非谓语动词一、概述在英语语法中,一直是语法教学的重难点所在,尤其是非谓语动词的。非谓语动词有三种形式即、和分词,由于非谓语动词的内容丰富,所以在本文中不涉及到它的每一方面。本文主要非谓语动词语法功能的,从而使学习者更好地运用非谓语动词。
动词是用来描述人或事物的行为或状态,一般来说,动词有人称、时态、、单复数及语气的变化。在一个中,根据动词是否受到句子主语人称及数的限制、动词是否了句子的时态,可以将动词分为谓语动词及非谓语动词两大类。简言之,能用作谓语的动词称其为谓语动词,不能单独用作谓语的动词称之为非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式、动名词及分词。在一个句子中,非谓语动词能充当除谓语外的任何成分。
一、作主语
1.非谓语动词的三种形式中,只有不定式及动名词可以用作逻辑主语,例如:
〔1〕Itisdangeroustoplaywithexplosives.
〔2〕Itisdangerousplayingwithexplosives.
2.不定式及不定式短语可以用作“be,seem,appear〞的主语,此时,不定式应置于句首。例如:“Tohesitatewouldhavebeenfatal.〞但一般情况下,我们可以用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正主语不定式置后:“Itwouldhavebeenfataltohesitate.〞在find,discover,believe,think,consider,expect等词后的宾语从句中,不定式及动名词都可用作主语,值得注意的是在find后的宾语从句中,可将be省掉,如:
〔1〕Hefoundthatitwasdifficulttopark.→Hefounditdifficulttopark.
〔2〕Hefoundparkingwasdifficult.→Hefoundparkingdifficult.
在其它动词后的宾语从句中勿将be省掉。
3.通常情况下,动名词说明的是普通动作,不定式那么表示特定的、具体的、短暂的或瞬间动作。如:
〔1〕Swimmingisbeneficialtohealth.〔抽象动作〕
〔2〕Toswiminsuchcoldweatherdidrequireofhimagreatdealofcourage.(特定动作)
4.在一些句式中,如“Thereis/wasno...〞“Itis/wasnouse(useless,nice,good)...〞结构中,主语只能是动名词。如:
〔1〕Thereisnousecryingoverthesplitmilk.〔2〕Itisnogoodobjecting.
5.在句子中,如果表语是不定式,主语那么相应地用不定式;如果表语是动名词,主语相应地用动名词,例如:
〔1〕Toseeistobelieve.〔2〕Seeingisbelieving.
二、作表语
非谓语动词的三种形式在句子中都可以作表语。接下来就将动名词与不定式、分词与动名词进行一下比拟。
1.不定式与动名词。
大多数情况下作表语时,动名词可以代替不定式,但有一点区别。当某一动作比拟抽象,并且失去了动词的某些特性,接近于名词,此时须用动名词,例如“Myhobbyisgardening.〞而不是“Myhobbyistogarden.〞。
2.分词与动名词。
分词与动名词作表语,用来阐述主语的性质特征,此时,我们可将其当成形容词。一个句子中到底是用分词作表语还是动名词,这须取决于主语与表语的关系。如:
〔1〕Iamtired.〔主语I是动作的承受者,意思是“Somethinghastiredme.〞〕
〔2〕Thejobistiring.〔主语job是动作的执行者,意思是“Thejobtiresme.〞〕
三、作宾语
1.大多数情况下动词后面的不定式和动名词作宾语,上不会有任何的差异。例如:在动词love,like,hate,prefer,begin,intend等词后面就没有什么差异。
2.但有时跟在同一动词后却有很大的不同即第二种情况。例如在动词remember,forget,regret,try,mean,stop,goon等后面,不定式与动名词作宾语时意义就有很大的不同。如:
〔1〕Irememberlockingthedoor.(我记得把门锁上了。)
〔2〕Iwillremembertolockthedoor.〔我会记得把门锁上的。〕
3.有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,例如在offer,promise,hope,manage,pretend,attempt,decide,agree,expect,determine等词后。
4.有些动词和词组后只能跟动名词作宾语,例如在advise,allow,admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,imagine,delay,mind,enjoy,finish,practice,cannothelpdoingsomething,putoff,giveup等词后。
四、作定语
1.不定式作定语,通常皆置于其所修饰的名词或代词之后。它与其所修饰的名词或代词可能是主谓关系,也可能是动宾关系。如:
〔1〕ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromBeijing.(主谓关系)
〔2〕Hehastoomanythingstodo.(动宾关系)
2.过去分词用作定语,多表已完成的动作,如:
〔1〕Herjobwastotakecareofthewoundedsoldier.
