833学科英语真题

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2011年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

科目名称：专业英语满分：150分

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I.VocabularyandGrammar

Inthissection，eachquestionconsistsofanincompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsorphrases，markedA，B，C，andD.Choosetheonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentencebycirclingthecorrespondingletter.(20%)

1.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheearth’ssurfacetemperaturehasincreasedonequartertothreequartersofadegreesince1805.

A.ToB..byC..atD.with

2.TheladydressedinthelatestParisfashionisinherappearancebutrudeinherspeech.

A.ElaborateB.excessiveC.elegantD.exaggerated

3.Manypeoplethinkthatthestandardsofpublichavedeclined.

A.MoralityB.rightnessC..awarenessD.mentality

4.IcelandliesfarnorthintheAtlantic，withitsnorthernmosttipactuallytheArcticCircle.

A.touchedB.touchesC.touchingD.beingtouched

5.Youneedtorewritethissentencebecauseitishavedifficultyinunderstandingit..

A.comprehensiveB.alternativeC.deliberateD.ambiguous

6.Peopleweresurprisedtofindthathehadtheabilitytoeverythinghewasinvolvedin.

A.precedeB.dominateC.effectD.instruct

7.ColinmarriedmysisterandImarriedhisbrother，makesColinandmedoublein-laws.

A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it

8.Theproblemsrequiringimmediatesolutionwillbegivenatthemeeting.

A.priorityB.urgencyC.superiorityD.urgency

9.Amembershipcardauthorizestheclub’sfacilitiesforaperiodof12months.

A.theholderusingB.theholder’suseC.theholdertouseD.theholderuses

10.Duringtheconferencethespeakertriedtohisfeelingsconcerningtheurgencyofafavorabledecision.

A.ComplyB.imposeC.implyD.convey

11.Iadmitthatthereareproblems，Idon’sthinkthattheycannotbesolved.

A.UnlessB.untilC.asD.while

12.Thefactthattheyreactedsodifferentlywasareflectionoftheirdifferent

A.performancesB.personalitiesC.qualitiesD.appearances

13.Yourexcusethatanelephantfellonyouandmadeyoulateisjust

A.inevitableB.indispensableC.incredibleD.incurable

14.Anotherbigissuethenewrepublicistheproblemoftheeducationofitscitizens.

A.confiningB.confirmingC.conformingD.confronting

15.ItriedtorelaxbecauseIknewIwoulduseupmyoxygensooner

A.themoreexcitedIgotB.IgotexitedmoreC.andmoreIgotexcitedD.andIgotmoreexited

16.Scientistsfirsttheideaoftheatombombinthe1930s.

A.imaginedB.conceivedC.consideredD.acknowledged

17.cottonproductionhasbeenthedeclinetheseyears.

A.downB.onC.atD.under

18.thedaybeforemyhistoryexam，Istillhadn’treadingthefirstbookonthelist.

A.seenaboutB.caughtupwithC.gotroundtoD.satfor

19.hehaspointedoutthedangersinthistypeofnuclearpowerstation.

A.interiorB.inherentC.insideD.inner

20.wheneverIhaveanappointment，Iliketoarrive

A.aheadoftimealittleB.alittletimeahead

C.alittleaheadoftimeD.aheadofalittletime

II.ErrorCorrection(20points)

Directions:Theremaybeonemistakeineachnumberedlineinthefollowingpassage.Tocorrectthemistake，youmayhavetochangeaword，addawordordeleteaword.Putthecorrectionintheblank，ifyouchange，aword，crossitoutandwritethecorrectword.Ifyouaddaword，putaninsertionmark(∧)intherightplaceandwritethemissingword.Ifyoudeleteaword，write-itintheblankandputaslash(/)onit.Ifthereisnomistakeinthenumberedline，putatick(√)intheblank.

Thepurchasepriceofahouseisnotonlythecostthat.buyersmustconsiderBuying，houseisa21majortransactionthatinvolvessearchoftitle，closingcosts，propertyinsurance，andspecialassessments.Atitlesearchisdoingbyatitleguarantycompanyin22

ordertoseeifapieceofpropertyhasanyencumbrances.Whenatitlesearchisdone，the:historyofthepropertyistracedbacktotheoriginal

ownerstofindoutifanyonehas.aclaimtothe23property.Forexample，apowercompanymayhaveobtainedtherightofplacepolesontheproperty.24Anyrestrictionslikethisarecalled..asencumbrances.25

Closingcostsoccurwhensettlementismadeonapieceofproperty.Costsmayincludelawyers'fees，26thecommissionduetoarealestateagent，certaintaxesthatmustbepaidbeforeadvance，.andthe27expensesinfilingrecords.Propertyinsuranceisalso:

essential，whenpurchasingahouse.Insurancepolicies

areavailableforflood，fire，andburglaryprotection.

Insuranceisalsoneededtoprotect，thehomeownerfor28lawsuits，especiallyifsomeoneisinjuredon.theproperty.Finally，homebuyermayhavespecial29assessmentsthatwillbechargedatsettlement.They

mayhavetopayforsuchservicesassewersandsidewalksorcommunityparks.30

III.ReadingComprehension

Thereare2readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.(20points)Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Arcadesfilledwithvideogamesbecameanessentialelementofamusementindustrythroughouttheworld.The16-bitsystemsintroducesbyJapan-basedcompaniesintheearly1990madeenhancedgraphicspossibleinhomevideo-gamesystems.ThelargememorycapacityofCD-ROMtechnologymadegraphics-intensivegamesaffordableforhomeusers.Moderncontrolunitshavegreaterinformation-processingpowerthanmanypersonalcomputers，andsomeprocessrapidfullmotionvideoandrichlydetailedanimations.Virtualrealitygamescreatetheillusionofathreedimensionalfieldofexperience.Themostcomplicatedvirtualrealitygamesusstereovirtualperspectivesandmulti-channelsurroundsoundseffectstostimulatereal-worldenvironmentsorvivid，imaginaryworlds.

Criticsofvideogamescontendedthatchildrenspendtoomuchtimeandmoneyonthegamesandthatindulginginthefantasyofvideogamescanhaveadverseeffectsonpersonalitygrowth.Supportersofvideogamesclaimthatplayingthegamesteachesproblems-solvingtechniques，strengthenshand-eyecoordination，andfamiliarizepeoplewithcomputers.Thegameshavealsobeenusedinnursinghomesasentertainment.

ThevideogameindustryfirstgainedsuccessintheUnitedStateswithelectronicgamePongintheearly1970s，whichwasfollowedbyothersimplegames.ThenJapanesecompaniesimprovedgametechnologyandintroducedsuchpopulargamesasDonkeyKongandSuperMarioBrothers.Japan-basedcompaniessuchasNintendoandSegacontinuetodominatethemarket.

In1993，bothSegaandNintendoledaneffortestablishanindustry-controlledratingboardthatwoulddesignaratingsystemforvideogames.Theeffortwasresponsetocritics，especiallyparents，whovoicedconcernsovertheincreasingviolenceandmaturesubjectsmatterinvideogames.

31.Thefirstparagraphmainlydescribes

A.thechangestechnologyhasbroughttocomputerscience

B.thetechnologythatmakesthevideogames·possible

C.thecomplexityofmoderncomputervideogames

D.therecentprogressinthecomputerscience

32.Thosewhocriticizevideogamesbelievethat

A.theproducersofsuchgamesmaketoomuchprofit

B.suchgameshavetoomuchviolencein'them

C.suchgameshavebadinfluenceonchildren'Sgrowth

D.suchgamesshouldbemadelessfantastic

33.Somepeoplewelcomesuchgamesbecausetheybelievethat

Asuchgameshelptrainpeople'sminds

В.suchgameshelppeopleunderstandthesocietybetter

С.studentscanimprovetheirmathscorebyplayingthem

D.nursescanusethemtorelaxthemselvesathome

A.Computergamesarethemostpopular.

B.Mostofthevideogamesintheworldaremadethere.

С.Theyhavethemostadvancedgameproducingtechnology.

DMostoftheadventurevideogamesareproducedthere:

35.Aratingsystemwillbedevelopedfor

A.assessingthequalityorthevalueofthegames

B.ensuringthebestgameproducingtechnology

C.improvingthe，productionofgames.

D.controllingthedevelopmentofgameproducingindustry

Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinuetooccur，largelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixinglegalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon.Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislation，economicincentivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeenmetbylawsuits，personalandindustrialdenialandlongdelays-notonlyinacceptingresponsibility，butmoreimportantly，indoingsomethingaboutit.

Itseemsthatonlywhengovernmentdecides，itcanaffordtaxincentivesorproductionsacrificesisthereanyinitiativeforchange.Whereisindustry'sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankind’sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibility.Ifevertherewillbetimeforenvironmenthealth:passtocometothefrontlinesandprovideleadershiptosolveenvironmentalproblems，thattimeisnow.

Wearebeingasked，and，infact，thepubicisdemandingthatwetakereaction.Itisourresponsibilityasprofessionalsinenvironmentalhealthtomakethedifference.Yes，theecologists，theenvironmentalactivistsandtheconservationistocommunicate，stimulatethinkingand.promote:behavioralchange，however，itisthose·ofuswhoarepaidtomakethedecisionstodevelop，improveandenforceenvironmentalstandards，Isubmit，whomustleadthechange.

Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealtheissuesdonotstopatcity，countylines，stateorevenfederalboundaries.Wecannolongeraffordtobetunnel-visionedinourapproach.Wemustvisualizeissuesfrom.tomaketheobjectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlytopreventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion.

Ibelievewehaveathree-partmissionforthe，present.First，wemustcontinue，topressforimprovementsinthequalityof1ifethatpeoplecanmakeforthemselves.Second，wemustinvestigateandunderstandthelinkbetweenenvironmentandhealth.Third，wemustbeabletocommunicateformationinaformthatcitizenscanunderstand.Ifwecanaccomplishthosethreegoalsinthisdecade，maybewecanfinallystopenvironmentaldegragation，andnotmerelyholditback.Wewillthenbeable.tospendpollutiononpreventionratherthanonbandages.

36.Wecaninferfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthattheindustrialistsdisregardenvironmentalprotectionchieflybecause

A.theyareunawareoftheconsequencesofwhattheyaredoing

B.theyarereluctanttosacrifice.theirowneconomicinterests

C.timehasnotyetcomeforthemtoputdueemphasis0nit

D.itisdifficultforthemtotakeeffectivemeasures

37.Themaintasknowfacingecologists，environmentalactivistsandconservationistsis.

A.topreventpollutionbylegislation，economicincentivesandpersuasion

B.toarousepublicawarenessoftheimportanceofenvironmentalprotection

C.totakeradicalmeasurestocontro1environmental'pollution

D.toimprovethequalityoflifebyenforcingenvironmentalstandards

38.Theword"tunnel-visioned"(Line3，Para.4)mostprobablymeans

A.narrow-minded

B.blind.tothefacts

C.short-sighted

D.ableto.seeonlyoneaspect

39.Whichofthefollowing，accordingtotheauthor，shouldplaytheleading:role.inthesolutionofenvironmentalproblems

A.Legislationandgovernmentintervention.

B.Theindustry'sunderstandingandsupport.

C.Theeffortsofenvironmental，healthprofessionals.

D.Thecooperationofecologists，environmentalactivistsandconservationists.

40.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothe1astparagraph

A.Efforts'shouldbeexertedonpollutionpreventioninsteadofonremedialmeasures.

В.Moremoney'shouldbespentinordertostop，pollution.

C.Ordinarycitizenshavenoaccesstotechnicalinformationonpollution.

D.Environmentaldegradationwillbestoppedbytheendofthisdecade.

IV.Cloze

Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Fillintheblanksusingonewordforeachblank.(20%)

V.Questionsandtasks.(20%)

A.Whatdoeseachof'thefollowingacronymsstandfor

MT

ID

L2

ELT

TESOL

B.Paraphraseeachofthefo1lowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthatyouunderstandtheambiguityinvolved.

1.Visitingauntcanbeveryannoying.

2.ThemanwasheadingforthebankwhenIsawhim，

3.Nosmokingsectionavailable.

4.Donotkillyourwifewithhousework.Let’sdoitforyou.

5.DavidloveshissonandsodoI.

VI.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(20%).

Themostefficientcommunicatorinaforeignlanguageisnot·a1waysthepersonwhoisbestat，manipulatingitsstructures.Itisoftenthepersonwhoismostskilledatprocessingthecompletesituationinvolvinghimselfandhishearer，takingaccountofwhatknowledgeisalreadysharedbetweenthem(e.g.fromthesituationorfromtheprecedingconversation)，andselectingitemswhichwillcommunicatehismessageeffectively.Foreignlanguage1earnersneedopportunitiestodeveloptheseskills，bybeingexposedtosituationswheretheemphasisisonusingtheiravailableresourcesforcommunicatingmeaningsasefficientlyandeconomicallyaspossible.Sincetheseresourcesarelimited，thismayoftenentailsacrificing.grammaticalaccuracyinfavourofimmediatecommunicativeeffectiveness.

Inthesamewayasforcomprehension，then，the1earnerneedstoacquirementonlyarepertoireoflinguisticitems，butalsoarepertoireofstrategiesforusingthem，inconcretesituations.

VII.Reading-basedwriting

Summarizethemainidea(s)ofthefollowingpassageandthencuntonthisissue(s)discussedinthepassage.Writeat.least300words.(30%)

Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceof'thedepressingstateofliteracy.ThefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannot.readatall，andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.

Underthesecircumstances，thequestionofwhat.future'thereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical，psychic，andsocialtransformationsprobablymoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenburg，theGermaninventorinprinting.The，Gutenbergrevolution，aswenowknowit，tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition，publication，distribution，andreading.Nooneinthe，bookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.

2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

Inthissection，eachquestionconsistsofanincompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsorphrases，markedA，B，C，and'D.Choose.theonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.(20points)

1.Journalistsarewritersgatheringandpresentingnews.

A.theyareengagedin

B.beingengagedby

C.thatengagethemselves

D.whoareengagedin

2.GreatSaltLakeisfedbyfreshwaterstreams，isaboutfourorfivetimesassaltyastheocean.

A.ThatB.whichC.whereD.what

3.Until.theendoflast.century，demandfornaturalgas.

A.littlewasthereB.littletherewasC.therewaslittleD.wastherelittle

4thesilkwormproducesafluidinternallyandthenforcesitoutthroughtinyholeinitsbody.

A.OnmakingsilkB.MakingsilkC.TomakesilkD.Silkismadeby

5.thesurfaceofmetal，butalsoweakensit.

A.NotonlydoesrustcorrodeB.NotonlyrustcorrodesC.Rust，whichnotonlycorrodeD.Rustnotonlycorrodes

6.kindsofdinosaursweredyingoutallthroughtheAgeofReptilesistrue.

A.SomeB.WhensomeC.SomewereD.Thatsome

7.LucyTerry，BlackpoetsinAmericanhistory，usedtobeaslaveinDeerfield，Massachusetts.

A.oneoftheearliestB.oneofthemostearlyC.earliestD.theearly

8.Itishightimethatwepreparationsforthecomingholiday.

A.MakeB.madeC.shallmakeD.aremaking

9.wewouldnothavefinishedthe:tasksosoon.

A.WereitnotforhishelpB.Itwerenotforhishelp

C.AshedidnothelpusD.Ashehadhelpedus

10.Ithasbeenrainingforthreedays.

A.likecats.anddogsB.ascatsanddogs

C.asifcatsanddogsD.catsanddogs

11.Gasolineisbythesparkplugsintheengine.

A.IgnitedB.inspiredC.excitedDilluminated

12.Thetravelertheirjourneyafterashortbreak.

A.RecoveredB.resumedC.renewedD.restored

13.Theheavilypollutedareawasabreedingplacefordisease.

A.InfectiousB.powerfulC.influentialD.suspicious

14.Justasabookisoftenjudgedbythequalityandappearanceofitscover，apersonisjudgedimmediatelybyitsappearance.

A.PreviouslyB.uniquelyC.outwardlyD.initially

15.Sincethecouplecouldnottheirdifferences，theydecidedtogetadivorce.

A.ReconcileB.complyC.coincideD.resign

16.IguessJonesdidn't.haveachancetowintheelection.Almostallofthepeopleinthecityvotedforhis

A.CandidateB.opponentC."alternativeD.participant

17.Teachingstudentsofthresholdlevelishardworkbuttheeffortisvery

A.PreciousB.rewardingC.worthD.challenging

18.Theworld'sgovernmentshavedonenothingtocombatthethreatofnuclearaccidents.

A.InherentlyB.vitallyC.virtuallyD.identically

19.Thecapturedcriminalswereinchains.throughthestreets.

A.ExhibitedB.displayedC.paradedD.revealed

20.humanbehaviormaybecausedbyeatingsubstancesthatupsetthedelicatechemicalbalanceinthebrain.

A.DeliberateB.ConsistentC.PrimitiveD.Abnormal

II.ErrorCorrection

Thereare10mistakesinthefollowingpassage，one1neachnumberedline.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblanksprovided.(20Points)

Moststudiessuggestthatwhenwomenandmendothe

samejobandhavethesameexperience，payratestendto

besimilar.Mostofthedollardifferencesstemfromfact21

thatwomentendtobemorerecentlyemployedandhavemore22

yearsonthejob.Whetherwomenwhohavestartedacareer

willattainpayequalitywithmenrestonatleasttwo23

factors.First，willmostofthemcontinueparttimeat24

theirjobsaftertheyhavechildrenAbreakintheiremploy-

ment，oradecisiontoworkparttime，willslowitsraises25

andpromotions--becauseitwouldformen.Second，will26

male-dominatedcompanieselevatewomentohigher-paidjobs

atthedifferentratesastheyelevatemenInsomefields，27

thishadclearlynothappened.Manymen，forexample，have28

committedtheirlivestoteachingcareers，yetrelative29

fewhavebecomeprincipalsandheadmasters.30

Thereare2readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.(20points)

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

WelcometotheU.S.A.!Majorcreditcardsareaccepted!"

Bethemillionstheyarecoming---nolongerthetired，thepoor，thewretchedmasseslongingforabetterliving.Thesearethewealthy.Wedon’thaveabudget，saysabiologistfromBrazil，asshewalksthroughNewYorkCitySouthStreet.Wejustuseourcreditcards.

TheU.S.haslongbeenoneoftheworldsmostpopulartouristdestinations，butthisyearhasbeenexceptional.First，therewastheWorldCup，whichdrewthousandsfromeverycorneroftheglobe;thencametheweakeningoftheU.S.dollaragainstmajorcurrencies.NowtheU.S，stilltheworld'ssuperpower，canalsoclaimtobetheworld'sbargainbasement.Nobody，undersellsAmericathesedaysonjustabouteverythingfromconsumertofashionclothestotennisrackets.Bottomretailpricesanywherefrom30%to70%lowerthanthoseinEuropeandAsia----haveattractedsome47millionvisitorswhoareexpectedtoleavebehind$79billionin1994.That'supfrom$74billiontheyearbeforeelectronics.

True，noteveryonecomesforbargainsThereremainsanundeniablefascinationintherestoftheworldwithallthings.American，nourishedbyHollywoodfilmsandU.S.televisionseries.ButshoppingtheU.S.A.isprovingirresistible.Everyweekthousandsarrivewithemptysuitcasesreadytobefilled;someevenrentanadditionalhotelroomtoholdtheirpurchases.ThebuyingbingehasbecomeasimportantaswatchingOldFaithfulFountainseruptinYellowstoneParkorsunbathingonabeachinFlorida.

TheU.S.hascomeatlasttoappreciatewhatothercountrieslearnedlongago:thepouringinofforeigntouristsmaynotalwaysbeconvenient，butitdoesputmoneyinthebank.Andwithatradedeficitatabout$130billionandgrowingforthepast12months，theU.S.needsallthedepositsitcanget.ComparedwithAmericantouristsabroad，visitorstotheU.S.staylongeranspendmoremoneyateachstop，anaverageof12.2nightsand$1642atravelerversustheAmericans'fournightsand$298.

31.FromwhattheBrazilianbiologistsays，weknowthattouristslikeher

A.arereluctanttocarrycashwiththem

B.simplydon'tcarehowmuchtheyspend

C.arenotgoodatplanningtheirexpenditure

D.oftenspendmoremoneythantheycanafford

32.Thereasonwhy1994wasexceptionalisthat

A.itsawanunusuallylargenumberoftouriststotheU.S.

B.itwitnessesadropinthenumberoftouriststotheU.S.

C.tourismwashardlyaffectedbytheweakeningoftheU.S.dollar

D.touristscametotheU.S.forsightseeingratherthanforbargains

33.BysayingnobodyundersellsAmerica，theauthormeansthat

A.noothercountryunderestimatesthecompetitivenessofAmericanproducts

B.nobodyexpectstheAmericantocutthepricesoftheircommodities

C.nobodyrestrainsthesellingofAmericangoods

D.noothercountrysellsatalowerpricethanAmerica

34.WhydoestheauthorassertthatallthingsAmericanarefascinatingtoforeigners

A.BecausetheyhavegainedmuchpublicitythroughtheAmericanmedia.

