofbamboowithotherplantspecies
2.Commercialproductsofbamboo
3.Limitedextentofexistingresearch
4.Ahumandevelopmentthatdestroyedlargeareasofbamboo
5.Howbamboosareputtoavarietyofuses
6.Anexplanationofhowbamboocanhelpthesurvivalofarangeofplants
7.Themethodsusedtostudybamboo
Questions8-11
Usetheinformationinthepassagetomatchthepeople(listedA-D)withopinionsordeedsbelow.
WritetheappropriatelettersA-Dinboxes8-11onyouranswersheet.
NByoumayuseanylettermorethanonce
AIanRedmond
BValerieKapos
CRayTownsend
DChrisStapleton
8.Destroyingbamboojeopardizestowildlife.
9.Peoplehaveveryconfinedknowledgeofbamboo.
10.Somepeopledonotthinkthatbambooisendangered.
11.Bamboohasloadsofcommercialpotentials.
Questions12-13
AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes12-13onyouranswersheet
12.Whatenvironmentalproblemdoestheuniquerootsystemofbambooprevent
13.Whichbambooproductisexperiencingmarketexpansion
READINGPASSAGE2
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.
TheAntandtheMandarin
In1476,thefarmersofBerneinSwitzerlanddecidedtherewasonlyonewaytoridtheirfieldsofthecutwormsattackingtheircrops.Theytookthepeststocourt.Thewormsweretried,foundguiltyandexcommunicatedbythearch-bishop.InChina,farmershadamorepracticalapproachtopestcontrol.Ratherthanrelyingondivineintervention,theyputtheirfaithinfrogs,ducksandants.Frogsandduckswereencouragedtosnapupthepestsinthepaddiesandtheoccasionalplagueoflocusts.Butthenotionofbiologicalcontrolbeganwithanant.Morespecifically,itstartedwiththepredatoryyellowcitrusantOeco-phyllasmaragdina,whichhasbeenpolishingoffpestsintheorangegrovesofsouthernChinaforatleast1,700years.Theyellowcitrusantisatypeofweaverant,whichbindsleavesandtwigswithsilktoformaneat,tent-likenest.Inthebeginning,farmersmadedowiththeoddants'nestshereandthere.Butitwasn'tlongbeforegrowingdemandledtothedevelopmentofathrivingtradeinnestsandanewtypeofagriculture-antfarming.
Foraninsectthatbites,theyellowcitrusantisremarkablypopular.Evenbyantstandards,Oecophyllasmaragdinaisafearsomepredator.It'sbig,runsfastandhasapowerfulnip-painfultohumansbutlethaltomanyoftheinsectsthatplaguetheorangegrovesofGuangdongandGuangxiinsouthernChina.Andforatleast17centuries,Chineseorangegrowershaveharnessedthesesix-leggedkillingmachinestokeeptheirfruitgroveshealthyandproductive.
CitrusfruitsevolvedintheFarEastandtheChinesediscoveredthedelightsoftheirfleshearlyon.Astheancestralhomeoforanges,lemonsandpomelos,Chinaalsohasthegreatestdiversityofcitruspests.Andthetreesthatproducethesweetestfruits,themandarins-orkan-attractahostofplant-eatingin-sects,fromblackantsandsap-suckingmealybugstoleaf-devouringcaterpil-lars.Withsomanyenemies,fruitgrowersclearlyhadtohavesomewayofpro-tectingtheirorchards.
TheWestdidnotdiscovertheChineseorangegrowers'secretweaponuntil1theearly20thcentury.Atthetime,Floridawassufferinganepidemicofcitruscankerandin1915WalterSwingle,aplantphysiologistworkingfortheUSDepartmentofAgriculture,wassenttoChinainsearchofvarietiesoforangethatwereresistanttothedisease.SwinglespentsometimestudyingthecitrusorchardsaroundGuangzhou,andtherehecameacrossthestoryoftheculti-vatedant.Theseants,hewastold,were"grown''bythepeopleofasmallvillagenearbywhosoldthemtotheorangegrowersbythenestful.
TheearliestreportofcitrusantsatworkamongtheorangetreesappearedinabookontropicalandsubtropicalbotanywrittenbyHsiHaninAD304."ThepeopleofChiao-Chihsellintheirmarketsantsinbagsofrushmatting.Thenestsarelikesilk.Thebagsareallattachedtotwigsandleaveswhich,withtheantsinsidethenests,areforsale.Theantsarereddish-yellowincolour,biggerthanordinaryants.Inthesouth,ifthekantreesdonothavethiskindofant,thefruitswillallbedamagedbymanyharmfulinsects,andnotasinglefruitwillbeperfect."