过去分词短语用作定语时,一般皆置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个,但较从句简洁,多用于笔语中。如:
〔2〕Trucksbusesweredrivenongascarriedinlargebagsontheroof.
3.现在分词与动名词的比拟。
〔1〕现在分词作定语时与动名词不同,首先,现在分词不重读,动名词那么须重读。如:
①asleeping謖child熟睡的孩子(现在分词不重读)
②a謖sleepingcar卧车(动名词须重读)
B.living
C.lives
D.lived
2.—It’stoohot.Wouldyoumind________thewindow—Ofcoursenot.Pleasedoitnow.
A.toopen
B.opening
C.opens
D.opened
3.—Couldyougiveusahand,please—Sure.Whatwouldyoulikeme________
A.do
B.does
C.todo
D.doing
4.Somuchworkusuallymakeshim________verytired.A.tofeel
B.feels
C.feeling
D.feel
5.Shefeelslike________TV.A.watches
B.watch
C.watching
D.towatch
6.Wouldyouplease________somewaterwithyouIt’ssohottoday,andyou’llfeelthirsty.
A.totake
B.take
C.nottake
D.taking
7.Pleasestop________arestifyoufeeltired.A.tohave
B.having
C.have
D.has
8.You’dbetter________footballinthestreet.A.notplay
B.playing
C.nottoplay
D.play
9.—Remember________himaboutitbeforehegoesaway.—Sure,Iwill.
A.tell
B.totell
C.telling
D.totelling
10.Wemustkeeptheclassroom________.A.clean
B.toclean
C.cleaning
D.cleaned
11.—I’msorrytohavekeptyou.—Itdoesn’tmatter.I’vejustcome.
A.wait
B.waited
C.waiting
D.towait
12.Itisbettertoteachamanfishingthan________himfish.
A.togive
B.giving
C.offind
D.finding
13.—Jackseemslikeagoodstudent.—Heisalwaysthefirsthiswork.
A.finishes
B.finishing
C.finished
D.tofinish
14.Ioftenhearher_____thissongintheclassroomafterclass.A.sing
B.tosing
C.singing
D.sings
15.Theyarebusy________theoldcar.A.withmend
B.mend
C.tomend
D.mending16.Wemusttryourbesttostopthepollution_______ahappierlife.
A.fromlivingB.toliveC.livingD.live
Hello,whatareyoureading---Abook_______byBillGates.
A.writingB.WrittenC.towriteD.whichwritten
Whatdoyoucomeherefor---_______.
A.BorrowaCDB.ToborrowaCDC.BorrowingaCDD.BorrowedaCD
19.YesterdayIheardastory_______bymyfriend.A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tell
20.Wecan'thelpcryingafter_______thesadnews.A.hearB.heardC.hearingD.tohear
21.---Wouldyoumind_______forafewminutes---No,notatall.A.waitB.towaitC.waitedD.waiting
22.HaveyoureadthisbookIt'sworth_______.A.toreadB.readC.readingD.toberead
23.MrWangwouldlikeme_______myclassmatesatalk.A.togiveB.givingC.givesD.give
24.Ifind_______himallaboutit.
A.necessarytotellB.thatnecessarytoC.necessaryittotellD.itnecessarytotell
25.It'sverynice_______youto_______meaboutit.A.for;tellB.of;sayC.to;speakD.of;tell
26.Thesonwantshismother_____himupatsixo'clockeveryday.A.toringB.ringC.ringsD.ringing
27.---IoftenuseHotmailtosende-mails.---ReallyWouldyoupleaseshowme_______it
A.howcanIuseB.whatcanIuseC.howtouseD.whattouse
28.Telltheboy_______outofthewindow.A.nottolookB.tonotlookC.don'tlookD.notlook
29.Didyouhearher_______inthenextroomjustnowA.singingB.singC.tosingD.sang
30.Howlongdoesittakeyou_______yourhomeworkeveryevening
A.finishdoingB.finishingtodoC.tofinishdoingD.finishtodo
31.Haveyoudecided_______
A.togowithwhomB.whomtogowithC.whomgowithD.withwhomtogo
32.Remember_______thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.
A.toturnoffB.turningoffC.turnoffD.toturningoff
33.Herhope_______the2022OlympicGames.
A.totakepartinB.istotakepartinC.takingpartinD.willtakepartin
34.Theroomisn'tbigenough_______somanypeople.A.holdingB.holdC.toholdD.holds