B.Becausetheyrepresenttheworld'slatestfashion.

C.Becausetheyembodythemostsophisticatedtechnology.

D.Becausetheyareavailableatalltouristdestinations.

35.FromthepassagewecanconcludethattheU.S.hascometorealize

A.theweakeningoftheAmericandollarcanresultintradedeficits

B.thelowertheretailprices，thegreatertheprofits

C.tourismcanmakegreatcontributiontoitseconomy

D.visitorstotheU.S.arewealthierthanU.S.touristsabroad

Inourculture，thesourcesofwhatwecallasenseofmastery---feelingimportantandworthwhile----andthesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof"pleasurefindinglifeenjoyable----arenotalwaysidentical.Womenoftenaretold"Youcan'thaveitall."Sometimeswhatthespeakerreallyissaying，is:"Youchooseacareer，soyoucan'texpecttohavecloser"relationshipsorahappyfamilylife."OrYouhaveawonderfulhusbandandchildren----what'sallthisaboutwantingacareer"Butwomenneedtounderstandanddevelopbothaspectsofwell-being，iftheyaretofeelgoodaboutthemselves.

Ourstudyshowsthat，forwomen，well-beinghastwodimensions.Oneismastery，whichincludesself-esteem，asenseofcontroloveryourlife，andlowlevelofanxietyanddepression.Masteryiscloselyrelatedtothedoingsideoflife，toworkandactivity.Pleasureistheotherdimension，anditiscomposedofhappiness，satisfactionandoptimism.Itistiedmorecloselytothe"feeling"sideoflife.Thetwoareindependentofeachother.Awomancouldbehighinmasteryandlowinpleasure，andviceversa.Forexample，awomanwhohasgoodjob，butwhosemotherhasjustdied，mightbefeelingverygoodaboutherselfandincontrolofherwork，butthepleasuresidecouldbedamagedforatime.

Theconceptsofmasteryandpleasurecanhelpustoidentifythesourcesofwell-beingforwomen，andremedyforpastmistakes.Inthepast，womenareencouragedtolookonlyatthefeelingsideoflifeasthesourcesofallwell-being.Butweknowthatbothmasteryandpleasurearecritical.Andmasteryseemstobeachievedlargelythroughwork.Inourstudy，allthegroupsofemployedwomenratedsignificantlyhigherinmasterythandidwomenwhoweremultipleroles.Atleastnotemployed.

Awoman’swell-beingisenhancedwhenshadinacombinationofrolesbymiddleadulthood，thewomenwhowereinvolvedmarriages，motherhood，andemploymentwere，thehighestwell-being，despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.

A.forwomen，asenseof"mastery.ismoremoreimportantthanasenseof‘pleasure’

B.forwomen，asenseofpleasure"ismoreimportantthanasenseof"mastery"

C.womencan’thaveasenseofmastery"andasenseof"pleasure"atthesametime

D.asenseof"mastery"andasenseof"pleasure"arebothindispensabletowomen

37.Theauthor’sattitudetowardswomenhavingacareeris

A.CriticalB.positiveC.neutralD.realistic

38.Onecanconcludefromthepassagethatifawomantakesonseveralsocialroles，

A.itwillbeeasierforhertoovercomestressandstrain

B.shewillbemoresuccessfulinhercareer

C.herchancesofgettingpromotedwillbegreater

D.herlifewillbericherandmoremeaningful

39.Whichofthefollowingcanbeidentifiedasasourceof"pleasure"forwomen

A.Familylife.

B.Regularemployment.

C.Multiplerolesinsociety.

D.Freedomfromanxiety.

40.Themostappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe

A.TheWell-beingofCareerWomen

B.SourcesofMasteryandPleasure

C.TwoAspectsofWomensWell-being

D.MultipleRolesofWomeninSociety

V.Cloze

Thereare15blanksinthefollowingpassage.Fillintheblanksusingonewordforeachblank.(15points)

Researchersandteachershavelongbeeninterestedinwhetheranyonemethodofteachingasecondlanguageismoreeffectivethananother，several_41_studiesoflanguageteachingmethodshavebeencarriedout，notablyinBritain，Sweden，andtheUnitedStates.Resultshavebeeninconclusive，yetitishardtobelievethatmethodsmakeno42atall.Therefore，attentionhasbeen43____onthemethodsusedbytheresearchersinconductingthestudiesthemselves.

Severalpossiblereasonsforthelackofclearfindingshaveemerged.First，veryfewstudieshave_44___individualdifferencesamongstudents_45_account;theyhavelooked，instead，formethods46_couldbeusedsuccessfully_47studentsofalltypes.Thus，methodAmayindeedbebetterthanmethodBformoreintelligentadultsorfor_48_withcertainkindsoflearningstyles，_49_thestudieshaverarelybeendesignedin__50____аwaythatthishypothesiscouldbetested.51__thetestsoflanguageproficiencyusedtomeasurestudents'achievementhaveoftenbeeninadequate._52___havesometimessimplybeenunreliable_53_hence，invalid;onotheroccasionstheyhavetendedtoreflecttheaimsof__54___methodratherthananother，makingtruecomparison_55___.

IV.Questionsandtasks.(20points)

A.Whatdoeseachofthefollowingabbreviationsstandfor

IPA

NMET

UG

VP

NP

B.Explainthefollowingconceptsoflanguageandlanguageteaching:1.interpersonalfunctions"

1.transactionalfunctions

2.syntagmaticrelations

3.paradigmaticrelations

4.deductivelearning

VI.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(25points).

Wecannowsummarizefourbroaddomainsofskillwhichmakeup·aperson'scommunicativecompetence，andwhichmustberecognizedinforeignlanguageteaching.Forthesakeofsimplicity，they.areherepresentedonlyfromthespeaker’sperspective:

Thelearnermustattainashighadegreeaspossibleoflinguisticcompetence.Thatis，hemustdevelopskillinmanipulatingthelinguisticsystem，tothepointwherehecanuseitspontaneouslyandflexiblyinordertoexpresshisintendedmessage.

Thelearnermustdistinguishbetweentheformswhichhehasmasteredaspartofhislinguisticcompetence，andthecommunicativefunctionsthattheyperform.Inotherwords，itemsmasteredaspartofalinguisticsystemmustalsobeunderstoodaspartofacommunicativesystem.

Thelearnermustdevelopskillsandstrategiesforusinglanguagetocommunicatemeaningsaseffectivelyaspossibleinconcretesituations.Hemustlearntousefeedbacktojudgehissuccess，'andifnecessary，remedyfailurebyusingdifferentlanguage.

Thelearnermustbecomeawareofthesocialmeaningoflanguageforms.Formanylearners，thismaynotentailtheabilitytovarytheirownspeechtosuitdifferentsocialcircumstances，butrathertheabilitytousegenerallyacceptableformsandavoidpotentiallyoffensiveones.

Summarizethemainidea(s)ofthefollowingpassageandthencommentontheissuediscussedinthepassage.Writeatleast300words.(30points)

Anativespeaker'Slanguageproficiencyimpliestheabilitytoactasaspeakerandlistenerinthediversewaysthatthedifferentcategorieswehaveoutlinedattempttograsp.TheintuitivemasterythatthenativespeakerpossessestouseandinterpretlanguageappropriatelyintheprocessofinteractionandinrelationtosocialcontexthasbeencalledbyHymesandothers"communicativecompetence"，aconceptwhichhasinrecentyearsbeenwidelyacceptedinlanguagepedagogy.InHymes'muchquotedformulation，itisacompetence"whentospeak，whennot，andastowhattotalkaboutwithwhom，when，where，inwhatmanner"

ThisconceptconstitutedadefinitechallengetoChomsky's"linguisticcompetence"whichisconfinedtointernalizedrulesofsyntaxandabstractsfromthesocialrulesoflanguageuse.Communicativecompetencenodoubtimplieslinguisticcompetencebutitsmainfocusistheintuitivegraspofsocialandculturalrulesandmeaningsthatarecarriedbyanyutterance.Itfurthersuggeststhatlanguageteachingrecognizesasocial，interpersonal，andculturaldimensionandattributestoitjustasmuchimportanceastothegrammaticalorphonologicalaspect.

Ontheotherhandthecomplexityoftheentirerulesystemissuchthatitmightappearalmostimpossibleforanyoneexceptanativespeakertoacquirecommunicativecompetence.Thisobservationleadstotheconclusionthatcommunicativecompetenceofasecondlanguagelearnermustbeconceivedsomewhatdifferentlyfromthatofanativespeaker.Itsuggests，besidesgrammaticalandsociolinguisticcompetenceswhichareobviouslyrestrictedinasecondlanguageuser，athirdelement，anadditionalskillwhichthesecondlanguageuserneeds，thatistoknowhowtoconducthimselfassomeonewhosesocio-culturalandgrammaticalcompetenceislimited，i.e.，toknowhowtobea"foreigner".ThisskillhasbeencalledbyCanaleandSwainstrategiccompetence".Naturally，asthesecondlanguageuser'scommunicativecompetenceincreasesintheothertworespectsthisthirdelementbecomeslessandlessimportant.

Whateverconclusionslanguagepedagogydrawsfromthismoreintricatesociolinguisticanalysisoflanguage，thecategor1zationsandstudiesintheethnographyofspeakingarelikelytoplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinsecondlanguagecurriculumdevelopment.Theoreticalanddescriptivestudies:inthisareaareneededifpedagogyisnottooperatewiththeseconceptsintheabstract.

2013年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

Inthissection，eachquestionconsistsofan，incompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsorphrases，markedA，B，C，andD.Choosetheonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.(20points)

A.thisyear’ssalesB.thesalesofthisyearC.thesaleofthisyearD.thisyear'ssale

2.Simplephotographiclensescannotsharp，undistortedimagesoverawidefield.

A.toformB.formC.formingD.beformed

3.Manyemployersareusedtahearingtheiremployees’excusestowork.

A.oflateB.becauseoflateC.fortheir1ateD.forbeinglate

4.whenwomen'ssuffragewasfirstproposed，therewasimmediateoppositiontoit，andthisoppositioncontinued

A.afteralongtime

B.alongtimelater

C.fora1ongtime

D.untilalongtime

5.TheEmpireStateBuildingwasnottheWorldTradeCenter.

A.astallasB.astalllikeC.sotalllikeD.astallthan

6.Inhisarticle，Johnsonchallengedtothepositionofwomeninsociety.

A.severallong-establishedattitudes

B.attitudesseverallongestablished

C.severa1attitudeslong-established

D.long-establishedseveralattitudes:

7.Many，animalswithbackboneshavegallbladders.

A.butnotallofB.notallofC.butnotallD.notall，but

8.0fallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields，weatheristheonethelost.

A.inf1uencesthefarmers

B.farmersthatitinfluences

C.thatinfluencesfarmers

D.itinfluencesfarming

9.Gonearethedayswhenwomen.arebelievedtobemenineveryrespect.

A.moreinferiorthanB.moreinferiortoC.inferiorthanD.inferiorto

10.Withtheexceptionofmercury，atstandardtemperatureandpressure.

A.metallicelementsarethereforesolid.

B.sincethemetallicelementsaresolid

C.metallicelementsbeingsolid

D.metallicelementsaresolid

11.Themanagervowedtorevengetheinsultofhiscompeting.counterpartyesterday.

A.calculatedB.outrageousC.intentionedD.selfish

12.Shecalledherfriendbeforesheleftthecitytoherfriendwouldnotmissher.，

A.InsureB.ensureC.assureD.reassure

13.Underneathherofhaughtiness，sheisactuallykindhearted.Andgood-natured.

A.PretendB.wrappingC.veneerD.coverage

14.TheAfricanqualityofhismusicisintheartthatpeopleofhisgenerationenjoyed.

A.InbornB.ingrainedC.impregnatedD.included

15.Everyonewasshockedbytheremarksmadebytheyoungmanwhilethewillwasbeingread.

A.JuicyB.flirtatiousC.saucyD.irresponsible

16.Thecommitteewasnotsoastomakea.decisionforthemoment.

A.DisposedB.inducedC.temptedD.urged

17.Idon'tcarefortheshynessthemariposalilyhas.

A.UncannyB.intangibleC.ambiguousD.ambivalent.

18.Arethereequalnumbersofboysandgirlsinyourclass

A.BarelyB.crudelyC.roughlyD.unevenly

19.Asittheeffectsofhightemperatures，rheniumisavaluableingredientincertainalloys.

A.ResistsB.withholdsC.reducesD.discharges

20.Thekinetictheoryatomsandmolecules.

A.admitstoB.referstoC.confirmsD.increases

Thereare10mistakesinthefollowingpassage，oneineachnumberedline.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblanksprovided.(20points)

Moderndiseasedetectivesaremicrobiologists，

epidemiologists，andotherscientistswhotriedtofind21

outthereasonofanepidemic----asicknessthatmany22

peopleinaregionhave.Theseexpertstalktopeople23

whohavediseaseandaskmanyquestions，suchas:24

WhatdoyoueatmostoftenHowoftendoyouwashyour

handsDoyouusedrugsTheyexaminekitchens，bathrooms，

andconditioningsystem.Then，theystudytheoutside25

environment----dirt，plants，riversandlakes，areasof26

animals，andsoon---forcluesthatmightgivethem

informationaboutdisease.Theytaketheinformation27

thattheyfindwithlaboratoryscientists'whohave28

benefitsofmicroscopesorcomputers.Togetherthese29

diseasedetectivesworktofindthereasonofmodern30

killerdiseases.

Thereare2readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，CandD，Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.(20points)

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety，butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment，forexample，behaviora1immunologistMarkLaudenslager，attheUniversityofDenver，gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure，whiletheotherha1rlcouldnot.TheratsinthetwogroupswerepairedSothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownorma1inthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated，hebelieves，isthatlackofcontro1overanevent，nottheexperienceitself，iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem，

OtherresearchersagreeJayWeiss，apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine，hasshownthatanimalsthatareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbanceschangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butif.theanimalsare.confrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover，theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists’suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewas，discoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditionedmicetoavoidsaccharinbysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains，themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener，Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin;thistimewithoutthedrug，and.wasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem，

31.Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemof'those.Ratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

32.Accordingtothepassage，theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

33.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

C.itledtostomachpains

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

34.Thepassagetel1susthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperimentwasthat

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologica1lybythesaccharin

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

35.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassage.thattheimmunesystemsofanimals

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginjections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall，andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.

Underthesecircumstances，thequestionofwhatfuturethereisforthepartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical，psychic，andsocialtransformationsprobablymoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg，theGermaninventorinprinting，TheGutenbergrevolution，aswenowknowit，tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition，publication，distribution，landreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe'veknownit.

36.Thepictureofthereadingability.oftheAmericanpeople，drawnbytheauthor，is

A.ratherbleak

B.fairlybright

C.veryimpressive.

D.quiteencouraging

37.Theauthorsbiggestconcernis

A.elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassics

B.thesurprisingly1owrateofliteracyintheU.S.

C.themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreading

D.thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass

38.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis

A.theirfondnessofmusicandTVprograms

B.theirignoranceofvariousformsofart，andliterature

C.theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstanding

D.theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput

39.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis

A.tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeit

B.toanalyzeitsessential，features

C.tothinkitoverconscientiously

D.tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue

40.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels

A.upset

B.uncertain

C.alarmed

D.pessimistic

V.Markthefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F)(20points).

56.Languageissystematicandgenerative.

57.Languageisasetofarbitrarysymbols.

58.Thosesymbo1sareprimarilyvocal，butmanyalsobevisual.

59.Thesymbolsdonothaveconventionalizedmeaningstowhichtheyrefer.

60.Languageoperatesinaspeechcommunityorculture.

61.Languageisessentiallyhuman，althoughpossiblynotlimitedtohuman.

62.Themoreyouareexposedtoalanguage，thefasteryouwilllearnit.

63.Alanguageisweakenedwhenitborrowslargenumbersofwordsfromotherlanguages.

64.Somelanguagessoundmorebeautifulthanotherlanguages.

65.Therulesofalanguagecanbeexplainedbecausetheyarelocal.

Summarizethe.mainidea(s)ofthefollowingpassageandthencommentontheissuediscussedinthepassage.Writeatleast300words.(30points)

Deweyarguedthatthegoalofeducationistoenablelearnerstoacquireabilitytouseexperiencetorespondtochallengingconditions.Teachersneedtodevelopandabilitytothinkcriticallyabouttheirteachingandtorecognizethattheyareindeedtheorizersabout，L2learningandteaching.-TheyneedopportunitiestoconsiderwhichfactorsinfluencetheirconceptionsofL2teachingandlearning，andhowtomaketheirconceptionsexplicitandthencritiquethem.Theyneedtorestoretheirexperiences，becomeawareoftheconsequencesoftheirexperiences，and，thusbecomeaccountablefortheiractions.Inthisway，theymaybeabletodevelopthekindofsense-makingthatpromoteschangesinhowtheyjustifytheirinstructionand，hence，intheinstructionitself.

2014年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

Inthissection，eachquestionconsistsofanincompletesentencefollowedbyfourwordsphrases，markedA，B，C，andD.Choosetheonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.(20points)

1.When，ouruniversitylaboratoryboughtthismicroscopeweweregivenaoneyear’s

A.ReservationВ.securityС.proofD.guarantee

2.Don’taboutlunchfortheinstructors，becausetheypromisedtogetsomeontheway.

A.BotherB.fussС.troubleD.think

3.CaracushasbeencalledtheLosAngelesofSouthAmerica;attheylookexactlythesame.

A.shortnoticeB.firstsightC.firstimpressionD.firstappearance.

4.ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage，byDr.SamuelJohnson，wasthefirstrealattemptasasystematicsurveyofEnglishusage.

A.constructedB.composed.C.compiledD.collected

5.AfterIheardthatItookadeferredpassinbotany，Iwasinaemotionalstate.

A.highlyВ.doubtfullyС.greatlyD.nervously

6.SinceIcouldnotseeanythingthroughthemicroscopemycarefuladjustment，Igaveup.

A.forallB.aboveallC.afterallD.inall

7.WhentheVictorianshadfamilyreunions，thehostswenttheirwaytoentertaintheguests.

A.inforВ.overС.outofD.backon

8.Weknowshewasalwaysasasherwords，sowetrustedher.

A.goodВ.honestC.faithfulD.true

9.TomStephengrippedthewheelhardasthecarbouncedupanddown.

А.stirringВ.drivingC.steeringD.receiving

10.Manyofthescientistsandengineersarejudgedhowgreattheirachievementsare.

A.inspiteofB.inwaysofC.infavorofD.intermsof

11.Beingsomewhatshort-sighted，shehad，thehabitofatpeople.

A.glancingВ.peeringС.gazingD.scanning

12.Ofthethousandsofknownvolcanoesintheworld，themajorityareinactive.

A.TremendousВ.demandingС.intensiveD.overwhelming

13.Thenarrow，sunlesshallsmelledofstalecabbage.

A.uninterestinglyB.unpleasantlyС.uninvitinglyD.unpleasingly

14.PresentattheChristmaspartywerethetwoprincesses·andtheirhusbandsandtheDukeofEdinburgh.

A.respectable.B.respectfulС.respectiveD.respected

15.Whenapsychologist，doesageneralexperimentaboutthehumanmind，heselectspeopleandasksthemquestions.

A.atlengthB.atrandomC.inessenceD.inbulk

l6.Manyamansacrificed__lifeforthecauseofthe'revolution.

A.HashisB.HavehisC.HavetheirD.Hastheir

17.Therisingcrimerateismajorconcernofsociety.

A.the，theВ.a，/C.a.theD./，the

18.Youseethelightningithappens，butyouhearthethunderlater.

A.theinstantВ.ontheinstantС.foraninstantD.inaninstant

19.Heresentedtowait.Heexpectedtheministerhimatonce.

A.tobeasked，tosee

В.beingasked，tosee

С.tobeasked，seeing

D.beingasked，seeing

20.amazedmeishegetsallhisenergyfrom.

A.ThiswhenB.ThatwhyС.WhatwhereD，Whichhow

Thereare10mistakesinthefollowingpassageineachnumberedline.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblanksprovided.(20points)

Agreatmanycitiesareexperiencingdifficultieswhich

arenothingnewinthehistoryofcities，exceptintheirscale.