Initially,farmersreliedonnestswhichtheycollectedfromthewildorboughtinthemarketwheretradeinnestswasbrisk."Itissaidthatinthesouthorangetreeswhicharefreeofantswillhavewormyfruits.Therefore,peopleracetobuynestsfortheirorangetrees,"wroteLiuHsuninStrangeThingsNotedintheSouthinabout890.
Thebusinessquicklybecamemoresophisticated.Fromthe10thcentury,coun-trypeoplebegantotrapantsinartificialnestsbaitedwithfat."Fruit-growingfamiliesbuytheseantsfromvendorswhomakeabusinessofcollectingandsellingsuchcreatures,"wroteChuangChi-Yuin1130."Theytrapthembyfill-inghogs'orsheep'sbladderswithfatandplacingthemwiththecavitiesopennexttotheants'nests.Theywaituntiltheantshavemigratedintothebladdersandtakethemaway.Thisisknownas'rearingorangeants'."Farmersattachedkthebladderstotheirtrees,andintimetheantsspreadtoothertreesandbuiltnewnests.
Bythe17thcentury,growerswerebuildingbamboowalkwaysbetweentheirtreestospeedthecolonisationoftheirorchards.Theantsranalongthesenarrowbridgesfromonetreetoanotherandestablishednests"bythehundredsofthousands”.
DiditworkTheorangegrowersclearlythoughtso.Oneauthority,ChhiiTa-Chun,writingin1700,stressedhowimportantitwastokeepthefruittreesfreeofinsectpests,especiallycaterpillars."Itisessentialtoeliminatethemsothatthetreesarenotinjured.Buthandlabourisnotnearlyasefficientasantpower..."
Swinglewasjustasimpressed.Yetdespitehisreports,manyWesternbiologistswereskeptical.IntheWest,theideaofusingoneinsecttodestroyanotherwasnewandhighlycontroversial.Thefirstbreakthroughhadcomein1888,whentheinfantorangeindustryinCaliforniahadbeensavedfromextinctionbytheAustralianvedaliabeetle.Thisbeetlewastheonlythingthathadmadeanyin-Troadsintotheexplosionofcottonycushionscalethatwasthreateningtodestroythestate'scitruscrops.But,asSwinglenowknew,California's"first''wasnoth-ingofthesort.TheChinesehadbeenexpertinbiocontrolformanycenturies.
ThelongtraditionofantsintheChineseorchardsonlybegantowaverinthe1950sand1960swiththeintroductionofpowerfulorganicinsecticides.Althoughmostfruitgrowersswitchedtochemicals,afewhungontotheirants.Thosewhoabandonedantsinfavourofchemicalsquicklybecamedisillusioned.Ascostssoaredandpestsbegantodevelopresistancetothechem-icals,growersbegantorevivetheoldantpatrolsinthelate1960s.Theyhadgoodreasontohavefaithintheirinsectworkforce.
Researchintheearly1960sshowedthataslongastherewereenoughantsinthetrees,theydidanexcellentjobofdispatchingsomepests-mainlythelargerinsects-andhadmodestsuccessagainstothers.Treeswithyellowantsproducedalmost20percentmorehealthyleavesthanthosewithout.Morerecenttrialshaveshownthatthesetreesyieldjustasbigacropasthoseprotectedbyexpensivechemicalsprays.
Oneapparentdrawbackofusingants-andoneofthemainreasonsfortheearlyskepticismbyWesternscientists-wasthatcitrusantsdonothingtocontrolmealybugs,waxy-coatedscaleinsectswhichcandoconsiderabledamagetofruittrees.Infact,theantsprotectmealybugsinexchangeforthesweethoney-dewtheysecrete.TheorangegrowersalwaysdeniedthiswasaproblembutWesternscientiststhoughttheyknewbetter.
Researchinthe1980ssuggeststhatthegrowerswererightallalong.WhereXmealybugsproliferateundertheants'protection,theyareusuallyheavilyparasitisedandthislimitstheharmtheycando.
Orangegrowerswhorelyoncarnivorousantsratherthanpoisonouschemicalsmaintainabetterbalanceofspeciesintheirorchards.Whiletheantsdealwiththebiggerinsectpests,otherpredatoryspecieskeepdownthenumbersofsmallerpestssuchasscaleinsectsandaphids.Inthelongrun,antsdoalotlessdamagethanchemicals-andthey'recertainlymoreeffectivethanexcommunication.
Questions14-18
Lookatthefollowingevents(Questions14-18)andthelistofdatesbelow.
MatcheacheventwiththecorrecttimeA-G.
WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.