Somecitieshave1osttheiroriginalpurposeandhavenotfound

newone.Andanylargeorrichcityisgoingtoattractpoor21

immigrants，whofloodin，fillingwithhopesofprosperity22

whichareoftenthendisappointing.Therearebackyardtowns

ontheedgeofBombayorBrasilia，justasthoughtherewere23

ontheedgeofseventeenth-centuryLondonorearlynineteenth

-centuryParis.Thisisnewisthescale.Descriptions24

writtenbytheeighteenth-centurytravelersofthepoorof

MexicoCity，andtheenormouscontraststhatwastobe25

foundthere，areverydissimilartodescriptionsofMexico26

Citytodaythepoorcanstillbenumberedinmillions.

Thewholemonstrousgrowthrestsoneconomicprosperity，

butbehinditliestwomyths:themythofThecityasapromised27

land，thatattractsimmigrantsfromruralpovertyand28

bringsitfloodingintocitycenters，andthemythof'the29

countryasaGardenofEden，which，afewgenerationslate，30

sends·themfloodingoutagaintothesuburbs.

WhenHowellRaineswasmadeexecutiveeditoroftheNewYorkTimesin2001，hebroughtwithhimareputationasafearlessandindependentnewsman.

Withindays，al-QaedastrucktheWorldTradeCentre，andthecoverageheoversawturned.himintoaneditoriallegend，hisarmyofreporterswinn1nganunprecedentednumberofPulitzerprizes.

Yet，notayearandahalflater，thediscoveryoffabricationbyayoungreportertriggeredamanagerialcrisisthatdestroyedMrRaines’scareerandexposedthenewspapertoridiculeforbeingunabletodetectapathologicalliarinitsownnewsroom.Notlongafterwards，anotherreporter，whowasalsoafavouriteofMrRaines’s，departedasquestionswerebeingraisedastowhetherhehadactuallyreportedthestoriesappearingunder.hisname.Ayearon，manyinsidetheworld’sbestknownpaperofrecordandintegritystillworryifitsreputationcanberestored，

MrRainesgottheeditorshipafterpledgingtoraisethepaper's.competitivemetabolism.Thenewspaper’spublisher，ArthurSulzberger，hadhadampleopportunitiestoseehisflaws.AsbureauchiefinWashington;-DC，MrRaineshadtreatedasmallgroupof.reporters1ikepets，earningthedislikeoftherest.Similaropinionshadbeenvoicedwhenheranthenewspaperseditorialpage.Butineachplace，MrRaineshadmadetheNewYorkTimesnoticed.AndforMrSulzberger，thatseemedtobe.ananswerstoaproblem.

Circulationhadbeenstagnantforyears，despiteattemptstoestablishtheNewYorkTimesasAmerica'snationalpaper.AccordingtoSethMnookin，anotedcolumnist，MrSulzbergerandMrRainesbothfeltthat.the'newspaperwasbadlyinneedofachange.InMrRainesshands，thismeantputtingenormouspressureongettingtheimpossiblestory.Thepaperhadalsobeenmakinganefforttodiversifytheracialmixofitsemployees，agoalthatMrRainesendorsed.BothobjectivesconvergedinthecareerofJaysonBlair，whosetalentasawriterwasmatchedbyhisdishonestyasareporter.HiscareerwasadvancedbyMrRainesdespitethetrailoferrorsandsuspectscoopsthatheleft.

AftertheBlairdisaster，apainfulself-examinationbeganattheNewYorkTimeswhichcontinuestoday.Amongotherthings，akindofdevil’sadvocatewashiredtocriticizethepapersworkings，andtogopublicaboutits’contradictions.DanielOkrent’scolumnisoneofthenewspaper'smoreprovocative，addressingits1eft-of-centreworldviewanditsuseofoutsidesourcestoprovidefalseobjectivityforitsownconclusions.PerhapstheresultofallthiswillbethechangethatMrSulzbergerwasseeking.

31.MrRaines’careerwasdestroyedbecause.

A.hefailedtonotifyhispublisherofthechangeoftheeditorialpolicy.

B.Hewasheldresponsibleforallowingunfoundedstoriestobepublished

C.hesupportedayoungreporterinmakingupunfoundedstories

D.hetooknoactionwhenthereputationofthenewspaperwasquestioned

32.MrRaineswasmadeexecutiveeditorofthenewspaperbecause

A.hepromisedtoenhancethecompetivenessofthenewspaper

B.hehadrunthe.bureauinDCandtheeditorialsectionofthenewspaper

С.MrSulzerbergerbelievedthathecouldreshapethenewspaper

D.heknewhowtospurhisreportersandgethotstoriesdone

33.TheauthorthinksDanielOkren.

A.neverhesitatestoexposethecontradictionsofthenewspaper.

B.alwayssupportshisconclusionswithhisowninvestigations;

C.iscriticalofthemanagementofthenewspaper

D.failstoofferabalancedviewonthesubjectheaddresses

34.Theexpressiontheimpossiblestory(Line5，Para.4)mostprobablymeans

A.anewsreportofunusualproportions

B.anunfoundednewsreport

C.areportcompletedwithdifficulty

D.anewsstoryaimingatmakingastir

35.JaysonBlairwashiredbytheNewYorkTimesbecause

A.heprovedtobeagoodreporteringettingsomehotstories

B.hewasalongtimefavoritereporterofMrRaines’

C.hepromisedtoboost，thecirculationofthenewspaper

D.hewastalentedandraciallycorrectattherighttime

Consumersandproducersobviouslymakedecisionsthatmoldtheeconomy，butthereisathirdmajorelementtoconsider:theroleofgovernment.Governmenthasapowerfuleffectontheeconomyinatleastfourways:

Directservices.Thepostalsystem，forexample，isafederalsystemservingtheentirenation，asisthelargeandcomplexmilitaryestab1ishment.Conversely，theconstructionandmaintenanceofmosthighwaysistheresponsibilityoftheindividualstate，andthepublic:educationalsystems，despitealargefunding.rolebythestategovernment，areprimarilypaidforbylocalgovernments.Policeandfireprotectionandsanitationservicesarealsotheresponsibilityoflocalgovernment.

Regulationandcontrol.Thegovernmentregulatesandcontrolsprivateenterprisesinmanyways.Theintentofthisregulationistoassurethatbusinessservesthebestinterestofthepeopleasawhole.Regulationisnecessaryinareaswhereprivateenterprisesaregrantedmonopolies，suchasintelephoneorelectricservice，orinotherareaswhere.thereislimitedcompetition，aswithrailroadsorairlines.Publicpolicypermitssuchcompaniestomakeareasonableprofit，butlimitstheirabilitytoraisepricesunfairly(asdefinedbytheregulations)，sincethepublicdependsontheirservice.Oftencontrolisexercisedtoprotectthepublic，asforexample，whentheFoodandDrugAdministrationbansharmfuldrugs，orrequiresstandardsofqualityfood.

Stabilizationandgrowth.Theycanaffecttheeconomythroughchangingtheamountofpublicspendingbythegovernmentitself.

Directassistance.Thegovernmentprovidesmanykindsof.helptobusinessandindividuals.Forexample，tariffspermitcertainproductstoremainrelativelyfreeofforeigncompetition;importsaresometimestaxedsothatAmericanproductsareabletocompetewithcertainforeigngoods.Governmentalsosuppliesreliefforthepoorandhelpforthedisabled.

36.WhichofthefollowingserviceisNOTofferedbythefederalgovernment

A.Postalsystem.B.Militaryestablishment.

C.Fundingthepublic.D.Policeandfireprotectionservice.

37.Governmentregulatesprivateenterprisesforthemainpurposesof

A.promotingthegrowthofthenationaleconomy

B.assuringthatthebusinessservesthebestinterestofthepeople

C.eliminatingunfaircompetition

D.fightingagainstthecompetitionfromforeigncountries

38.IftheU.s.governmentraisesitstariffsthen，

A.theAmericanproductsmaygetanupperhandincompetingwithcertainforeignproducts

B.theAmericanconsumerscanbuymorecheapforeigngoods

C.theimportvolumesof.U.S.mayincreasegreatly

D.thedomesticinflationcanbeeliminated

39.TheFoodandDrug:Administrationwasestablishedforthepurposeof

A.eliminatingmonopolies

B.supervisingthestandardsofqualityinfood

C.fightingagainstthegovernment'scontrol

D.fightingagainsttheforeigncompetition

40.Asfarastelephoneorelectricserviceisconcerned，regulationisnecessarybecause_.

A.intheseareasmonopolieshavebeenestablished

B.theseareasarefacedwithfiercecompetition

C.theseenterprisesareinclinedtomakeunfairbenefits

D.theseenterprisesimpact-onpublicsecurity

Thereare15blanksinthefollowingpassage.Fi1lintheblanksusingonewordforeachblank.(15points)

Weusuallythinkofpollutionasaharmfulwastesubstancethatthreatenstheairandwater.Butsomepeoplehavebecome__41_aboutanotherkindofpollution.Itcanbeeverywhere，dependingonthetimeofday.Anditisnotthoughtof_42___asubstance.Itislight.

Theideaoflightpollutionhasdeveloped_43__theincreaseoflightsincities.Inmanyareas，thislightmakesitdifficultorimpossibleto_44_starsandplanetsinthenightsky.In1988，theInternationalDark-SkyAssociationformed.Thisorganizationwantstoreducelightpollutioninthenightsky，Italso_45__theeffectiveuseofelectriclighting，

Thereareanumberofreasons46__lightpollutionisimportant.Onehasbecomeclear47__theMountWilsonObservatorynearLosAngeles，Californian.MountWilsonObservatorywashometothelargesttelescopesintheworldduringthefirsthalfofthe1900s.ThelightfromLosAngelesmakesthe.nightskyaboveMountWilsonverybright.Itisno___48__animportantresearchcenterbecauseoflightpollution.

Lightpollutionisthe_49_ofwasteenergy.Brightlightthatshinesintotheskyisnotbeingusedtoprovidelight__50__itisneededonBarth.Poorlydesignedlighting__51__agreatdealoflightpollution.Lightsthatarebrighterthan__52__alsocauselightpollution.

Recently，twoItalianastronomersandanAmericanenvironmentalscientist_53__aworldmapofthenightsky.ThemapshowsthatNorthAmerica，WesternEuropeandJapanhavethe__54___amountoflightpollution.

MostpeopleinAmericaaresurprisedtofindthattheyareunabletoseeourowngalaxy，theMilkyWay，_55__theirowneyesbecauseofman-madelight.Butaboutthree-fourthsofAsianscanseetheMilkyWay.

56.Accordingtotheinputhypothesis，weacquirelanguagebyunderstandinginputthatisalittlebeyondourcurrentlevelofcompetence.

57.Themonitorhypothesisstatesthatgrammaticalstructuresareacquiredinapredictableorder.

58.Learningisseenintermsofhabitformation.Thehabitsareformedbyimitationandreinforcedbyrepetition.Thisreflectsthebehavioristviewoflearning.

59.Ahumanbeingpossessesamindwhichhasconsciousness，ideas，etc.and.themindcaninfluencethebehaviourofthebody.Thisreflectsthementalisticviewoflearning.

60.Paradigmaticdimensionoflanguagereferstotherelationshipthatlinguisticunitshavewithotherunitsbecausetheymayoccurtogetherinasequence.

61.Thebottom-upmodelviewsreadingasadecodingprocessofreconstructingtheauthor'sintendedmeaningthroughrecognizingthelettersandwordsandbuildingupameaningforatextfromthesmallesttextualunitstolargerones.

62.Advocatesoftheinteractiveviewbelievethatlower-levelandhigher-levelprocessesworktogetherinteractivelyasparts-ofthe-reading-process.

63.Senserelationmeanseitherrestatinganiteminalaterpartofthediscoursebydirectrepetitionorreassertingitsmeaningbyexploitinglexicalrelations.

64.Theconceptualmeaningreferstotheattitudinalandemotionalfactorswhichcanbeexpressedinanitemofvocabulary.

65.Information-gapexercisesinvolvereceivinginformationinoneform，'e.g.verbal，andtransferringtheinformationtoanotherform.е.g，diagrams.

Theclimateofeducationalopinionhaschangedinthelasttwentyyears.Theemphasisinlanguageteachinghasshiftedfromproducttoprocess.Nowthefocusismoreonhowthelearnersarelearningthelanguage，whatproblemsandthedifficultiestheymayencounterintheprocessoflanguagelearning，ratherthanonwhatgoalsorobjectivestheyareexpectedtoachieveat·theendoftheirstudy.Inotherwords，thelanguageteacherspaymoreattentiontoteachingstudentshowtolearnanewlanguageratherthanjustpresentingthestudentssomefactsaboutthelanguagetheyareearning.

Taketheteachingofextensivereadingforexample.Sometwentyyearsago，theteacherwouldjustgivethestudentssometextswithsomefollow-upexercisessuchasmultiplechoiceor"trueorfalse"statements.Thestudentswereexpectedtofinishreadingthetextsinafixedperiodoftime.Thentheteacherwouldfindouthowwellthestudentsunderstoodthetextsbycheckingtheiranswers.ButtheteacherdidnotknowwhatwentwrongifL2studentfailedtogivetherightanswers.Manyfactorsmightaffectstudents'comprehensionofatext:vocabulary，grammar，organizationofthetext，thetopicdiscussedinthetext，thetoneofthewriterandsoon.Nowtheteacherputsmoreemphasisonhowthestudentsarecomprehendingthetext.Ifthestudentgivesawronganswer，theteacherislikelyto'findoutthereason.

Summarizethemainidea(s)ofthefollowingpassageandthencommentontheissuediscussedinthepassage.Writeat1east300words.(30points)

Becauseofachangingoutlookonassessmentfromonethatislearner--centeredtoonethatismoreresponsivetotheentirelearningenvironment，alternativeassessmentproceduresarebeingsuccessfullyusedtoassessnotonlythelearnersbutalsotheclassroomandtheinstruction.Althoughthesolefocusofmanyassessmentinitiativescontinuestobeonthelearner，manyeducatorshavecalledforacloserlinkbetweeninstructionandassessment.Theyhavesuggestedthatassessmentbepartofa.feedbackloopthatallowsteacherstomonitorandmodifyinstructioncontinuallyinresponsetoresultsofstudentassessment.Thisprocessencouragestheteacherstousetheresultsdrawconclusionsaboutinstructionandnotjustaboutthelearners.Asaresultoftheincreasinglegitimacyofalternativeassessment，whichismostlyclassroom-based，onefurtherimportantchangehasoccurred;ithasgiventeachersthepowerofassessment.

2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

Thereare20questionsinthissection.Eachquestionconsistsofanincompletesentencebyfourwordsorphrases，markedA，B，c，andD.Choosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.(20points)

1.AllChildrenliketoberestrictions，butweneedrestrictions;weallneedorderanddiscipline.

A.freeofB.freefromC.beyondD.awayfrom

2.Musteringtheaudacitytotalkwithpeoplewhodon'tknowmeoftensimplycomesdowntobalancingthefearIhaveofembarrassmentagainstthefearoffailureandits

A.complicationsB.compoundsC.recuperationsD.repercussions

3.Thefollowupisthehammerandnailsofyournetworkingtoolkit.Goodfollow-upaloneyouabove95percentofyoupeers.

A.pushesB.liftsC.elevatesD.deflates

4.Whenwomandonotfitstereotypicalimagesofself-deprecatingfemininity，theyarebecomeself-determiningandresponsiblefortheirowndevelopment.

A.lesslikelytoB.morelikelytoC.morepossibletoD.lesspossibleto

5.Wanderingroundtheshatteredwallsandthroughthedevastatedinterior，Igatheredevidencethatthecalamitywasnotlateoccurrence.

A./B.aC.ofD.the

6.IknowwhatitistoliveentirelyforandwithwhatIlovebestonearth.Iholdmyself.supremelyblest---blestwhatlanguagecanexpress.

A.withB.beyondC.withoutD.in

7.Becauseshewantstobeknownforsheis，insteadofhowsheappearsstraightforwardanddirect.

A.WhoB.whomC.whoeverD.whatever

8.Personalsovereigntymeansthatyouchoosefromwhatisinordertobeintentionalaboutyour1ife，Evenifyouwerelockedinaprisoncell，youcouldchoose，howtothinkaboutit.

A.PresentB.applicableC.feasibleD.available

9.Iknow，thathadIbeenasanguine，brilliant，careless，exacting，handsome，romp1ngchild-thoughequallydependentandfriendless--Mrs，Reedmypresencemorecomplacently.

A.wouldhaveenduredB.wouldendureC.willhaveenduredD.willendure

A.noonewastalkingtome

B.noonetalktome

C.noonetalkedtome

D.noonetalkingtome

11.Onestumblingblackisthatmanypeoplebelievethattheworkplaceislargelyawhichmeanswelookatindividuals，notgroups，and，determinethatdifferencesinoutcomesmustbebasedonmerit，notgender.

A.meritocracyB.autocracyC.idiosyncrasyD.meteorology

12.UnderthenewsystemofallocatingITVfranchisesThatcher，Thames，oneofthemost.

A.institutionedinB.institutedbyC.institutedinD.instilledby

13.Inexploitingresentmentoftheunion'spower:andabused，such:ashe'wildcatstoppages.thathadlost，millionsofnewspapers，;andtheSpanishpractices"thatallowedsomepeopletopickuptwopaytickets，MurdochmostofhisjournaliststogotoWapping.

A.beingabletopersuade

B.isabletopersuade

C.wasabletopersuade

D.didbeabletopersuade

14.ProfessorMichaelCooleywasaleadingaircraftdesignengineerduringa-distinguishedcareeratLucasAerospace，helpedpioneerstrategiestoconvertthearmsindustrytopeacetimeproduction.

A.WhoB.whoseC.whichD.whom

15.TheremainsoftheeclecticrangeofBritishtelevisionaretobereplacedbytheequivalentofashoppingmall，，beneaththebrightpackaging，mostofthegoodsarethesame.

A.WhichB.whereC.whenD.that

16.Sheclimbedslowlyupstairstothethirdfor.Onlynowtired，andhe1egsfeltwobbly.

A.shefelttiredB.feltsheC.didshefeelD.wasshefeeling

17.FromthefrontbuildingIcouldseethebrightlylitlandwithrickshawspast，wontonsellbangingbambooclappersandsellersofspicedtea-flavouredeggswiththeirsmallstovesinbaskets，

A.RattleB.rattledC.beingrattledD.rattling

18.ThesunrosehighintheskyandarayofsunshinethroughtheeasternwindowandshoneonMaErli’sbabyface.

A.creptinB.shotinC.showeredinD.leakedin

19.Seldomcontent，seldomcomposed，writersdrivethemselvesrelentlessly，anxietiesconsolations，experiencingextremeemotionsthatbreeddestruction.

A.ExcellingB.surpassingC.dwarfingD.outweighing

20.Ididn'tbelievepsychologicaltestswereanymoreresultsoftendependedoninterpretation.

A.ConclusiveB.inclusiveC.exclusiveD.elusive

Thereare10mistakesinthefollowingpassage，onceineachnumberedline.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblanksprovided.(20points)

Anelectronicbook，thatis，eBookisabookpublication

indigitalform;consistingoftext，images，orboth，readableon，

computersorotherelectronicdevices，Althoughsometimesdefined

as"theelectronicversionofaprintedbook"，many.e-booksexist21

withoutanypaintedequivalent.Commerciallyproducedandsold

e-booksareusuallyintendedbereadondedicatedeBookreaders，22

Ihowever，almostanysophisticatedelectronicdevicesthatfeaturesa23

controllableviewingscreen，includingcomputers，tabletcomputers，

andsmartphonescanalsobeusedtoreadinge-books.24

intomanydifferentlanguages，madetheworksavailableto25

However，thequalityofthemachinetranslationcanbelow.

Dependingonthedevice，anc-bookmaybereadableonlow27

lightoreventotaldarkness.Manynewerreadershavetheability.

todisplaymotion，largeorchangefonts，useText-to-speech28

softwaretoreadthetextaloudforvisuallyimpaired，partially

sighted，elderlypeopleorjustinconvenience，searchforkey29

terms，finddefinitions，orallowhighlightingbookmarkingand

annotation，Additionally，e-booksallowreaderstolookingup30

wordsorfindmoreinformationaboutthetopicimmediately.

Thereare2readingpassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedby5questionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthe;ntherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，C，andD:Youshouldchoosethebestone.(20points)

Passage1

Theterms‘curriculum’and‘program’areusedinterchangeablyinthisbooktodescribethebroadestcontextsinwhichplanningforlanguageinstructiontakesplace，eitheronthenational.levelorforacommunity'sschools.A‘syllabus’，ontheotherhand，isamorecircumscribeddocument，usuallyonewhichhasbeenpreparedforaparticulargroupoflearners.Insomeplaces，thetermssyllabusandcourseoutlinemeanthesame"thing，althoughrecentlythetermsyllabushastakenonaspecialmeaningconcerningthespecificationoflanguagecontentalone.

Althoughthetermsgoals，objectivesandneedsareapttobeusedwithoutregardfortheimportantdistinctionsamongthem，amodelfordesigninglanguage;programsshouldsetthemapart.Goalsaddressmoregeneral，societal，community，orinstitutionalconcerns.Indevelopingalanguagecurriculum，issuesconcerninglanguageplanningandpolicymustbetakenintoaccountsinceitisthesocietyorbroadercommunitywhichtheprogramservesthatfundamentallydeterminesthegoalstobemanifestedinthecourse.Inanidealsituation，thus，goalsaredeterminedbycarefullyexamininginformationaboutthepatternsoflanguageusewithinthevariousdomainsofthesociety，aswellasbystudyinggroupandindividualattitudestowardEnglishandtowardallotherlanguageswhichareusedinthesetting.Wehavealsousedthetermsocietalneedsassessmentinrelationtodeterminingprogramgoals，

Objectives，intum，arespecificoutcomesorproductsofcourseswhichareoutlinedinasyllabus.Objectivesguideteachers;theyalsohelplearnersunderstandwherethecourseisgoingandwhy.Objectivescanbeexpressedinterms，ofproficiencyscores，oras:performanceobjectivessuchaslanguageskillattainments:areadingrateofsomanywordsperminutewithX%comprehension，ortheabilitytowriteafive-paragraphcompositionwithacceptablesentenceandparagraphsense.Settingobjectivesinthecourseplansmakesitpossibletocarryoutthenecessaryevaluationmeasures.Italsomakesitpossibletospecifythevariouslevelsofinstructionwithinaprogram.Coursedesignersideallymakeuseofinformationfromallinterestedsourceswhentheywriteobjectives:learnersinpreviouscourses，teacherswhoareESOLspecialists，teachersothersubjectareas-allthoseintheinstitutionalsettingwhoshareaninterestintheprogram.

Needs，ontheotherhand，areassociatedwithindividuallearners.Sincetheychangeandshiftduringtheperiodofacourse，needsarebestaddressedatthelevelofclassroominstruction，whereateachercanselectappropriatetechniques.andmaterialstoaccommodateindividuals，Fromthecoursedesignerspointofview，however，thecrucialfactorsarethosethatmustbedeterminedbeforethelearnersarrive.Sinceacurriculumandasyllabusaredocumentswhichareproducedtoguide，teachersandlearners，theymust.beinplaceandreadytobeusedbeforelearnersandteachersmeettogetheronthefirstdayoftheprogram.(582words)

A.areofthesamemeaning

B.areeasilymixedup

C.aresynonymouswithsyllabus

D.meandifferentlyindifferentcountries

32.Whatistheauthor’sview，aboutthetwoterms:‘goals’and‘objectives’

A.Theyareinterchangeable.

B.Goalsspecifystudentsneeds，whileobjectivesaddressbroadersocietalneeds.

C.Objectivesspecifystudents’needs，whilegoalsaddressbroadersocietalneeds.

D.Theyarecomplementary.

33.Ofthefollowingstatements.aboutobjectives，whichoneDOESNOTrepresenttheauthor’sopinionaboutobjectives

A.Objectivesaregeneralguidelinesforalesson.

B.Objectivesarespecificoutcomesoutlinedinasyllabus.

C.Objectivesareareferenceframeworkforsettingevaluationmeasures.

D.Variousconsiderations，suchaslearners’needsandteachers’characteristicsareimportantinsettingobjectives.

34.Theauthorsuggeststhat

A.Coursedesignerslookatlearners'needsthesamewayasteachers.

B.Coursedesignersandteachersdesignacurriculumbeforestudentsarrival.

C.Coursedesignersaremorespecializedthanteachersinconsideringstudents'needs.

D.Coursedesignersandteachersconsiderlearners'needsfromdifferentperspectives.

35.Itcanbeinferredfromthispassagethat

A.agoodteachershouldhaveagoodunderstandingoftheconceptscoveredinthispassageandexpertiseinenactingthemintoactionsinteaching

B.therearedifferencebetweentheconceptscoveredinthispassage

C.theconceptsshouldbeborneinmindincoursedesign

D.teachers'knowledgeabouttherelevantconceptsisverylimited.

Passage2

EarlyinthefilmAbeautifulMind，themathematicianJohnNashisseensittinginaPrincetoncourtyard，hunchedoveraplayingboard，coveredwithsmallblackandwhitepiecesthatlooklikepebbles.HewasplayingGo，andancientAsiangame.FrustrationatlosingthatgameinspiredtherealNashtopursuethemathematicsofgametheory，researchforwhichheeventuallywasawardedaNobelPrize.

Inrecentyears，computerexperts，particularlythosespecializingin.Artificialintelligence，havefeltthesamefascinationandfrustration.Programmingotherboardgameshasbeenarelativesnap.Evenchesshassuccumbedtothepoweroftheprocessor.Fiveyearsago，achess-playingcomputercalledDeepBluenotonlybeatbutthoroughlyhumbledGarryKasparow，thewordchampionatthattime.Thatisbecausechess，whilehighlycomplex，canbereducedtoamatterofbruteforcecomputation.Goisdifferent，Deceptivelyeasytolearn，eitherforacomputerorahuman，itisagameofsuchdepthandcomplexitythatitcantakeyearsforapersontobecomeastrongplayer.Today，nocomputerhasbeenabletoachieveaskilllevelbeyondthatofthecasualplayer，

Thegameisplayedonaboarddividedintoagridof19horizontaland19:verticallines，Blackandwhitepiecescalledstonesareplacedoneatatimeonthe:grid’sintersections.Theobjectistoacquireanddefendterritorybysurroundingitwithstones.ProgrammersworkingonGosecitasmoreaccuratethanchessinreflectingthewaysthehumanmindworks.Thechallengeofprogrammingacomputertomimicthatprocessgoestothecoreofartificialintelligence，whichinvolvesthe.studyoflearninganddecision-making，strategicthinking，knowledgerepresentation，patternrecognition:andperhapsmostintriguingly，intuition.

Alongwithintuition，patternrecognitionisalargepartofthegame.Whilecomputersaregoodatprocessingnumbers，peoplearenaturallygoodatmatchingpatterns.Humanscan，recognizeanacquaintanceataglance，evenfromtheback.

DanielBump，amathematicsprofessoratStanford，worksonaprogramcalledGNUGoinhissparetime.

"Youcanveryquicklylookatachessgameandseeifthere'ssomemajorissue，"hesaid，ButtomakeadecisioninGo，he.said，playersmustlearntocombinetheirpattern-matchingabilitieswiththelogicandknowledgetheyhaveaccruedinyearsofplaying.

OnemeasureofthechallengethegameposesistheperformanceofGocomputerprograms.Thepastfiveyearshaveyieldedincrementalimprovements，butnobreakthroughs，saidDavidFotland，aprogrammerandchipdesigner.inSanJose，California，whocreatedandsellsTheManyFacesofGo，oneofthefewcommercialGoprograms.

Partofthechallengehastodowithprocessingspeed.Thetypicalchessprogramcanevaluateabout300.000positionsinasecond，andDeepBluewasabletoevaluatesome200millionpositionsinasecond.Bymidgame，mostGoprogramscanevaluateonlyacoupleofdozenpositionseachsecond，saidAndersKierulf，whowroteaprogramcalled.SmartGo.

Inthecourseofachessgame，aplayerhasanaverageof25to35movesavailable，InGo，ontheotherhand，aplayercanchoosefromanaverageof240moves.AGo-playingcomputerwouldneedabout30，000yearstolookasfaraheadasDeepBluecanwithchessinthreeseconds，saidMichaelReiss，acomputerscientistin.London.Buttheobstaclesgodeeperthanprocessingpower.NotonlydoGoprogramshavetroubleevaluatingpositionsquickly;theyhavetroubleevaluatingthemcorrectly.Nonetheless，theallureofcomputerGoincreasesasthedifficultiesitposesencourageprogrammerstoadvancebasicworkinartificialintelligence.

Reiss，anexpertinneuralnetworks，comparedahumanbeing'sabilitytorecognizeasstrongorweakpositioninGowiththeabilitytodistinguishbetweenasimageofachairandoneofabicycle.Bothtasks，hesaid，arehugelydifficultforacomputer.

Forthatreason，Fotlandsaid，"WritingastrongGoprogramwillteachusmoreaboutmakingcomputersthinklikepeoplethanwritingastrongchessprogram."(697words)

A.Goisamorecomplexgamethanchess.

B.Goreflectsthewayhumanbeingsthink.

C.Goplayersarelikelytofeelfrustrated.

D.Goposesachallengetoartificialintelligence，

37.Thewordsnap"underlinedinparagraph2means

A.photoB.suddensharpcrackingsound

C.suddenattempttograspD.easyjob

38.Thecomputerisgoodat

A.Logicalthinking

B.patternrecognition

C.knowledgeaccumulation

D.computation

39.WhichofthefollowingisacommercialGocomputerprogram

A.GNUGo.

B.TheManyFacesofGo.

С.SmartGo.

D.GoWinner.

40.WhichofthefollowingsentencesisNOTtrue

A.Nashshouldowehissuccess，inmathematicspartlytohisfrustrationatlosingat

B.DeepBluewasaverysuccessfulchess-playingcomputer.

C.ComputerexpertshavemadeprogressinGoprogramminginthepastfiveyears.

D.Thoughacomputerhasdifficultyintellingaweakpositionfrom:astrong'onein;Go，itcaneasilytellanimageofachairfromthatof.abicycle.

TheBastLakeecologicalscenicareaissituatedintheeastofWuhanCity.The.totalscenicareacovers82squarekilometers，of41thewaterareais33squarekilometers.Itisthelargestcity42_inChina.

EastLakehasbeautifulmountainsandrivers，anduniqueandcharminglandscapes.TheBastLakescenicareacanbe43_intofiveparts，Atpresent，therearefourareasofmore_44100scenicspotsopentothepublic，45_Tingtao(ListeningtoSurgingWaves)，MoHill(MillstoneHill，Chuidi(PlayingFlutes)andLuoyan(DivingWildGoose).

InlastLakePark，thereare12lakesthatarebothlarge_46_small，andover120islandsdotted.around，_47atwistyshorelineof112kilometers.Aroundthelake，.34mountainsandpeaksarerollingalongit，andforestsofmorethan10，000muprovidelushvegetation.Thelakeislikeamirror，_48thescenerylookslikeapicture.

ThelandscapesinEastLakeareattractivethroughoutthe49_seasons，Inspring，itischaracterizedbygreenmountains，cleanwater，flyingbirdsandfragrantflowers;in50takingaboattotouraroundtheriverisveryexciting;inautumn，redleavescoverallthemountains，andtheareaisoverwhelmed._51_anosmanthusfragrance;inwinter，itisverypleasanttogooutandenjoythesnow，thebeautyoftheplumblossomsandthe52migrantbirds.

MoHillAreaisaveryimportantpartofEastLake.Surroundedbywaterinthreeparts，theareahasnaturalsceneries53_beautifulaspictures，andalso.man-madelandscapes_54inculturefromtheChuDynasty.AsthemostbeautifultourismresortinWuhanCity，itreceivesaboutonemillion55fromhomeandabroadeveryyear.ThefourspecialcharacteristicsofMoHillAreaaresplendidmountainsandrivers，abundantplants，unique.gardenparksandtherichChuculture，

V.TrueorFalse

Inthissectionthereare10statementsrelatedtoEnglishlanguageteachingandlearningtheories，Decidewhichstatementsaretrue，andwhicharefalse.MarkthetruestatementsT，andfalsestatementsF.(20points)

56.Motivationreferstothecombinationofdesireandeffortmadetoachieveagoal;itlinkstheindividual’srationaleforanyactivitysuchaslanguagelearningwiththerangeofbehaviorsanddegreeofeffortemployedinachievinggoals.

57.Languagecompetenceis;theabilitytousethelanguagefreelywithouttheneedtopayattentiontolinguisticrules.

58.Grammar-translationmethodemphasizestheteachingoftheSecondlanguagegrammar;itsprincipalpracticetechniquestranslationfromandintothetargetlanguage.

59.Weneedtorecognizethatalltheoriesaboutlanguageteachingandlearningcontributetoourunderstandingandimprovementofteaching，andshouldbeembracedandfollowedasuniversalmaxims.

60.Languagetransferoccursasanegativeinterferencecausedby.thefirstlanguagewiththelearningofthesecondlanguage.

61.Themeaningofawordiscalleddenotation.Therefore，teachingawordinvolvesteachingitsdenotation.

62.Brainstorminggenerallyhappensattheendofalessontorecapitulatethemajorcontentscoveredandstepsofthatlesson.

63.Grammaristhewaywordsareputtogethertomakecorrectsentences.

64.Cognitivetheoryplacesemphasisontheconsciousacquisitionoflanguageasameaningfulsystemanditseeksabasisincognitivepsychologyandintransformationalgrammar.

65.Learningportfoliosareaformofsummativeassessmenttomonitorstudents'learningprocessanddiagnosetheirstrengthsandweaknessesinlearning，

VI.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese，(25points)

Sincethe1990s，themethodologyknownascommunicativelanguageteachinghasbeenwidelyadoptedasaframeworkforteachingEnglishworldwide.However，sinceitdescribesasetofverygeneralprinciplesgroundedinthenotionofcommunicativecompetenceasthegoalofsecondandforeignlanguageteaching，thereisnosingleoragreeduponsetofpracticesthatcharacterizecurrentinterpretationsofcommunicativelanguageteaching.Indeed，manypractitionerstodayarehesitanttousetheterm，preferringtobasetheirpedagogyonaset.ofgeneralprinciplesthatcanbeappliedindifferentways，dependingontheteachingcontext;theageofthelearners，theirlevel，theirlearninggoals，andsoon.Theseprinciplesreflectchangedunderstandingsofthenatureofsecondlanguagelearningandteaching，andtheyarereflectedinthetrendsthatcurrentlanguageteachingmethodologyemphasize，suchaslearnerautonomy，thesocialnatureoflearning，curricularintegration，focusonmeaning，.....

Learnerautonomysuggeststhatlearnersshouldbegivengreaterchoiceovertheirownlearning，bothintermsofthecontentoflearningandinthelearningprocessestheycanemploy.Thisisseenintheuseofgroup-basedleaning，self-assessment，learnertraining，andotherlearner-centeredapproaches.Thesocialnatureoflearningindicatesthatlearningisnotanindividualprivateactivitybutasocialonethatdependsuponinteractionwithothers.Suchinteractioncancreatethemotivationforlearning.Creatingasupportiveclassroomclimateinvolvesusingprinciplesofgroupdynamicsandisakeyconditionforsuccessfullearning.

FigureoutthemainideaofthefollowingparagraphstakenfromUnderstandingLanguageclassroomContexts:TheStartingPointforChange(Wedell&Malderez2013)，andwriteyourresponsetothemainideaexpressedinthisexcept(30points)Writingguidelines:Youshouldgiveatitletoyourwritingresponsepreciselyindicatingyourpointofview.Yourviewshouldbeclearlyillustratedandstronglysustantiated.Yourwritingshouldbewell-structured.Thelengthshouldbebetween300-500words.

Thereisanongoingdebateaboutwhatisessentialforteacherstoknow(understoodinaverybroadsense).Writershavevariouslydescribedthecoreknowledgeforallteachersas:‘situatedknowledge’，‘craftknowledge’，‘caseknowledge’，and‘personalpracticalknowledge’.However，teacherknowledgeeventuallycomestobedefined，itiscertainthatexperienceoflearnersandinteractionsandclassroomeventsareneededforteacherstolearnwhatitistheyneedtoknow.

Therefore，itcanbearguedthatlearnersaretheteachersofteachers，andteachersarealwayslearnersthemselveswhenworkingwithlearners，asindoingsotheyareincreasingtheircase，craft，personalpracticalorsituatedknowledge.Inthissensethemainsiteforthelearningofteachingisnottheuniversityortrainingcollege，butrathertheschool.Partlyinrecognitionofthis，therehasbeenanincreasedemphasisonschoolexperienceininitialteacherpreparationprogrammes.Thishasrequiredtrainedpeopleinschoolstoosupportthein-context/on-the-joblearning，andtherefore‘wehaveseenthebirthofanewtrainingprofessional:theschool-basedmentor’.(Grenfell1998)

Asfarassupportforongoingteacherdevelopmentisconcerned，notonlysomeformsofmentoringbutalso‘PractitionerResearch’seemtohavepotential.Indeedinformal，smallscale，locallyfocusedinvestigationsseemtoustoprovideapossibleself-managedtoolforongoingteacherlearning，supportingbottom-upor‘owned’changesinwhathappensinschoolsandclassrooms.

2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

Directions:Thereare3readingpassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedby5questionsforyoutoanswer.Answerthequestionsaccordingtotheinstructions.

Comeon―Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage，halfinvitationandhalfforcing，iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking，drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub，TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure，inwhichorganizationandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.

Rosenberg，therecipientofaPulitzerPrize，offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina，astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica，anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.

Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthcampaignsisspot-on，theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits，andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology."Daretobedifferent，pleasedon’tsmoke!"pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers—teenagers，whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers，soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure，Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubinfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocial&dbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascutEvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositive/healthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain，however，ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Ifliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld，asinschool，weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.

Answerthefollowingmultiple-choicequestions1-5forPassage1.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph，peerpressureoftenemergesas.

A.asupplementtothesocialcureB.astimulustogroupdynamics

C.anobstacletoschoolprogressD.acauseofundesirablebehaviors

2.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould.

A.recruitprofessionaladvertisers

B.learnfromadvertisers'experience

C.stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers

D.recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

3.Intheauthor'sview，Rosenberg’sbookfailsto.

A.adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

B.effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

C.illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

D.producealong-lastingsocialeffect

4.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors.

A.isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

B.willmisleadbehavioralstudies

C.occurswithoutourrealizingit

D.canproducenegativehealthhabits

5.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis.

A.harmfulB.desirableC.profoundD.questionable

Archaeologyasaprofessionfacestwomajorproblems.First，itisthepoorestofthepoor.Onlypaltrysumsareavailableforexcavatingandevenlessisavailableforpublishingtheresultsandpreservingthesitesonceexcavated.Yetarchaeologistsdealwithpricelessobjectseveryday.Second，thereistheproblemofillegalexcavation，resultinmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtobidder.

Iwouldliketomakeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.Iwouldproposethatscientificarcheologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreservationofarchaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.Atthesametime，theywouldbreaktheillegalexcavator'sgriponthemarket，therebydecreasingtheinducementtoengageinillegalactivities.

Youmightobjectthatprofessionalsexcavatetoacquireknowledge，notmoney.Moreover^ancientartifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage，whichshouldbeavailableforalltoappreciate，notsoldtothehighestbidder.Iagree.Sellnothingthathasuniqueartisticmeritorscientificvalue.But，youmightreply，everythingthatcomesoutofthegroundhasascientificvalue.Herewepartcompany.Theoretically，youmaybecorrectinclaimingthateveryartifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.Practically，youarewrong.

Irefertothethousandsofpotteryvesselsandancientlampsthatareessentiallyduplicatesofoneanother.InonesmallexcavationinCyprus，archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2，000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard.Evenpreviousroyalsealimpressionsknownasmelekhhandleshavebeenfoundinabundance—morethan4，000examplessofar.

Thebasementsofmuseumsaresimplynotlargeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocataloguethefinds;asaresult，theycannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessibleasiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.Indeed，withthehelpofacomputer，soldartifactcouldbemoreaccessiblethanarethepiecesstoredinbulgingmuseumbasements.Priortosale，eachcouldbephotographedandthelistofthepurchaserscouldbemaintainedonthecomputer.Apurchasercouldevenberequiredtoagreetoreturnthepieceifitshouldbecomeneededforscientificpurposes.

Itwouldbeunrealistictosuggestthatillegaldiggingwouldstopifartifactsweresoldontheopenmarket.Butthedemandfortheclandestineproductwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.Whowouldwantanunmarkedpotwhenanotherwasavailablewhoseprovenancewasknown，andthatwasdatedstratigraphicallybytheprofessionalarchaeologistwhoexcavatedit

Answerthefollowingmultiple-choicequestions6-10forPassage2.

B.awaytocurbillegaldiggingwhilebenefitingthearchaeologicalprofession.

C.Awaytodistinguishartifactswithscientificvaluefromthosethathavenosuchvalue.

D.thegovernmentalregulationofarchaeologicalsites.

7.TheauthorimpliesthatallofthefollowingstatementsaboutduplicateartifactsaretrueEXCEPT:

A.Amarketforsuchartifactsalreadyexists.

B.Suchartifactsseldomhavescientificvalue.

C.Thereislikelytobeacontinuingsupplyofsuchartifacts.

D.Suchartifactsfrequentlyexceedinqualitythosealreadycataloguedinmuseumcollections.

8.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasadisadvantageofstoringartifactsinmuseumbasements

A.Suchartifactsoftenremainuncataloguedandthuscannotbelocatedoncetheyareputinstorage.