14.Thefirstdescriptionofcitrusantsistradedinthemarketplace.
15.SwinglecametoAsiaforresearch.
16.Thefirstrecordofoneinsectisusedtotackleotherinsectsinthewesternworld.
17.Chinesefruitgrowersstartedtousepesticidesinplaceofcitrusants.
18.SomeChinesefarmersreturnedtothetraditionalbio-method
ListofDates
A1888
BAD890
CAD304
D1950s
E1960s
F1915
G1130
Questions19-26
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
Inboxes19-26onyouranswersheetwrite
TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis
19.Chinahasmorecitruspeststhananyothercountryintheworld.
20.SwinglecametoChinatosearchforaninsecttobringbacktotheUS.
21.ManypeoplewereveryimpressedbySwingle'sdiscovery.
22.Chinesefarmersfoundthatpesticidesbecameincreasinglyexpensive.
23.SomeChinesefarmersabandonedtheuseofpesticide.
24.Treeswithantshadmoreleavesfallthanthosewithout.
25.Fieldsusingantsyieldaslargeacropasfieldsusingchemicalpesticides.
26.Citrusantsoftencauseconsiderabledamagetothebio-environmentoftheorchards.
READINGPASSAGE3
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.
CommunicatingStylesandConflict
Knowingyourcommunicationstyleandhavingamixofstylesonyourteamcanprovideapositiveforceforresolvingconflict.
AAsfarbackasHippocrates’time(460-370B.C.),peoplehavetriedtounderstandotherpeoplebycharacterizingthemaccordingtopersonalitytypeortemperament.Hippocratesbelievedtherewerefourdifferentbodyfluidsthatinfluencedfourbasictypesoftemperament.Hisworkwasfurtherdeveloped500yearslaterbyGalen.Thesedaysthereareanynumberofself-assessmenttoolsthatrelatetothebasicdescriptionsdevelopedbyGalen,althoughwenolongerbelievethesourcetobethetypesofbodyfluidthatdominateoursystems.
BThevalueinself-assessmentsthathelpdeterminepersonalitystyle.Learningstyles,communicationstyles,conflict-handlingstyles,orotheraspectsofindividualsisthattheyhelpdepersonalizeconflictininterpersonalrelationships.Thedepersonalizationoccurswhenyourealizethatothersaren’ttryingtobedifficult,buttheyneeddifferentormoreinformationthanyoudo.They’renotintendingtoberude:theyaresofocusedonthetasktheyforgetaboutgreetingpeople.Theywouldliketoworkfasterbutnotattheriskofdamagingtherelationshipsneededtogetthejobdone.Theyunderstandthereisajobtodo.Butitcanonlybedonerightwiththeappropriateinformation,whichtakestimetocollect.Whenusedappropriately,understandingcommunicationstylescanhelpresolveconflictonteams.Veryrarelyareconflictstruepersonalityissues.Usuallytheyareissuesofstyle,informationneeds,orfocus.
CHippocratesandlaterGalendeterminedtherewerefourbasictemperaments:sanguine,phlegmatic,melancholicandcholeric.Thesedescriptionsweredevelopedcenturiesagoandarestillsomewhatapt,althoughyoucouldupdatethewording.Intoday’sworld,theytranslateintothefourfairlycommoncommunicationstylesdescribedbelow:
DThesanguinepersonwouldbetheexpressiveorspiritedstyleofcommunication.Thesepeoplespeakinpictures.Theyinvestalotofemotionandenergyintheircommunicationandoftenspeakquickly.Puttingtheirwholebodyintoit.Theyareeasilysidetrackedontoastorythatmayormaynotillustratethepointtheyaretryingtomake.Becauseoftheirenthusiasm,theyaregreatteammotivators.Theyareconcernedaboutpeopleandrelationships.Theirhighlevelsofenergycancomeonstrongattimesandtheirfocusisusuallyonthebiggerpicture,whichmeanstheysometimesmissthedetailsortheproperorderofthings.Thesepeoplefindconflictordifferencesofopinioninvigoratingandlovetoengageinaspiriteddiscussion.Theylovechangeandareconstantlylookingfornewandexcitingadventures.
ETilephlegmaticperson-coolandpersevering-translatesintothetechnicalorsystematiccommunicationstyle.Thisstyleofcommunicationisfocusedonfactsandtechnicaldetails.Phlegmaticpeoplehaveanorderlymethodicalwayofapproachingtasks,andtheirfocusisverymuchonthetask,notonthepeople,emotions,orconcernsthatthetaskmayevoke.Thefocusisalsomoreonthedetailsnecessarytoaccomplishatask.Sometimesthedetailsoverwhelmthebigpictureandfocusneedstobebroughtbacktothecontextofthetask.Peoplewiththisstylethinkthefactsshouldspeakforthemselves,andtheyarenotascomfortablewithconflict.Theyneedtimetoadapttochangeandneedtounderstandboththelogicofitandthestepsinvolved.