B.Museumofficialsrarelyallowscholarsaccesstosuchartifacts.

C.Spacethatcouldbebetterusedfordisplayistakenupforstorage.

D.Artifactsdiscoveredinoneexcavationoftenbecomeseparatedfromeachother.

9.TheauthormentionsthatexcavationinCyprus(Lines21-24)toemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints

A.Ancientlampsandpotteryvesselsarelessvaluable，althoughmorerare，thanroyalsealimpression.

B.Artifactsthatareverysimilartoeachotherpresentcataloguingdifficultiestoarchaeologists

C.Artifactsthatarenotuniquelyvaluable，andthereforecouldbesold，areavailableinlargequantities.

D.Cyprusisthemostimportantlocationforunearthinglargequantitiesofsalableartifacts.

10.Theauthor'sargumentconcerningtheeffectoftheofficialsaleofduplicateartifactsonillegalexcavationisbasedonwhichofthefollowingassumptions

A.Prospectivepurchaserswouldprefertobuyauthenticatedartifacts.

B.Thepriceofillegallyexcavatedartifactswouldrise.

C.Computerscouldbeusedtotracesoldartifacts.

D.Illegalexcavatorswouldbeforcedtosellonlyduplicateartifacts.

Passage3

AnewstudyconductedfortheWorldBankbyMurdochUniversityInstituteforScienceandTechnologyPolicy(ISTP)hasdemonstratedthatpublictransportismoreefficientthancars.Thestudycomparedtheproportionofwealthpouredintotransportbythirty-sevencitiesaroundtheworld.Thisincludedboththepublicandprivatecostsofbuilding，maintainingandusingatransportsystem.

ThestudyfoundthattheWesternAustraliancityofPerthisagoodexampleofacitywithminimalpublictransport.Asaresult，17%ofitswealthwentintotransportcosts.SomeEuropeanandAsiancities，ontheotherhand，spentaslittleas5%.ProfessorPeterNewman，ISTP’sDirector，pointedoutthatthesemoreefficientcitieswereabletoputthedifferenceintoattractingindustryandjobsorcreatingabetterplacetolive.

AccordingtoProfessorNewman，thelargerAustraliancityofMelbourneisaratherunusualcityinthissortofcomparison.Hedescribesitastwocities:"AEuropeancitysurroundedbyacar-dependentone".Melbourne'slargetramnetworkhasmadecaruseintheinnercitymuchlower，buttheoutersuburbshavethesamecar-basedstructureasmostotherAustraliancities.TheexplosionindemandforaccommodationintheinnersuburbsofMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'spreferencesastowheretheylive.

Newmansaysthisisanewbroaderwayofconsideringpublictransportissues.Inthepast，thecaseforpublictransporthasbeenmadeonthebasisofenvironmentalandsocialjusticeconsiderationsratherItalianeconomics.Newman，however，believesthestudydemonstratesthat"theauto-dependentcitymodelisinefficientandgrosslyinadequateineconomicaswellasenvironmentalterms".

Bicycleusewasnotincludedinthestudy，butNewmannotedthatthetwomost"bicycle-friendly"citiesconsidered--AmsterdamandCopenhagen---wereveryefficient，eventhoughtheirpublictransportsystemswere"reasonablebutnotspecial".

Itiscommonforsupportersofroadnetworkstorejectthemodelsofcitieswithgoodpublictransportbyarguingthatsuchsystemswouldnotworkintheirparticularcity.Oneobjectionisclimate.Somepeoplesaytheircitycouldnotmakemoreuseofpublictransportbecauseitiseithertoohotortoocold.NewmanrejectsthispointingoutthatpublictransporthasbeensuccessfulinbothTorontoandSingapore.Infact，hehascheckedtheuseofcarsagainstclimateandfound"zerocorrelation".

Whenitcomestootherphysicalfeatures，roadlobbiesareonstrongerground.Forexample，NewmanacceptsitwouldbehardforacityashillyasAucklandtodevelopareallygoodrailnetwork.However，hepointsoutthatbothHongKongandZurichhavemanagedtomakeasuccessoftheirrailsystems，heavyandlightrespectively，thoughtherearefewcitiesintheworldashilly.

InfeetNewmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingonesortoftransportoveranotherispolitics.Themoredemocratictheprocess，themorepublictransportisfavored.HeconsidersPortland，Oregon，aperfectexampleofthis.Someyearsagofederalmoneywasgrantedtobuildanewroad.However，localpressuregroupsforcedareferendumoverwhethertospendthemoneyonlightrailinstead.Therailproposalwonandtherailwayworkedspectacularlywell.Intheyearsthathavefollowed，moreandmorerailsystemshavebeenputin，dramaticallychangingthenatureofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthesamepopulationasPerthandhadasimilarpopulationdensityatthetime.

IntheUK，traveltimestoworkhadbeenstableforatleastsixcenturies，withpeopleavoidingsituationsthatrequiredthemtospendmorethanhalfanhourtravellingtowork.Trainsandcarsinitiallyallowedpeopletoliveatgreaterdistanceswithouttakinglongertoreachtheirdestination.However，publicinfrastructure，didnotkeeppacewithurbansprawl，causingmassivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesfarhigher.

Thereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthencouragespeopletolivefartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviabletransport.TheexampleofEuropeancitiesrefutesthat.TheyareoftenwealthierthantheirAmericancounterpartsbuthavenotgeneratedthesamelevelofcaruse.InStockholm，carusehasactuallyfalleninrecentyearsasthecityhasbecomelargerandwealthier.Anewstudymakesthispointevenmorestarkly.DevelopingcitiesinAsia，suchasJakartaandBankok，makemoreuseofthecarthanwealthyAsiancitiessuchasTokyoandSingapore.Incitiesthatdevelopedlater，theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmentBankdiscouragedthebuildingofpublictransportandpeoplehavebeenforcedtorelyoncars—creatingthemassivetrafficjamsthatcharacterizethosecities.

NewmanbelievesoneofthebeststudiesonhowcitiesbuiltforcarsmightbeconvertedtorailuseisTheUrbanVillagereport，whichusedMelbourneasanexample.Itfoundthatpushingeveryoneintothecitycentrewasnotthebestapproach.Instead，theproposaladvocatedthecreationofurbanvillagesathundredsofsites，mostlyaroundrailwaystations.

Itwasonceassumedthatimprovementsintelecommunicationswouldleadtomoredispersalinthepopulationaspeoplewerenolongerforcedintocities.However，theISTPteam’sresearchdemonstratesthatthepopulationandjobdensityofcitiesroseorremainedconstantinthe1980safterdecadesofdecline.Theexplanationforthisseemstobethatitisvaluabletoplacepeopleworkinginrelatedfieldstogether.Thenewworldwilllargelydependonhumancreativityandcreativityflourisheswherepeoplecometogetherface-to-face.

Questions11-15forPassage3

Dothefollowingstatementsagree-withtheinformationgiveninPassage3Write

TRUEifthestatementistrue

FALSEifthestatementisfalse

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

11.TheISIPstudyfoundthatthepeopleinmoreefficientcitieshavebetterqualityoflife.

12.InMelbourne，peopleprefertoliveintheinnersuburbs.

13.Bicyclesareveryusefulduringthetrafficjam.

14.Aucklandishillyandunfeasibleforrailtransportsystem.

15.Perthprofitablymovedfromroadtolightrailtransportsystem.

II.Cloze(15points)

Directions:Thereare15blanksinthefollowingpassage.Fillintheblanksusingonewordfareachblank.

Inthecollege-admissionswars，weparentsarethetruefighters.Wearepushingourkidstogetgoodgrades，takeSATpreparatorycoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.I’vetwicebeentothewars，andasIsurveythebattlefield，somethingdifferentishappening.Weseeourkids'collegebackgroundasaprize16howwellwe'veraisedthem.Sowe’vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths，prejudicesormyths.Itactuallydoesn'tmattermuch17AaronandNicolegotoStanford.

Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic:weworrythattherewon'tbeenoughprizestogoaround.Fearfulparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.Underlyingthehysteriaisthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighly18.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthatisplausible—andmostlywrong.Wehaven’tfoundanyconvincing19thatselectivityorprestigematters.Selectiveschoolsdon’tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanlessselectiveschools.Ontwomeasures―professorsfeedbackandthenumberofessayexams—selectiveschoolsdoslightly20.

Bysomestudies，selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduateslifetimeearnings.Thegainisreckonedat2-4%forevery100-pointincreaseinaschool’saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke.Awell-knownstudyexaminedstudentswhogotintohighly21schoolsandthenwentelsewhere.Theyearned，justasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.

Kidscountmorethantheircolleges.GettingintoYalemay22intelligence，talentandambition.Butit'snottheonly23and，paradoxically，itssignificanceisdeclining.Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere.Gettingintocollegeisnotlife'sonlycompetition.Inthenext24---thejobmarketandgraduateschool----theresultsmaychange.Old-boynetworksarebreakingdown.PrincetoneconomistAlanKreugerstudiedadmissiontoonetopPh.D.program.High25ontheGREhelpedexplainwhogotin;degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdidn’t.

So，parentslightenup.Thestakeshavebeenvastlyexaggerated.Uptoapoint，wecanrationalizeourpushiness.Americaisacompetitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjusttothat.Buttoomuch26canbedestructive.Theveryambitionweimpose27ourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemup28disappointment.Onestudyfoundthat，otherthingsbeingequal，graduatesofhighlyselectiveschoolsexperienced29jobdissatisfaction.Theymayhavebeensoconditionedto30ontopthatanythinglessdisappoints.

III.ErrorCorrection(20points)

Directions:Theremaybeonemistakeineachnumberedlineinthefollowingpassage.Tocorrectthemistake，youmayhavetochangeaword，addawordordeleteaword.Putthecorrectionintheblank，ifyouchange，aword，crossitoutandwritethecorrectword.Ifyouaddaword，putaninsertionmark(∧)intherightplaceandwritethemissingword.一Ifyoudeleteaword，write-itintheblankandputaslash(/)onit.Ifthereisnomistakeinthenumberedline，putatick(√)intheblank.

Culturereferstothesocialheritageofapeople---thelearned

patternsforthinking，feelingandactingthatcharacterize

apopulationorsociety，includetheexpressionofthesepatternsin31.

materialsthings.Cultureiscomposeofnonmaterialculture---32.

abstractcreationslikevalues，beliefs，customsandinstitutional

arrangements---andmaterialculture---physicalobjectlike33.

cookingpots，computersandbathtubs.Insum，culturereflects

boththeideasweshareoreverythingwemake.Inordinary34.

speech，apersonofcultureistheindividualcanspeakanother35.

language---thepersonwhoisunfamiliarwiththearts，music，36.

philosophy，orhistory.Buttosociologists，tobe

humanistobecultured，becauseofcultureisthecommonworld37.

ofexperiencewesharewithothermembersofourgroup.

Cultureisessentiallytoourhumaneness.Itprovidesakind38.

ofmapforrelatingtoothers.Considerhowyoufindyourway

aboutsociallife.Howdoyouknowhowtoactinaclassroom

ordepartmentstore，ortowardapersonwhosmilesorlaugh39.

atyouYourculturesuppliesyoubybroad，standardized，40.

ready-madeanswersfordealingwitheachofthesesituations.

Therefore，ifweknowaperson’sculture，wecanunderstandandevenpredictagooddealofhisbehavior.

IV.TrueorFalse(20points)

Directions:Inthissectionthereare10statementsrelatedtoEnglishlanguageteachingandlearning.：Decide-whichstatementsaretrue，and-whicharefalse.MarkthetruestatementsT，andfalsestatementsF.

41.SyllableandphonemearebothphonologicalunitsinEnglishpronunciationteaching.

42.Comparedtoimitation，tonguetwisterisabetterpracticeintrainingindividualsoundinpronunciationteaching.

43.Teachinganewwordinvolvestheteachingofitsform，grammar，collocation，meaningandevenformation.

44.GoodknowledgeaboutEnglishgrammardoesnotnecessarily—guaranteegooduseofEnglishinrealcommunication.

45.Listeningtoapieceofimportantnewsontheradioiscasuallistening，whilelisteningtofamilygossipatlunchisfocusedlistening.

46.Theprincipleof"providingsomethingsuitabletotalkabout"inoralEnglishteachingmeansthattheteachershouldselectspeakingactivitiesthatarebothmotivatingandwithinstudents5ability.

47.Themajoractivityofareadinglessonshouldbetheinteractionamongstudentsratherthanstudentsreadingoftext.

48.Theproductwritingteachingapproachoverlookstheprocessofwritinginwhichthestudentsmakeeffortstodeveloptheirwritingskills.

49.Itisnotimportanttoconsiderlearner，sneedswhenateacherplansalesson.

50.Thevalidityofatestreferstohowmuchortowhatdegreetheresultsofatestcanbetrusted.

VUnderstandingofTerminologies(20points)

Directions:Inthissection，10statementsaregivenforyoutofigureoutthelinguisticorpedagogicaltermstheyrepresent.Writeoutthetermsaccordingtothedescriptionsprovided.

51.TheyaresoundsinEnglish，whichresonateandcanbelengthenedorshortened.Theyarearticulatedwitharelativelyunobstructedairflow.Theyaredistinguishedbytongueposition，tongueandjawheight，degreeofliproundingandtherelativetensionofthemusclesinvolved.()

52.ThisisaconcepttheoryproposedbyHymes.Itcontendsthattheabilitytocommunicateinalanguagecompetence，sociolinguisticcompetence，discoursecompetenceandstrategiccompetence.()

53.Itreferstoaplanorprogramforacourse，specifyingcontent，sequenceandoftenmethodology.()

54.Theyareactsinmoreinformalconversationcourses，suchasgreetingandapologizingthatencodedinlanguagein"routinized"forms(e.g."hi"and"hello"forgreeting，"sorry"forapologizing).()

55.Itisatypeofspeakingactivityparticularlysuitableforpracticingthesocioculturalvariationsinspeechacts，suchascomplimentingandcomplaining，andthelike.Itcanbeperformedfrompreparedscripts，createdfromasetofpromptsandexpressions，orwrittenusingandconsolidatingknowledgegainedfrominstructionordiscussionanditsvariations.()

56.Itisanapproachinvolvingmovementinwhichtheteachergivescommands，modelsthem，andgraduallyweansthestudentfromwatchingtheteacher'smodel.Soonstudentsareabletocarryoutavarietyofcommands，andacquirereceptivelanguage，especiallyvocabularyandgrammar.()

57.Itisagrammarteachingmethodinwhichstudentsinfertheruleorgeneralizationfromasetofexamples.()

58.ThisteachingmethodaroseoutofthetraditionalteachingofclassicalLatinandGreekinthe19thcentury.Itmainlyadoptsmemorizingandtranslationasthemethodsofpracticingandapplyinglanguagerules，mostlyinwritingfortheconstructionofcorrectsentences.()

59.Itisamethodofprocessinglanguageinputandconstructingmeaning，involvingaprocessofdecodingspecificbitsofinformationby，forexampleinreading，recognizingtheindividuallettersthatmakeupwordsandthesyntacticruleswhichorganizethewordsintosentences.()

60.Theyarepairsorgroupsofwordsthatco-occurwithveryhighfrequency，

suchas'"interferewith".Theyareimportantinvocabularylearningtoassistlearnersincommittingthesewordstomemory.()

VI.QuestionandAnswer(20points)

Directions:Thereare2questionsinthissection.Answerthequestionsbriefly.

62.WhatarethepossibletechniquesoractivitiesthatcanbeusedinpresentingnewgrammarrulesintheteachingofgrammarIllustratethemwithexamples.

VII.Reading-basedWriting(25points)

NewEnglishteachingapproaches/methodskeepbeingintroducedintoordevelopedwithinChina，andtheyareencouragedtobeputintopracticeinmiddleschoolEnglishteaching.Someapproaches/methodswereproposedbyresearchersandarebasedoncertaintheories，someapproaches/methodswereproposedbyteachersandarebasedontheirownteachingpractice.Anewapproach/methodgenerallybearsnewpedagogicalvaluesandbeliefsintheteachingofEnglishasaforeignlanguage，whichmaybedifferentfromtheonescurrentlyheldbyteachers.Thisresultsinthedivergenceamongteachers.Someteachersacceptnewteachingapproaches/methods，someteachersrejectthem，someteachersignorethem，andsometeachersareatlossornotsurehowtodealwithit.

Analyzethephenomenondescribedabovebyfocusingonthefollowingtwoquestions.

1.What’syourcommentonthedivergenceamongteachersintheirattitudestowardschangingEnglishteachingmethodsinChina

2.Arethereanycriteriabywhichteacherscandecidewhethertheyshouldacceptanewapproach/methodornot

2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

I.ReadingComprehension(30points)

Directions:Thereare2readingpassagesinthissec/ion.Eachpagefollowedbyquestionsforyoutoanswer.Answerthequestionsaccordinglotheinstructions.

Passage1Parentingandresponsibility

SectionA

Therearestillsignificantgapsbetweenwomenandmenintermsoftheirinvolvementinfamilylife，thetaskstheyperformandtheresponsibilitiestheytake.Yet，atleastindevelopedwesterncountries，bothwomenandmeanexpressadesireforgreaterequalityinfamilylife.Itisevidentthatintermsofattitudesandbeliefs，theproblemcannotsimplybethoughtofintermsofwomenwantingmentosharemoreequallyandmenbeingreluctanttodoso.Thechallengenowistodeveloppoliciesandpracticesbasedonapresumptionofsharedresponsibilitybetweenmenandwomen，andapresumptionthattherearepotentialbenefitsformenandwomen，aswellasforfamiliesandthecommunity，ifthereisgreaterequalityintheresponsibilitiesandpleasuresoffamilylife.Thesearebecomingkeyconcernsofresearchers，policymakers，communityworkersand，moreimportantly，familymembersthemselves.

SectionB

Despitethesignificantincreaseinthenumberofwomenwithdependentchildrenwhoareinthepaidworkforce，Australianresearchstudiesoverthelast15yearsareconsistentinshowingthatdivisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareveryrigidindeed(Watson1991).Intermsoftime，womenperformapproximately90percentofchildcaretasksand70percentofallfamilywork，andonly14percentoffathersarehighlyparticipantintermsoftimespentonfamilywork(Russell1983).DemoandAcock(1993)，inarecentUSstudy，alsofoundthatwomencontinuetoperformaconstantandmajorproportionofhouseholdlabour(68percentto95percent)acrossallfamilytypes(firstmarriage，divorced，step-familyornevermarried)，regardlessofwhethertheyareemployedornon-employedinpaidwork.

SectionC

Divisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareparticularlyproblematicinfamiliesinwhichbothparentsareemployedoutsidethehome(dual-workerfamilies).Employedmothersadjusttheirjobsandpersonallivestoaccommodatefamilycommitmentsmorethanemployedfathersdo.Mothersarelesslikelytoworkovertimeandaremorelikelytotaketimeoffworktoattendtochildren’sneeds(VandenHeuvel1993).Mothersspendlesstimeonpersonalleisureactivitiesthantheirpartners，afactorthatoftenleadstoresentment(DemoandAcock1993).

SectionD

Theparentalroleiscentraltothestress-relatedanxietyreportedbyemployedmothers，andamajorcontributortosuchstressistheirtakingagreaterroleinchildcare(VandenHeuvel1993).EdgarandGlezer(1992)foundthatcloseto90percentofbothhusbandsandwivesagreedthatthemanshouldshareequallyinchildcare，yet55percentofhusbandsandwivesclaimedthatthemenactuallydidthis.(Theseclaimsaredespitethefindingsmentionedearlierthatpointtoamuchlowerparticipationratebyfathers.)Amother'swantingherpartnertodomorehouseworkandchildcareisabetterpredictorofpoorfamilyadjustmentthanisactualtimespentbyfathersinthesetask(DemoandAcock1993).Itisthisdesire，togetherwithitslackoffulfillmentinmostfamilies，thatbringaboutstressintheirfemaleparent.

SectionE

Familytherapistsandsocialworkresearchersareincreasinglydefiningfamilyproblemsintermsofalackofinvolvementandsupportfromfathersandareconcernedwithdifficultiesinvolvedinhavingfatherstakeresponsibilityforthesolutionoffamilyandchildbehaviourproblems(EdgarandGlezer1986).Yet，afatheracceptingresponsibilityforbehaviourproblemsislinkedwithpositiveoutcomes.

SectionF

Researchstudieslendstrongsupporttotheargumentthattherearcbenefitsforfamiliesconsideringachangetoafairerormoreequitabledivisionofthepleasuresandpainsoffamilylife.Greaterequalityintheperformanceoffamilyworkisassociatedwithlowerlevelsoffamilystressandhighersell-esteem，betterhealth，andhighermaritalsatisfactionformothers.Thereisalsohighermaritalsatisfactionforfathers，especiallywhentheytakemoreresponsibilityfortheneedsoftheirchildren-fathersarehappierwhentheyaremoreinvolved(Russell1984).

PleasecompletethefollowingtwotasksforPassage1.

Task1:Choosethemostsuitableheadingforeachsectionfromthelistofheadings(1-11)below.Writetheappropriatenumbersonyouranswersheet.

Listofheadings

1)Thepresumptionsofpolicymakers

2)Needormoreequitableparentingpolicies

3)Theimpactofdualemployment

4)Comparisonofemployedandnon-employedmothers

5)Thebenefitsofbalancedresponsibility

6)Theunchangedroleofthefemaleparent

7)Theeffectofstressonthefemaleparent

8)Disadvantagesofparentalequality

9)Theexperts'viewofthemaleparent'srole

10)Commitmentofmotherstotheirpaidjobs

11)Originsofanxietyinworkingmothers

1.sectionB

2.sectionC

3.sectionD

4.sectionE

5.sectionF

Task2:BelowisalistofresearchfindingsmentionedinPassage1.Indicatewhichresearcher(s)areresponsibleforeachresearchfindings.Writetheresearchers'namesonyouranswersheet.Uselettersthatrepresentsresearchers，suchasDA(forDemoandAcock)，EG(forEdgarmidGlezer)，R(forRussell)，VH(forVandenHeuvel)，W(forWatson)，orA(fortheAuthorofpassage1).

6.Thenumberofhoursafatherspendsdoingchildcareisnotthebestindicatorofhowwellthefamilyisadjusted.().

7.Thevastmajorityoffathersdonottakeparttoanygreatextentinfamilywork.()，

8.Womendothemajorityofhouseworkwhethertheyaremarriedornot.()

9.Withregardtotheissueofequalresponsibilityforchildcare，thereisadiscrepancybetweenthewishesandtheclaimsofparentcouples.()

10.Bothmothersandfathersarehappierwherethefatherassumessomeresponsibilityforissuesrelatingtothebehaviourofthechildren.()

Passage2isfollowedbyfivemultiplechoicequestions(Questions11-15).Choosethecorrectanswertoeachquestion，andwritethecorrectanswersonthe.answersheet.

Attheheartofthedebateoverillegalimmigrationliesonekeyquestion:areimmigrantsgoodorbadfortheeconomyTheAmericanpublicoverwhelminglythinksthey’rebad.Yettheconsensusamongmosteconomistsisthatimmigration，bothlegalandillegal，providesasmall-netboosttotheeconomy.Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor，lowerthepricesofeverythingfromfarmproducetonewhomes，andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.Sowhyistheresuchadiscrepancybetweentheperceptionofimmigrants’impactontheeconomyandthereality

Thereareanumberoffamiliartheories.Somearguethatpeopleareanxiousandfeelthreatenedbyaninflowofnewworkers.Othershighlightthestrainthatundocumentedimmigrantsplaceonpublicservices，likeschools，hospitals，andjails，Stillothersemphasizetheroleofrace，arguingthatforeignersaddtothenation'sfearsandinsecurities.There’ssometruthtoalltheseexplanations，buttheyaren’tquitesufficient.

Togetabetterunderstandingofwhat’sgoingon，considerthewayimmigration’simpactisfelt.Thoughitsoveralleffectmaybepositive，itscostsandbenefitsaredistributedunevenly.DavidCard，aneconomistattheUCBerkley，notesthattheoneswhoprofitmostdirectlyfromimmigrants，low-costlaborarebusinessesandemployers-meatpackingplantsinNebraska，forinstance，oragriculturalbusinessesinCalifornia.Granted，theseproducers’savingsprobablytranslateintolowerpricesatthegrocerystore，buthowmanyconsumersmakethatmentalconnectionatthecheckoutcounterAsforthedrawbacksofillegalimmigration，these，too，areconcentrated.Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromthecompetitionofforeignlabor.AccordingtoastudybyGeorgeBorjas，aHarvardeconomist，immigrationreducedthewagesofAmericanhigh-schooldropoutsby9%between1980-2000.

Amonghigh-skilled，better-educatedemployees，however，oppositionwasstrongestinstateswithbothhighnumbersofimmigrantsandrelativelygeneroussocialservices.Whatworriedthemmost，inotherwords，wasthefiscalburdenofimmigration.Thatconclusionwasreinforcedbyanotherfindingthattheiroppositionappearedtosoftenwhenthatfiscalburdendecreased，asoccurredwithwelfarereforminthe1990s.whichcurbedimmigrants’accesstocertainbenefits.

Theironyisthatforalltheoverexciteddebate，theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.Evenforthosemostactuallyaffected—say，low-skilledworkers，orCaliforniaresidents—theimpactisn'tallthatdramatic."Theunpleasantvoiceshavetendedtodominateourperceptions，"saysDanielTichenor，apoliticalscienceprofessorattheUniversityofOregon."Butwhenallthosefactorsareputtogetherandtheeconomistscalculatethenumbers，itendsupbeinganetpositive，butasmallone."Toobadmostpeopledon'trealizeit.

11.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph

A.Whetherimmigrantsaregoodorbadfortheeconomyhasbeenpuzzlingeconomists.

B.TheAmericaneconomyusedtothriveonimmigrationbutnowit’sadifferentstory.

C.Theconsensusamongeconomistsisthatimmigrationshouldnotbeencouraged.

D.Thegeneralpublicthinksdifferentlyfrommosteconomistsontheimpactofimmigration.

12.InwhatwaydoestheauthorthinkordinaryAmericansbenefitfromimmigration

A.Theycanaccessallkindsofpublicservices.

B.Theycangetconsumergoodsatlowerprices.

C.Theycanmixwithpeopleofdifferentcultures.

D.Theycanavoiddoingmuchofthemanuallabor.

13.Whydonativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromillegalimmigration

A.Theyhavegreaterdifficultygettingwelfaresupport.

B.Theyaremorelikelytoencounterinterracialconflicts.

C.Theyhaveahardertimegettingajobwithdecentpay.

D.Theyarenomatchforillegalimmigrantsinlaborskills.

14.Whatisthechiefconcernofnativehigh-skilled，better-educatedemployeesabouttheinflowofimmigrants

A.Itmaychangetheexistingsocialstructure.

B.Itmayposeathreattotheireconomicstatus.

C.Itmayleadtosocialinstabilityinthecountry.

D.Itmayplaceagreatstrainonthestatebudget.

15.Whatistheironyaboutthedebateoverimmigration

A.Eveneconomistscan’treachaconsensusaboutitsimpact.

B.Thosewhoareopposedtoitturnouttobenefitmostfromit.

C.Peoplearemakingtwobigafussaboutsomethingofsmallimpact.

D.Thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenseeminglyoppositeopinions.

Directions:Thereare15blanksinthefollowingpassage.Fillintheblanksusingonewordforeachblank.Thefirstletterhasalreadybeengiven.

Whetheryoulooktoscienceoryourownlifeforevidence，itisclearthatwehumanshaveat(16)torunoutofwillpower.Butonethingthatisn'tcleariswhetherwerunoutofp(17)，orwhetherwejustrunoutofw_(18).Alltoooften，weusethefirstfeelingoffatigueasar(19)toskipe(20)，snapatourspouses，p(21)alittlelonger，ororderapizzainsteadofc_(22)ahealthymeal.Tobesure，thed(23)oflifereallydodrainourwillpower，andperfectself-controlisafool’sq(24).Butyoumayhavemorew(25)thanthefirstimpulsetogiveinwouldsuggest.Thenexttimeyoufindyourself"tootired"toe(26)self-control，challengeyourselftogob(27)thatfirstfeelingoffatigue.(Keepinmindthatit'salsopossibletoovertrain—andifyoufindyourselfconstantlyfeelingd(28)，youmayneedtoconsiderwhetheryouhavebeenrunningyourselftorealexhaustion.)Itisappealingtothinkthatweoftenhavemorew(29)thanwebelievewedo.Italsoraisesthepossibilitythatwecan，likeathletes，pushpastthefeelingofwillpowere(30)tomakeittothefinishlineofourwillpower.

Theteachingofanysubjectmatterisusuallybasedonananalysisofthenatureofthesubjectitselfandtheapplicationofteachingandlearningprinciples

drawnfromresearchandtheoryineducationalpsychology.

Theresultwasgenerallyreferredtoasateachingmethod31.

orapproach，bywhichwereferasetofcoreteaching32.

andlearningprincipletogetherwithabodyofclassroom33.

practicesthatarederivedfromthem.Thesameisnottrue34.

inlanguageteaching，andthefieldofteachingmethodshas

beenaveryactiveoneinlanguageteachingafter1900s.35.

Newapproachesandmethodsproliferatethroughout36.

thetwentiethcentury.Someachievedwidelevelsof

acceptanceandpopularityatdifferenttimebutwerethen37.

replacedbymethodsbasedonnewerormoreappealing

ideasandtheories.ExamplesofthiskindincludetheDirect

Method，Audiolingualism，andtheSituationApproach.38.

Some，suchasCommunicativeLanguageTeaching，were

adoptedamongalmostuniversalandachievedthestatus39.

ofmethodologicalorthodoxy.Atthesametime，alternatives

tomainstreamapproacheshavealwaysfoundsomelevelof40.

supportwithinlanguageteaching.Methodsinthiscategory

includethosefromthe1970ssuchastheSilentway，

Counselling-Learning，Suggestopedia，TotalPhysicalResponse，

MultipleIntelligence，NeurolinguisticProgramming，andtheLexicalApproach，

Directions:Inthissectionthereare10statementsrelatedtoEnglishlanguageteachingandlearning.Decidewhichstatementsaretrue，andwhicharefalse.MarkthetruestatementsT，andfalsestatementsF.

48.Inoralactivities，teachesshouldcorrectstudents5mistakesintime.()

49.Readingisaprocessofconstructingmeaningthroughthedynamicinteractionbetweenthereader’sexistingknowledgeandtheinformationsuggestedbythewrittenlanguage.()

50.FlexibilityinEnglishlessonplanningmeanstheabilitytousedifferenttechniquesandnotbeaslavetoonemethodologyinteaching.()

V.UnderstandingofTerminologies(20points)

Directions:Inthissection，10statementsaregivenforyoutofigureoutthelinguisticorpedagogicaltermstheyrepresent.Writeoutthetermsaccordingtothedescriptionsprovided.Eachitemisworth2points.

Inoralactivities，someEnglishteachersdesignandpracticetheteachingprocedurein3steps.Step1，toprovidestudentswithatopic.Step2，toletstudentsworkinpairsorgroupstotalkaboutthegiventopic.Step3，toaskanindividual，ora，pair，oragrouptoshowtheirtalkinclass.Sometimes，thestudentsbecomesilentbeforetalkingforashorttime，thepair/groupworkcannotlastaslongastheteacherplanned.

Analyzethephenomenondescribedabovebyfocusingon.thefollowingtwoquestions:

2018年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

Directions:Thereare2readingpassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbyquestionsforyoutoanswer.Answerthequestionsaccordingtotheinstructions.

1.Theironiesofcourse，begintomultiplyassoonasalifecomesunraveled:inretrospect.everythingseemsanaugury.Onenightbefore，thelocalTVstationhadannouncedthattheconditions106heat，gale-forcewindsandrought-strickenhillswerethebestforafirein100yearsThatday.atlunch，Ihadbeentalkingwithafriendwhosemotherhadjustdied，aboutthepathosofgoingthrougholdbelongings.Andwhen，attheoptician'sofficethatevening.mydoctorsteppedouttogoandsniffatwhathethoughtmightbeafire，Isatbackandfumedwithimpatience.

2.By6o’clockIwasinmyhome，aremotehillsidehousealoneonaridge，surroundedbyacresofwildbrushThefirestartedalongourroad，justhalfamileaway，at6:02.Twofriends、arrivingatthatmoment，pointedtothejaggedlineoforangetearingdownthehillsidelikeawaterfallandsplittingthebrushopenlikeaknifethroughfruit.ThentheelectricitywentoffThenthephoneswentdead.By6:10，hugecurlsofflamewerehurtlingovertheridgeafewfeetfromthehouse.

3.Ihadtimeonlytograbmyancientcat，Minnie，andthemanuscriptofabookjusttwoweeksfromcompletion.BythetimeItriedtojumpintomycartodriveaway，wallsofflamewerejumpingoverthedriveway，scorchingmyfaceandshroudingthehouseinanangryorangehaze.Thethreeofusleaped，pursuedbyflames，intoavan，andstartedtoracedownthemountainroad.Within50yards，weknewwecouldgonofurther.Flames70feethighwerecrestingoverthecurveofthehillononeside，andontheother，currentsoforangewereslicinguptheslopetowardus，EverywhereIturned，rivuletsoforangewerepouringacrossthehillslikemoltenlava，sweepinguptreesandfeastingonhousesMAtimetongwereunabletobreatheasthe70mph.windwhippedashesallaround，sostrongwecouldnotopenthedoor.Ourvanwasaloneintheheatoftheinferno，andtherewasnothingwecoulddobutpray.

4.Onlyoneotherpersonwasinview，amaninshortswithawatertruck，standingaloneintheroadtrying，throughsmartingeyes，tocontaintheflameswithahose.Alone，heaimedhishoseatwavesofflamethatcrashedlikewavesaroundus，nowcomingtoacrest，andnow，forawhile，subsiding，untilsuddenlytheywerethereagain，leapingoveraridgeandbearingdownuponus.

5.Soonweweregaggingatthefumes.Thecatwaspantingfeverishly.Thecatwaspantingfeverishly，wewerehosingdownourvan.andourbodieswithwaterfromthetruck.Ihadneverbeforeknownhowswiftfirecouldbe，andhowefficientOccasionallytheairwouldclear，andwewouldseetheblueabovethemountains;thenthesmokewasaroundusagain，andacolumnoforangeloomingabove.Someonepointedoutthattheonebookwe’dinadvertentlymanagedtobringwithuswascalledAlltheRightPlaces.

6.Wewaited，stranded，forabouttwohours，twoofuswithMinnieinthevan，whiletheothertwoheroicallybattledtheflames.Thefiresurgedupthehilllikedogsjumpingatafence.Ahelicopterappeared，butthenwaslostagaininthesmokeandthespittingashes.Afiretruckcameuptheroadatlast，butitsconsolationwasbrief:wecouldnotgodownthehill，theysaid，norup.Wesqueezedtogetherinthevan，Verdiplayingontheradio，andwatchedmyroomturnintoaguttedskeleton.

7.Asdarknessfell，thescenegrewevermoresurreal.Acarcameracingupthehill，snatchedandchasedbylickingflames.Infrontofus，thehulksofothercarswereblazing.Amancakedinsootappeared，lookingforhishorse.Asnightbegantodeepen，thedarkhillsacquirednecklacesoforange，andtheskyarounduswasalocust-cloudofashes.And，whenweweretoldthatitwasthetimetomakeabreakforit，wefinallyraceddownthemountainthroughascenemorebeautifulandunrealthananyVietnam-moviefirefight:besideus，houseswereturningintooutlinesofthemselves;theblacknesswaselectricwithorange，andcarswereburningtheskyaboveusturninganinfernaldustyyellow.

8.Bydawnnextmorning，everythingwasgone.Smokehissedoutofmeltingsmallfireburned.Allthesignsoflifewerethere，buteverythingwashushed.Later，officialsannouncedsmallfirewasprobablycausedbyarson.OnSaturday，SantaBarbarawasdeclaredafederaldisasterarea.Fifteenyearsofdailynotesandbookshalfwritten，ofstatuesandphotosandmemories，weregone.Myonlysolacecamefromthefinalirony.InthemanuscriptIhadsaved，Ihadquotedthepoemofthe17thcenturyJapanesewandererBasho，describinghowdestructioncansometimesbringakindofclarity:

Myhouseburneddown

NowIcanbettersee

Therisingmoon.

TRUEORFALSE.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsarerueorfalseaccordingtothepassage.

()1.Onenightbefore，thelocalTVstationhadannouncedthattheweatherconditionswerethebestforafirein100years.

()2.Pursuedbyflames，myfriendsandI，togetherwithmycatpiledintomycarandraceddownthemountainroad.

()3.Wewereonceindespairwhenweweresurroundedbyfireandcouldnotfindthewayout.

()4.Fortunatelyafirefighterinshortswithawatertruckcametoourrescueinthelastminute.

()5.Whenwefinallyraceddownthemountain，wefoundthesceneasbeautifulandunrealasanyVietnam-moviefirefight.

()6.ThefireburnedupnearlyeverythingIhad，butIfeltmoreofthesolacethanofthesorrow.

Choosethebestanswerfromthegivenchoices.

7.Whattypeofwritingisthetext

A.DescriptionB.NarrationC.ExpositionD.Argumentation

8.WhydoestheauthormentionthebookAlltheRightPlacesevenwhenhewassurroundedbythefire

A.Toprepareforthedescriptionofruinsbelow

B.Toconcludewhathasbeendescribedabove

C.Toprovidesomehintonhowhefeltlater

D.Toindicatetousthatheisawriter

9.Bysaying"Verdiplayingontheradio"insuchahorribletime，theauthorintendsto

A.indicatehecouldkeepcalmindanger

B.suggesthewantedtocomforthimselfindanger

C.showhewantedtorelaxhimself

D.presentasharpcontrastwiththecontext.

10.Whatdoesthepoemquotedinthetextprobablydescribe

A.Thebeautyofnature.

B.Thedestructionofthehouse.

C.Theunaffectednessandpeaceofmind.

D.Thecynicismabouthavinglosteverything

VOLCABULARY.Choosetheclosestinmeaningtothewordsunderlinedandusedinthepassage

11.Twofriends，arrivingatthatmoment，pointedtothejaggedlineoforangetearingdownthehillsidelikeawaterfallandspitingthebrushopenlikeaknifethroughfruit.

A.UnevenB.straightC.roundD.broken

12.BythetimeItriedtojumpintomycartodriveaway，wallsofflamewerejumpingoverhedriveaway，scorchingmyfaceandshroudingthehouseinaangryorangehaze.

A.heatingB.lightingC.lickingD.burning

13.Someonepointedoutthattheonebookwe'dinadvertentlymanagedtobringwithuswascalledAlltheRightPlaces.

A.carelesslyB.unintentionallyC.hurriedlyD.unmindfully

14.Wewaited.stranded.forabouttwohours，twoofuswithMinnieinthevans，whiletheothertwoheroicallybattledtheflames.

A.trappedB.idleC.disappointedD.uncomfortable

15.Burninglogsandthecorpsesofsmallanimalsblockedthemiddleoftheroadswespedthroughcloudsofashes.theskyaboveusturninganinfernaldustyyellow.

A.blackB.terribleC.incredibleD.unexpected

ShouldthePressBeHuman

1.IfyouwereaskedwhoshotLeeHarveyOswaldyouwouldprobablysayJackRuby.Butthere’sanotherpossibleanswertothequestion:thephotographerwhoshotthosestaggeringpicturesofRubygunninghimdown.Andwhathasteasedmymindeversinceiswonderingwhether，ifhehaddroppedhiscameraandgrabbedthegunman，wemight，withOswaldalive，knowmorethanwewillnoweverbeabletofindoutaboutwhyKennedydied.

2.JournalistsandTVpeople，weknow，aresupposedtorecordwhatgoeson;butintryingtogetthebestrecord，theymaysometimesseemamazinglycold-blooded.InthemassacrethatfollowedtheBritishquittingIndia，therewasaphotographerwhomadeasorrowingIndianfamilyburyandreburyitsdeadseveraltimestillhegotaperfectshot.ABBCsoundmanheldupaNigerianexecutionforhalfanhourwhileheadjustedhissoundequipment;youcouldsayitdidn'tmakeanydifferencetothefinaloutcome，butitdoesn'tmakeyoufeelespeciallywarmtowardsthemanconcerned.

3.Shouldthesejournalistsandphotographersjoinin，orjuststandbackandwatchwhilepeoplekilloneanotherIt’satrickyethicalquestion，notjustamatterofhowbraveanyonefeelingatthetime;becausewithoutauthenticpictures，howwilltheworldknow，howshouldtheworldbelievewhatatrocitiesarecommittedOnedeadphotographerdoesnotdomuchforthecausehecaresabout，evenifhedidfeelcompelledtoweighinandtakesides.

4.Ourprofessionalethicenjoinsustostayuncommittedandreportthefacts;andifwehavetohaveguidelines，that’sprobablyasgoodaoneasany.Certainlysomeoftheseediestofjournalists.whetherwe’retakingabouttheMiddleEastorNorthernIreland，arethosewhopileononesetofadjectivessqualid，butchering，oppressive-forterrorismofwhoseaimstheydisapprove，andquiteanotherset-committed，dedicated-forthesamethingdonebythosetheylike.