FTilemelancholicpersonwhoissoftheartedandorientedtowarddoingthingsforotherstranslatesintotheconsiderateorsympatheticcommunicationstyle.Apersonwiththiscommunicationstyleisfocusedonpeopleandrelationships.Theyaregoodlistenersanddothingsforotherpeople-sometimestothedetrimentofgettingthingsdoneforthemselves.Theywanttosoliciteveryone’sopinionandmakesureeveryoneiscomfortablewithwhateverisrequiredtogetthejobdone.Attimesthisfocusonotherscandistractfromthetaskathand.Becausetheyaresoconcernedwiththeneedsofothersandsmoothingoverissues,theydonotlikeconflict.Theybelievethatchangethreatensthestatusquoandtendstomakepeoplefeeluneasy,sopeoplewiththiscommunicationstyle,likephlegmaticpeopleneedtimetoconsiderthechangesinordertoadapttothem.
GThecholerictemperamenttranslatesintotheboldordirectstyleofcommunication.Peoplewiththisstylearebriefintheircommunication-thefewerwordsthebetter.Theyarebigpicturethinkersandlovetobeinvolvedinmanythingsatonce.Theyarefocusedontasksandoutcomesandoftenforgetthatthepeopleinvolvedincarryingoutthetaskshaveneeds.Theydon’tdodetailworkeasilyandasaresultcanoftenunderestimatehowmuchtimeittakestoachievethetask.Becausetheyaresodirect,theyoftenseemforcefulandcanbeveryintimidatingtoothers.Theyusuallywouldwelcomesomeonechallengingthem.Butmostotherstylesareafraidtodoso.Theyalsothriveonchange,themorethebetter.
HAwell-functioningteamshouldhaveallofthesecommunicationstylesfortrueeffectiveness.Allteamsneedtofocusonthetask,andtheyneedtotakecareofrelationshipsinordertoachievethosetasks.Theyneedthebigpictureperspectiveorthecontextoftheirwork,andtheyneedthedetailstobeidentifiedandtakencareofforsuccess.Weallhaveaspectsofeachstylewithinus.Someofuscaneasilymovefromonestyletoanotherandadaptourstyletotheneedsofthesituationathand-whetherthefocusisontasksorrelationships.Forothers,adominantstyleisveryevident,anditismorechallengingtoseethesituationfromtheperspectiveofanotherstyle.Theworkenvironmentcaninfluencecommunicationstyleseitherbythetypeofworkthatisrequiredorbythepredominanceofonestylereflectedinthatenvironment.Somepeopleuseonestyleatworkandanotherathome.
Thegoodnewsaboutcommunicationstylesisthatwehavetheabilitytodevelopflexibilityinourstyles.Thegreatertheflexibilitywehave,themoreskilledweusuallyareathandlingpossibleandactualconflicts.Usuallyithastoberelevanttoustodoso,eitherbecausewethinkitisimportantorbecausethereareincentivesinourenvironmenttoencourageit.Thekeyisthatwehavetowanttobecomeflexiblewithourcommunicationstyle.AsHenryFordsaid,“Whetheryouthinkyoucanoryoucan’t,you’reright!”
Questions27-34
ReadingPassagehaseightsectionsA-H.
Choosethecorrectheadingforeachsectionfromthelistofheadingsbelow.
Writethecorrectnumberi-xinboxes27-34onyouranswersheet.
ListofHeadings
iSummarisingpersonalitytypes
iiCombinedstylesforworkplace
iiiPhysicalexplanation
ivAlivelypersonwhoencourages
vDemandingandunsympatheticpersonality
viLazyandcarelesspersonality
viiThebenefitsofunderstandingcommunicationstyles
viiiCautiousandcaring
ixFactualandanalyticalpersonality
xSelf-assessmentdeterminesone’stemperament
27.SectionA
28.SectionB
29.SectionC
30.SectionD
31.SectionE
32.SectionF
33.SectionG
34.SectionH
Questions35-40
Inboxes35-40onyouranswersheet,write
35.Itisbelievedthatsanguinepeopledislikevariety.
36.Melancholicandphlegmaticpeoplehavesimilarcharacteristics.
37.Managersoftenselecttheirbestemployeesaccordingtopersonalitytypes.
38.Itispossibletochangeone’spersonalitytype.
39.Workplaceenvironmentcanaffectwhichcommunicationstyleismosteffective.