5.Butitleavesoutalot."Mycomplaintagainstjournalist"，afriendofmineoncesaid，"isnotthattheybehavebadlyinthecourseofduty，buttheirinabilitytorecoilintoahumanbeingwhenit’sover".Ihavenotforgottenanoccasionover20yearsago，whenabirdmanwasgoingtojumpfromaPress-filledRapide.Hisdeath，asmostofthemwatchedinshockedhorror，onenewsmanrandowntheplanewiththewords"MyGod.What'sastory!"

6.Tostayoutofthefight，towritedownwhat’sgoingon，totreatequallywithbothsides，asadoctorwillstitchupsoldiersineitheruniformoralawyerargueforeitherside-thatissupposedtobeourcode;andwhenitcomestothecrunch，weprobablydobettertryingtosticktothat，thanrushingoffonindividualimpulse.

7.Butistherenotapointinanyprofessionwhereyouareforcedbackagainstthewallasahumanbeing，whereadoctorshouldhandJacktheRipperovertothepoliceandalawyerrefusetosuppressthebloodstainedevidencethatprovehisclientatorturerIthinkthereis.

DuringtheAlgerianconfusion，someTunisiansoldierswerepreparingtoshoottheirprisoners("whatastory").Onthejournalist，anItalian，walkedoverandjustcalmlystoodinfrontofthewretchedmen，implyingthatifthesoldiersshotthem，theywouldhavetoshoothimtoo.Finallysomeofficersarrivedanddefusedtheexplosivesituation，andjustahandfulofthelivesthatwentupinthatparticularbonfireweresaved.

8.Anewshoundmaystartoutjusttogetagoodstory，butitisnotimpossibleallthesame，forhimtoendasaman.

MULTIPLECHOICE:Pleasechoosethebestanswerforeachthefollowingquestions.

16.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthecentralideaofthetext

A.Whilethecodeoftheprofessiondecidesthatjournalistsbeimpartialanreportfactsobjectively，itdoesnotmeanthattheyshouldstayinhumananapatheticunderallcircumstances.

B.Astheworkofjournalististomakeknowntothepublicwhatishappeningasobjectivelyaspossible，itisneithernecessarynorpossibleforthemtogetinvolvedinwhatishappeningandtakeside.

C.Ifjournalistsaremoreconcernedwithwhatishappeningthanwithreportingwhatishappening，therewillbelessnewsforthepublicinthepress.

D.Onedeadphotographerdoesnotdomuchforthecausehecaresabout，evenifhedidfeelcompelledtoweighinandtakesides.

17.Inthebeginningparagraphofthepassage，theauthor

A.expressesherdoubtofthegenerallyacceptedfactthatshotbyJackRuby.

Bimpliesthatpossiblyitwasthephotographerwho，whileshootingsomepictures，shotL2s.

C.hypothesizesaboutwhatmighthaveresultedifthephotographerhadstoppedthekilleronthespot.

D.suggeststhattofindoutwhytheassassinwouldliketokillthepresidentismoreimportantthanwhokilled.

18.Thesentence"itdidn’tmakeanydifferencetothefinaloutcome."inparagraph2mean__

A.whatwastohappenstillhappened

B.thehalf-an-hourdelaydidnotresultinanyimprovementofthesoundeffectofthefilm

C.themantobeexecutedwasnotmadetofeelanybetterbythedelay

D.thejournalistsweredoingmeaninglessthings

19.Theunderlinedpartinthesentence"It’snotjustamatterofhowbraveanyoneisfeelingatthetime."inparagraph3means_

A.whetherthejournalist/photographerisbraveenoughtofacethekilling

B.whetherthejournalist/photographeriscourageousenoughtostopthekilling

C.whetherthejournalist/photographeriscalmenoughtotakethepictures

D.whetherpeoplearecourageousenoughtokilleachother

20.Theexclamation"MyGod，whatastory!"inparagraph5showsthatthenewsmanwas__

A.horrifiedbywhathesaw

B.sorrytoseethebirdmanplungetohisdeath

C.excitedbecausehesawtherewasagoodnewsstoryforhim

D.sympathetictowardsthebirdman

21.Thewritersreplytothequestionaskedinthetitleiscontainedin:

A."JournalistsandTVpeoplearesupposedtorecordwhatgoeson"

B."becausewithoutauthenticpictures，howwilltheworldknow，howshouldtheworldbelievewhatatrocitiesarecommitted"

C."Tostayoutofthefight，towritedownwhat'sgoingon.Totreatequallywithbothsides，asadoctorwillstitchupsoldiersineitheruniformoralawyerargueforeitherside-thatissupposedtobeourcode;andwhenitcomestothecrunch，weprobablydobettertryingtosticktothat，thanrushingoffonindividualimpulse"

D."Butistherenotapointinanyprofessionwhereyouareforcedbackagainstthewallsahumanbeing.whereadoctorshouldhandJacktheRipperovertothepoliceandalawyerrefusetosuppresstheblood-stainedevidencethatproveshisclienttorturerIthinkthereis..."

TRUEORFALSE:Readthepassageanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.

()22.Therhetoricalquestion"ShouldthePressBeluman7"usedasthetitleitselfsuggeststhatsomejournalistsandTVpeoplehavefailedtoactinahumanway.Atthesametime，ithelpstheauthordrawtheattentionofthereadersstraighttothepointofherdiscussion.

()23.Tomatchthetitle.theauthorpresentstwooptionsajournalistisfacing.OptionI，heshouldstaycold-bloodedandgoonreportingwhilepeoplearebeingkilled.Option2.heshouldbehuman.takesides，andinterfere.

()24.WecaninferfromparagraphIthatJackRubywastheofficiallyrecognizedassassinofUS.PresidentJohnF.Kennedy.

()25.InparagraphI.bycitingthecaseofaphotographershootingpicturesofthegunman，theauthorsuggeststhatjournalistssometimesshouldbehaveinahumanwayandmakeabigdifference.

()26.Paragraph2isdevotedtotheillustrationofOptionIasanamazinglycold-bloodedjournalistandthreeexamplesareemployedtodeveloptheideainthisparagraph.

()27.Thelastsentenceofparagraph2suggeststhatauthorapprovedofwhatjournalistsdid，fortheirconductseemedcold-blooded，butwashumaneinessence.

()28.Thequestionbeginsparagraphsansweredwithintheparagraph.Andtheanswerisjournalistshouldstandbackandwatch.

()29.Inparagraph4，theauthorteemedBotsatisfiedwiththeperformanceofsomejournalistswhohavenodefinitestandardsorprinciplestoreportthesametypeofevent，theymayusetwosetsofdistinctadjectives，dependingontheirpersonalbias.

()30.ByreferringtoanItalianjournalist'sinterferencewiththeTunisiansoldiersshooinginparagraph7，theauthornaturallydrewaconclusioninthelastparagraphthatagodjournalistshouldbehuman.

Ⅱ.Cloze

Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldcorrectlycompletethepassageiinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.(15points)

TheUnitedStatsiswell-knownforisnetworkofmajorhighwaysdesignedtohelpadrivergetfromoneplacetoanotherintheshortestpossibletime，___thesewidemodernroadsaregenerlly2—andwellmaintained，with__3_sharpcurvesandstraightsectionsadirectrouteisnotalwaysthemost_4_one.Largehighwaysoftenpass5scenicareasandinterestingsmallowns.Furthermore.thesehighwaysgenerally__largeurbancenters，whichmeansthattheybecomecrowdedwith__7trafficduringrushhours，8the"fast，direct"routebecomesaveryslowroute.

However，thereisalmostalwaysanotherroutetotake_9youarenotinahurry.Notfarfromthe_10new"superhighway"，thereareoftenolder，11heavilytraveledroadswhichgothroughthecountryside._12_ofthesearegoodtwolaneroads;othersareunevenroadscurvingthroughthecountry，Thesesecondaryroutesmaygoupsteepslopes，alonghigh__13ordownfrighteninghillsidetotowns14__indeepvalleys.Throughtheselessdirectroutes，longerandslower，theygenerallygotoplaces15_theairiscleanandsceneryisbeautiful，andthedrivermayhaveachancetogetafresh，cleanviewoftheworld.

1.A.AlthoughB.SinceC.BecauseD.Therefore

2.A.stableB.splendidC.smoothD.complicated

3.AlittleB.fewC.muchD.many

4.AterribleB.possibleC.enjoyableD.profitable

5.A.toB.intoC.overD.by

6.A.leadB.connectC.collectD.communicate

7.A.largeB.fastC.HighD.heavy

8.A.whenB.forC.butD.that

9.A.unlessB.ifC.asD.since

10.ArelativelyB.regularlyC.respectivelyD.reasonably

11.A.andB.lessC.moreD.or

12.A.AllB.SeveralC.LotsD.Some

13.A.rocksB.cliffsC.roadsD.paths

14.A.lyingB.layingC.laidD.lied

15.A.thereB.whenC.whichDwhere

Directions:Theremaybeonemistakeineachnumberedlineinthefollowingpassage.Tocorrectthemistake，youmayhavetochangeaword，addawordordeleteaword.Putthecorrectionintheblank.Ifyouchangeaword，crossitoutandwritethecorrectword.Ifyouaddaword，putaninsertionmark(^)intherightplaceandwritethemissingword.Ifyoudeleteaword，writeitintheblankandputaslash(/)onit.Ifthereisnomistakeinthenumberedline，putatick(√)intheblank.

Thefirstformsofteachereducationwerepreparationintheskillsandsubjectmatterthat

neededtobetaught.Oncesomeonethoroughlylearnedthematerial.

theywereconsideringpreparedtotakeonapprentices.1.

MedievalEuropeanversionsoftheMaster’sdegree

anddoctoratewereoriginallyformaldesignationsthatqualify2.

someoneasexpertenoughtoteachsubject.Theestablishment3.

ofpathwaysintothevacationofteachingyoungerchildren4.

occurredmorerecently.Chinaformalizeditsshifansystemof

teachereducationroughlyonehundredyearsbefore.The5.

establishmentofnormalschoolsandstatecontrolledprocesses

ofteachercertificationintheUnitedStatesbeganaroundasame6.

timeperiod.Evenmorerecently，internationalorganizations

suchliketheWorldBank，OECD.UNESCO.NUICEF，orEducation7.

Internationalhavebegunplayingmajorrolesinteachereducation，8.

particularlyongoingandinserviceteachereducation.Universities

intheUnitedStatesbegantoacquirenearexcludingcontrolof9.

theteachercertificationaroundthe1970s，amerefortyyearsago.10.

Itisonlysincethenthatthefamiliardebatesaboutwhatcourseworkandpractical

experiencesaspiringteachersneedhaveoccupiedtheattentionofacademicsand

policymakers.

Directions:Inthissectionthereare10statementsrelatedtoEnglishlanguageteachingandlearning.Decidewhichstatementsaretrueandwhichanfalse，MarkthetruestatementTandfalsestatementF.

1.ThegoalofforeignlanguagelearningistoreaditsliteratureortobenefitfromthementaldisciplineandintellectualdevelopmentinCommunicativeLanguageTeachingApproach.

2.Usinggroupworkandteam-buildingtechniquesisanessentialskillthatContent-basedInstructionteachershouldhave.

4.Techniquesandactivitiesusedfordifferentstagesofnewwordteachingshouldbedifferent，becausethefocusesandobjectivesofdifferentstagesaredifferent.

5.Repetition，substitution，controlledresponseandtransformationareactivitiesusedasmechanicalpracticeingrammarteaching.

6.Predictingisatypeofactivitymainlyusedonpost-listeningstageinlisteningteaching.

7.Inbottom-upreadingmodel，readersidentifylettersandwordstoconfirmtheirassumptionsaboutthemeaningofthetext.

8.Scaffoldedwritingandparallelwritingareguidedwritingactivitiesthatcanbeusedinwritingteaching.

9.Varietyandflexibilityaretheprinciplesinlessonplaningthatareappliedtothegoverningandorganizingofteachingcontent.

10.Groupfocusinclassroommanagementrequiresthatheteachershouldincludeintheclassroomactivitiesasmanystudentsaspossible.notjustafewofthem.

Directions:Inthissection，10statementaregivenforyoutofigureoutthelinguisticorpedagogicaltermstheyrepresent.Writeoutthetermsaccordingtothedescriptionsprovided.Eachitemisworth2points.

1.Thisreferstoleavingoutwordsfromsentenceswherethemeaningissufficientlyclearfromthesituationorthelanguagealreadyused.Usuallyitdoesnotleadtoalossofmeaning.Forexample，ithappensinthissentenceBoboftengoesonholidaytothesea，andTomtoo.‘Does’or‘GoestherehasbeleftoutafterTom’.

2.Thisreferstostretchesofconnectedwrittenorspokenlanguagethatareusuallymorethanonesentenceorutterancelong.Seeingstretchesoflanguageasdiscourseratherthansetsofgrammaticalpatternsallowsustoanalyseitforboththeinternallinguisticlinksitcontainsandtheexternallinksitmakestoourknowledgeoftheworld.

3.Thisistheprocessinwhichparticularsoundsareomittedinconnectedspeechbecausetheyarefollowedbyanothersimilarsound.InEnglish，itoftenhappensbetweenplosivesoundsandwiththevowelsoundschwa/a/.Ithelpsspeakerstoproducesoundsmoresmoothlyandefficiently.

4.Itisthelanguageandtermsthatweusetotalkabstractlyaboutlanguageandlanguagelearning.Thiscoverstermsforgrammar，vocabulary，phonetics，discourseandlearningstrategies.

5.Thisreferstoafeatureofwrittenandspokendiscourseinwhichthewriter/speakertonesdownthedefinitenessofwhattheyaresayingeitherasanexpressionoftheirunsurenessorforinterpersonalreasons.Forexample，somepeopleuseexpressionslike:itcouldbe/maybe/there'sapossibilitythat/toacertainextent/arguablytosoftenthestrengthoftheopiniontheyareexpressing.

6.Thisisatermfromphonetics.Itreferstoaprocessthatoccursinconnectedspeechtoenablethesoundsinspeechtoflowmoresmoothly.Inassimilationonesoundisinfluencedbyanearbysoundandbecomeslikeitinsomeway.

7.ItisaschoolofpsychologyverypopularintheWesternworldinthemiddleofthe20century.Itclaimsthatlearningoccursthroughtheestablishmentoffixedresponsestogivenexternalstimuli，andthattoestablishtheseresponsesorbehaviors，theyneedtobeconstantlyrepeatedandreinforced.

9.Thisisthewayinwhichlanguageisusedinwrittenorspokendiscoursetomakeitlinktogether.Itisachievedbyusinglexicalorgrammaticaldevicessuchaslexicalfieldsubstitution，ellipsis，linkingwords，discoursemarkersback(anaphoric)andforward(cataphoric)reference.

10ThisisagrammaticaltermreferringinEnglishtoaverb+-ingformwhichactsasanounBecauseitisanounisnotthesameasthe-ingformusedinthepresentparticiple.

Directions:Thereare2qvestionsinthissection.Answerthequestionsbriefly.

1.Whatpurposesdopre-readingactivitiesserveinEnglishreadingteachingListatleast3typesofpre-eadingactivities

2.Iscommunicativepracticenecessaryinseniorhighlexicalteaching，whyorwhynotListatleastthreecommunicativeactivitiesforpracticingmeaningandusageinlexicalteaching

Inmiddleschools，someEnglishteachersdonotteachwritinginclass.Instead，theyrelymoreonstudents'independentworkoutsideclasstoimprovetheirwritingabilities.Atypical

procedureisasfollows:

Step1:Theteacherassignsatopicofwritingashomeworkgeneralrequirementsforthehomeworkarespecified，suchasthedeadline，thenumberofwords.Sometimes，asampletext

isprovided.

Step2:Studentscomposetheirwritingafterclass

Step3:Theteachermarksallthecompositionsorpartofthemaftertheyarehandedin.

Step4:Thecompositionsarereturnedtothestudents.Theteachermakesasummaryinclassbymakinggeneralcommentsaboutthestrongpointsandweakpointsinstudents'writing.

Whatareyourcommentsonthewringteachingdescribedabove

2019年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto.

A.discussfindingsthatsupportaparticularconclusionaboutcreativity.

B.illuminatecertainmethodsusedtoenhancecreativityintheworkplace.

C.resolveadebateabouthowfatigueaffectsabrain’sabilitytofunction.

D.illustratehowapositiveoutlookboostsaperson’screativity.

2.Inthefirstparagraphofthepassage，themaineffectofthephrases"preschoolersorkindergartners"and"corporatemanagers"isto.

A.critiqueanunusualbusinesspractice.

B.presentarecommendationonappropriatemanagerialconduct.

C.emphasizeacontrastbetweenanactivityanditsparticipants.

D.highlightanobservationontheprevalenceofchildishbehaviorinmanyadults.

3.Asusedinparagraph5，"milder"mostnearlymeans.

A.moresensitive.B.easier.C.blander.D.weaker.

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatonereasonsubjectsinthecontrolgroupconnectedfewerunrelatedwordsonaveragethandidsubjectsintheexperimentalgroupisthatthesubjectsinthecontrolgroupweremorelikelyto.

A.becomedistractedduetomentalexhaustion.

B.demonstratetheircreativityinunexpectedways.

C.excludetheprimingwordsfromconsciousthought.

D.mistakethejumbledwordsforrealwords.

5.Whichofthefollowingdetailsprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion

A.Theypresentedthestudentswitha"primingword"followedby"targetword"-forexample，theyfinishedthewordtigerfollowedbythewordloni，jumbledfromlion-andaskedthestudentstovotewhetherthetargetwordwasarealoranon-existentword.

B.Thesestudentswerealsomorelikelytoconnectunrelatedwordsinthewordassociationtest

C.Theyperceivedloniaslionwhenitappearedaftertigerandhence，calleditarealword.

D.Theirabilitytoassociateunrelatedwords，Radelsuggests，camefromareducedfilteringofirrelevantinformationhere，forinstance，theprimingwordtiger-fromthemind.

6.Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole，thesixthparagraphlinesprimarilyserveto.

A.clarifythemeaningoftheterm"inhibition".

B.reflectontheresultsofRadel’sstudy，

C.explainShellyCarson’snotionof"flexingthebrain".

D.provideguidanceonhowapersoncanemploycreativestrategies.

7.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorregardsmentalexhaustionas.

A.apotentialopportunityforcreativeinspirationthatshouldbepursued.

B.anunpleasantconsequencethatresultsfromperformingmundaneactivities.

C.astatethatislessinclinedtoartisticinventionthanastateofmentalalertness.

D.theidealconditioninwhichtofocusonmultipletasks.

8.Whichofthefollowingdetailsprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion

A.Jumpin!，thewackybrainchildofPearlfisher’screativestrategist，isbuiltonthepremisethatinterleavingworkandplaycansparkcreativityingrown-ups，justlikeitdidbackinschooldays.

B.Whenwearetired，ourmindcanbetoowearytocontrolourthoughts，andeccentricideasthatmightnormallybefilteredoutasnon-relevantcanbubbleup，suggestsarecentstudybyRémiRadelattheUniversityofNice.

C.Aswegothroughourday，jugglingmultipletasksanddeadlines，ourmindworkshardtostayfocusedonasingletask.Thereistheaddedpressuretokeepdistractionsatbay-meetings，e-mails，newsupdates.

D.Atsuchtimes，insteadofshuttingdownandrelaxing，weshouldperhapslearntocapitalizeonthementalfatigueandtrytokindleourcreativegenius.

9.Thegraphindicatesthattheaverageprimingeffectofunrelatedwordsforsubjectsintheexperimentalgroupwasnearestinmilliseconds(ms)to.

A.10.B.20.C.30.D.40.

10.Thegraphshowsthatonaverage，theprimingeffectsofrelatedwordsforsubjectsintheexperimentalgroupandthecontrolgroupwere.

A.similar.B.equivalent.C.variable.Dunpredictable.

A.Intheirstudy，Radelandcolleaguesovertaxedthemindsofagroupofundergradsbyhavingthemperformacomputerizedtaskthatdemandedattention:findingthedirectionofacenterarrowbyignoringthedirectionsofsurroundingarrows.

B.Thecontrolsandtestsubjectsfacedconflictin10%and50%ofthetrials，respectively.

C.First，theyaskedthestudentstoenlistmultiple，innovativeusesforcommonobjects，suchaspaperclip，newspaper，shoe.

D.Next，theytestedthestudents’abilitytoconnectunrelatedwords.

l.Thetransitionfromforesttotreelesstundraonamountainslopeisoftenadramaticone.Withinaverticaldistanceofjustafewtensofmeters，treesdisappearasalife-formandarereplacedbylowshrubs，herbs，andgrasses.Thisrapidzoneoftransitioniscalledtheuppertimberlineortreeline.Inmanysemiaridareasthereisalsoalowertimberlinewheretheforestpassesintosteppeordesertatitsloweredge，usuallybecauseofalackofmoisture.

2.Theuppertimberline，likethesnowline，ishighestinthetropicsandlowestinthePolarRegions.ItrangesfromsealevelinthePolarRegionsto4，500metersinthedrysubtropicsand3，500-4，500metersinthemoisttropics.Timberlinetreesarenormallyevergreens，suggestingthatthesehavesomeadvantageoverdeciduoustrees(thosethatlosetheirleaves)intheextremeenvironmentsoftheuppertimberline.

3.Therearesomeareas，however，wherebroadleafdeciduoustreesformthetimberline.Speciesofbirch，forexample，mayoccuratthetimberlineinpartsoftheHimalayas.

4.Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes，whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges，whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.Thisisbecausemiddle-andupper-latitudetimberlinesarestronglyinfluencedbythedurationanddepthofthesnowcover.Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys，treestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges，eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor，thinsoilsthere.Inthetropics，thevalleysappeartobemorefavorablebecausetheyarelesspronetodryout，theyhavelessfrost，andtheyhavedeepersoils.

5.Thereisstillnouniversallyagreed-onexplanationforwhythereshouldbesuchadramaticcessationoftreegrowthattheuppertimberline.Variousenvironmentalfactorsmayplayarole.Toomuchsnow，forexample，cansmothertrees，andavalanchesandsnowcreepcandamageordestroythem.Late-lyingsnowreducestheeffectivegrowingseasontothepointwhereseedlingscannotestablishthemselves.Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees，asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes.Somescientistshaveproposedthatthepresenceofincreasinglevelsofultravioletlightwithelevationmayplayarole，whilebrowsingandgrazinganimalsliketheibexmaybeanothercontributingfactor.Probablythemostimportantenvironmentalfactoristemperature，forifthegrowingseasonistooshortandtemperaturesaretoolow，treeshootsandbudscannotmaturesufficientlytosurvivethewintermonths.

6.Abovethetreelinethereisazonethatisgenerallycalledalpinetundra.[]Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline，thetundraconsistsofafairlycompletecoveroflow-lyingshrubs，herbs，andgrasses，whilehigherupthenumberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.[]Someplantscanevensurviveinfavorablemicrohabitatsabovethesnowline.Thehighestplantsintheworldoccurataround6，100metersonMakaluintheHimalayas.[]Atthisgreatheight，rocks，warmedbythesun，meltsmallsnowdrifts.[]

7.Themoststrikingcharacteristicoftheplantsofthealpinezoneistheirlowgrowthform.Thisenablesthemtoavoidtheworstrigorsofhighwindsandpermitsthemtomakeuseofthehighertemperaturesimmediatelyadjacenttothegroundsurface.Inanareawherelowtemperaturesarelimitingtolife，theimportanceoftheadditionalheatnearthesurfaceiscrucial.Thelowgrowthformcanalsopermittheplantstotakeadvantageoftheinsulationprovidedbyawintersnowcover.Intheequatorialmountainsthelowgrowthformislessprevalent.

Pleaseanswerthefollowing9questionsrelatedtoPassage

Thisexplainshow，forexample，alpinecushionplantshavebeenfoundgrowingatanaltitudeof6，180meters.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit

Atthetimberline，whetherupperorlower，thereisaprofoundchangeinthegrowthoftreesandotherplants.

AnswerChoices:

AlthoughtheEuropeanUnionisinthemidstofaneconomicrecovery，long-termunemployment------joblessnessandjob-seekingthatlastsatleastayear------1.rstubbornlyhighinmanyofthecountriesthatwerehardesthitbythe2008financialcrisisandits2..Unfortunately，theEuropeanCommission’sproposalsforaddressingtheproblemareinmanycases3.i.

Europeneedsfarmoreinnovativelabor-marketpoliciestospurjobcreationand4.rlong-termunemployment，whichcanbeparticularlydestabilizingforsociety.Aswehaveseen，unemploymenthasbeenanimportant5.fintheriseofpopulistpartiesthatarenowthreateningsocialcohesion，democracy，andtheruleoflawinEurope.

AccordingtoEurostat，thestatisticalarmoftheEuropeanCommission，tenmillionpeopleacrosstheEU’s28memberstateswere6.sfromlong-termunemploymentin2016.Ofthese，aroundeightmillionareintheeurozone，andmorethanaquarterare50andover.

Foryoungpeople，auniversityeducationor7.vtrainingcaninsureagainstlong-termunemployment，atleastwhensufficientjobsareavailable.Butforpeoplewhoare50orolder，theterminationofaworkcontractalltoooften8.ltoprolongedjoblessness.Forexample，amongunemployedEuropeans50andover，60.3%havebeenunemployedformorethanayear;butforallunemployedEuropeansofworkingage，thatnumber9.fsignificantly，to46.6%.

Behindthesestatisticsareindividualstoriesofpersonaltragedy，self-doubt，10.d，andlostfaithinsociety.Considerthecaseofa53-ycar-oldchiefITofficerwithadoctoratewhowaslaidofffromamedium-sizeAustrian11.c.Whileunemployed，hesentouthundredsofjobapplicationsButonthefew12.owhenhewascalledinforaninterview，employersfirsttoldhimhewas"tooexpensive"or"overqualified".

Themostobviousdifferencebetweencognitivismanditsalternativesinsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)isthattheformerdrawsfrompsychologicalandthelatterfromsociallyorientedexplanationsforL2learningandassociatedconstructs.Thetraditionally

Psychologicallyorientedtheoriesconstrue1.

knowledgeasresidinginthemind，assumewhichlearning2.

isanindividualaccomplishments，andpositthatmind3.

achieveslearningenvironmentalstimuli.Bycontrast，4.

theSLAtheoriesfeaturedinthisbook，aswellasothers，

viewlearningasasocialaccomplishmentandpositsthat5.

knowledgeandlearningaresociallydistributing，havesocial6.

histories，andareonlypossiblethroughsociality.Perhapsthe7.

Theoreticallymostelaborateincarnationsonthispositioncan8.

befoundinthesocioculturaltheoryandthelanguage

Socializationapproaches，becausebothhaddeveloped9.

uniqueandthehighlyspecificdefinitionof"languagelearning".10.

Thus，insocioculturaltheory，languagelearningislearningtoengageincognitivemediationintheL2.

1.EthicdevotionisnotindispensableforanexcellentEFLteacher.

2.Aconsonantclusterreferstoagroupoftwoormoresymbolswhichactuallyrepresentonesound.

3.Helpingstudentsguessoutthemeaningsofnewwordsbymakingfulluseofthecontextsisimportantbecausethatwillmakestudentsbetterunderstandtheword.

4.Grammarcouldbeeitherdescriptiveorprescriptive.

5.Listenerexpectationinreal-lifelisteningsituationsmeansthatthespeakertakesintoaccountthelistener’sintentions.

7.Thefocusofreadingaloudshouldbeputoneffectivereadingstrategies.

8.Reportsandadvertisementswritingareguidedwritingactivities.

9.Itisunnecessarytoinquirestudents’needswhenplanninglessonsbecauseeverythingissetintextbooksinChina.

10.UsingtechnologytopracticeblendedlearningisastrategyofusinginformationandcommunicationstechnologyinEnglishteaching.

1.Asetofassumptionsaboutthenatureofhumanlearningthatguideconstructivistlearningtheoriesandteachingmethods.Itvaluesdevelopmentallyappropriate，teacher-supportedlearningthatisinitiatedanddirectedbythestudent.

2.Theknowledgeofhowtoperformsometasktosolveaproblem.Differentfromotherkindsofknowledgesuchaspropositionalknowledge，itcanbedirectlyappliedtoatask.

3.Typicallyusedinwriting，butisanyactivitywhereindividualsgenerateideasrelatedtoatopicortask;doneineithergroupsorindividuallywithnorestrictiononqualityofideas.Onceideasaregenerated，theyarethenevaluatedandadecisionaboutwhichtopursueismade.

4.Realoractualobjectsusedasteachingaidstomakelearningmorenatural;canincludeforms，pictures，tickets，schedules，souvenirs，advertisementsandarticlesfromEnglishmagazinesornewspapers，andsoon.

5.Grammarthatisdescribedintermsofgrammarrulesofwhatisconsideredthebestusageoftenbygrammarians;suchgrammarmaynotagreewithwhatpeopleactuallysayorwrite.

6.Toteachbyexample;forexample，ateacherwhowantsstudentstodoanactivitymayfirstdemonstratetheactivity，oftenwithastudentvolunteer.

7.Aformoflanguagelearningbasedonbehavioristpsychology.Itstressesthefollowing:listeningandspeakingbeforereadingandwriting;activitiessuchasdialoguesanddrills，formationofgoodhabitsandautomaticlanguageusethroughmuchrepetition;useoftargetlanguageonlyintheclassroom.

9.Abilitytoreflectonone’sownthinkingandlearning.

10.Alearningtechniquewhichavoidsgraspingtheinnercomplexitiesandinferencesofthesubjectthatbeinglearnedandinsteadfocusesonmemorizingthematerialsothatitcanberecalledbythelearnerexactlythewayitwasreadorheard.

1.SuccessfuloralEnglishlessonsbearsomefeaturesandtypicalspeakingactivities.WhatarethecharacteristicsofsuccessfuloralEnglishlessonsandtypicalspeakingactivitiesPleaseprovidethecircumstanceswhenthosespeakingactivitiescanbeused.

2.Grammarteachinginvolvesnotonlypresentationbutalsopractice.WhataretheactivitiesofcontrolledpracticeandmeaningfulpracticetypicallyusedingrammarteachingHowcanbothtypesofpracticebeemployedtoenhancestudents’grammarlearning

InhighschoolEnglishreadingteaching，someteachersconductthelessonasapassageparaphrasinglesson.Theyreadthepassagesentencebysentence.Ifnewwords，difficultsentencepatternsandnewgrammarpointsareincludedinasentence，theteacherswillexplainthemandparaphrasethesentenceortranslateitintoChinese.Ifthesentenceiseasy，theteacherswillreaditthroughandmoveontoparaphrasenextone.Whenthesentence-by-sentenceparaphraseisfinished，thereadinglessonisover.

2020年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题

Bullyinginschool

1.Almosteverybodycantellastoryortwoabouthavingoncebeenvictimizedinschoolbyabully.Andwhilemostofusgetoverthefearandthehumiliation，somedonot.(段落内容不全)

2.NathanFeris，aseventh-graderatDekalbHighSchoolinDekalbMissouri，decidedthatenduringfouryearsoftauntingbyotherchildren，Hewasjustsomeonetopickon，"'theysaid(段落内容不全)

3.AsetofparentsinJapanhavefileda22-million-yendamagesuitagainsttheTokyometropolitangovernmentandtheparentsoftwoallegedbullies.claimingthattheir13-yearsoldson'ssuicidewascausedbyijimi(bullying):Thenboyhangedhimselfinarailwayrestroomandleftanotenamingtwoclassmatesasthecauseofhisanguish.(段落内容不全)

4.ItseemsthatbullyinghasbeenaprobleminschoolsforschoolaslongastherehavebeenschoolsTeachers，schoolofficials，parents，andotherstudentstoooftenseemtostandbyaschildrenaredegraded，humiliated，beaten，andridiculed.(段落内容不全)

5.Leftunchecked，bullyinginschoolcanleadtotragicconsequencesakintothetwocasesmentionedabove，thechildrenofbulliesoftenbecomebulliesthemselves.(段落内容不全)

6.Why，thendoschoolofficials，teachers，andparentsoftenappeartotakesolittlenoticeschoolsmaynotwanttoidentifybullyingasaproblembecausetheydonothavetheresourcestoaddressit.(段落内容不全)

7.Studentswhoarethevictimsofbulliesandschoolsofficialswhoholdthepowertostopthemhaveverydifferentperceptionsoftheproblem.Thisdifferencehashinderedeffectivepreventionefforts.

8.IdevelopedasurveythatwasadministeredinSpringandSummerof1993totwogroupsinupstateNewYorkAnd588%ofstudentssurveyedsaidthatthehad.(段落内容不全)

9.Thesizeofthedifferenceinperceptionsbetweenstudentsandschoolstaffmemberssuggeststhatthestaffmembersdonotrecognizetheextentofthebullyingthatstudentsface.Bullyingjustdosenotseemtobethatbigaproblem"tothestaff.

10.Thesamesurveyuncoveredsomeinterestingfacts.themajority(53%)ofthevictimsofbulliesaregirls.(段落内容不全)

11.Notsurprisingly:thebullyingthattakesplaceamong.boystendstobemorephysica167.1%weregirls.(段落内容不全)

12.Amongallstudentssurveyed，10%indicatedthat76.5%wereboys.(段落内容不全)

13/14/15/16intothecurriculum.(段落内容不全)

17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25(段落内容不全)

Itisimportanttorecognizethatbullyingdoesnothavetobepartofachild'sschoolexperience.notdread.

1.Whatproblemdosethetextdealwith

A.Schoolstaffsignoranceofbullying.

B.Allkindsofbullyinginschool.

C.Parent'sprotectionforschoolbullyingvictims

D.Morefemalevictimsinschoolbullying.

2.Whichconsequenceofignoringtheschoolbullyingproblemisnotmentionedinthe

passage

A.Schoolviolenceoccurrence

B.EmotionalandPsychologicalscars

C.Students'economicproblem

D.Thebulliesbecomingbullies

3.Whydoadultsoftenignoretheschoolbullyingproblem

A.Theydon'thavetimetocareaboutthat

B.Theythinkit'stheschool'sduty

C.Thechildrendonotreporttheproblem

D.Theyconsiderbullyingasnaturalpartofschool

4.Thisdifferencehashinderedeffectivepreventionefforts."(part7)Whatdosethesentence

mean

A.Theeffortsofpreventingschoolbullyingareinvainbecauseofthedifferentideasof

studentvictimsandschoolofficialsonbullying.

B.Theeffortsofpreventingschoolbullyingareeffectivebecausetherearenodifferentidea

amongstudentvictimsandschoolofficialsonbullying.

C.Effectiveeffortshavebeenmadebydifferentstudentvictimsandschoolofficialson

preventingschoolbullying.

D.Theeffortsofpreventingschoolbullyingarenoteffectivebecausedifferentstudent

victimsandschoolofficialscannotworktogethertosolvetheproblem.

5.WhichofthefollowingistherightdescriptiondoBullying

A.Bullyingisthesituationthatwhenyouarecheatedbyyourclassmates

B.Bullyingisthesituationthatyouareonlyphysicallyhunt

C.Bullyingisthesituationthatyouareignoredbyyourclassmates

D.Bullyingisthesituationthatyourclassmatesreportyourbadbehaviortoyourteachers.

6.Whichofthefollowingcorrectlydescribesthegenderdifferenceinbullying

A.Moreboysarethevictimsofverbalbullying

B.Moregirlsexperiencephysicalbullying

C.Onlyboysarethevictimsofbullying

D.Moregirlsarereportedasvictimsofbullying

7.Whichoneofthefollowingsuggestionsonsolvingtheproblemgainsmoresupportsfrom

students

A.Tougherdiscipline

B.Bettersupervision

C.Morecounseling

D.In-servicetraining

8.Peersponsoristheapproachofferedby

A.E.Roland

B.DanielOlweus

C.C.StJohnBrooks

D.D.Stead

9.Whatistheauthorsattitudetowardsbullying

A.Bullyingisanunavoidablepantofschoollife

B.Mostofthepeoplecangothroughschoolyearswithoutbeingbullied

C.Bullyinghasbeenidentifiedasaprobleminallschools

D.Bullyingshouldneverbethepartofgrowingup

10.Whatistheauthorspurposeofwritingthepassage

A.Tointroduceuswhatschoolbullyingisandprovideeffectiveremedies.

B.Tocallourattentiononschoolbullyingandprovideeffectiveremedies

C.Tocomparethedifferentapproachesofdealingwithbullyingandprovidehisown

suggestions

D.Toanalyzethecausesofschoolbullyingandprovideusthebestsolutions

TheGigEconomy

1.Theworkingworldischanging-Inourincreasingflexiblelabourmarket.(段落内容不全)

2.DefiningtheGigEconomyisincrediblydifficultbecauseofhowdiversethelabourmarketistoincludealloftheabove.(段落内容不全)

3.Thereare275collaborativeeconomyplatformsintheEUcreatinganestimated25bnannuallyofsectorsandindustries(rec，2016)(段落内容不全)

4.Thetrans-formativeimpactofemploymentcontracts.(段落内容不全)

5.Sucharapidgrowthofofchallengestobeaddressed.(段落内容不全)

6.Thecommotionofthelabourwell-distributed(REC2016)(段落内容不全)

Directions:pleasecompletethefollowingtwotasks.

1.Headings-chooseasubtitleforparagraph.

Paragraph1.A.Principalgigcompanies

Paragraph2.B.Theriseofthegigeconomy

Paragraph3.C.Theimportanceofthegigeconomy

Paragraph4.D.Acomplexdefinition

Paragraph5.E.Futurechallenges

Paragraph6.F.Thelimitationsofthegigeconomy

2.PleasetellwhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothetext

(1)PeoplewhoworkfortheGigEconomyareselfemployed

(2)Definingisdifficultbecauseofthedifferenttypesofworkers

(3)Somecrowd-sourcingprofilesarelying

(4)Moreresearchisnecessarytoofferbetterprotection

TraditionalresearchonmotivationinSLAconsistedofstudying1arge

numbersofsubjectsusingquestionnairethatwereadministeredatonetime

forlargenumbersofsubjects.Thisresearchprovidesafreezeframe/

snapshotperspectiveonmotivation.However，itgaveusnotinformation

abouttheindividuallearner，andtheMolenaar(2004)hasdemonstrated，

wecannotarguefromgroupstoindividualsexceptundereverystrict

conditions.Thesestudiesgaveinformationaboutmotivationatparticular

momentontime.Nevertheless.theywereofteninterpretedasproviding

informationaboutwhatkindofmotivationhasbroughtthelearnertothis

pointandaboutthatwhatkindofmotivationwouldcarryhim/herforward.

1.Teachingapproachisthelevelatwhichtheoryisputintopracticeandatwhichchoicesaremadeabouttheparticularskillstobetaught.

2.Onegoalofcooperativelearningistoenhancelearners'motivationandreducelearnersstressandtocreatepositiveaffectiveclassroomclimate.

3.Inrapidspeech，nativeEnglishspeakersoftendropoutthefinalconsonantinatwo-consonantclusterwhenitisimmediatelyfollowedbyanotherconstant，especiallyifitisoneresultingfromaddingthesuffix-sorthesuffix-ed.

4.Invocabularyteaching.newitemsneedtobepresentedinwrittenformsfirstasthewrittenformsaremoreimportantthanspokenforms.

5.Presentingnewgrammaritemsinaclearandcomprehensiblewaycanberealizedbycreatingpropersituations.

6.Whenteachinglistening.weshouldnotallow1eamerstolistenandviewatthesametimeastheycannotviewinlisteningexaminations.

7.Teachersshouldencourageandpraiselearnerswheneverpossibleinteachingspeakingasthatishelpfulinbuildinguplearners'confidence.

8.InKWLquestions.Wmeans"whatdoIwanttoknow

9.Theteacher-studentsinteractionwillfollowthepatternofresponseinitiation-feedback"inclassroomteaching.

10.WhenintegratingICTintoEnglishteaching.teachersneednotnecessarilyknowstudents'familiaritywithICTallthetime.

1.Asetofletterscontainingthefirstletterofagroupofwordsthatisanameorphrase，e.g.ELT(EnglishLanguageTeaching).

2.Itreferstotexts(spokenorwritten)thatsharethesameconventions，e.g.structure，vocabulary.register，andgrammar.Thecharacteristicsofitsdifferenttypesarenecessary.

3.Itreferstotheorganizationofexperienceand/orknowledgeintoconceptualframeworksinthemindofbrain.Itallowsthebraintoreferenceandintegratenewknowledgeorsituationsthroughmakingconnectionswiththatisalreadyknown.

4.Itreferstotechniquestheteachercanusetosupportlearnersintheirlearningofnewlanguageorskills.Thetechniquesincludebreakingtasksdownintosmallsteps，providingdemonstrations，providingvisualstosupporttestsandtalk，providinglearnerswithdictionaries，guiding1eamerswithteachertalk.

5.Whiletheyarelearninganewlanguagelearnerscreatetheirownversionofgrammaticalsystemsforthenewlanguagewhichsueastheyareleaning.

6.Inrapidspeechthereisatendencyforneighbouringphonestobecomemoresimilarpresumablytomakepronunciationeasier.Forexample.althoughthewordsAstonandAsdaarebothwrittenwithanS:thesecondwordisnormallypronouncedasifspeltAzda.Thereasonisthat[s]and[t]arebothvoicelesswhereas[z]and[d]arebothvoiced.Thesequencefricativefollowedbystopeasiertosayifbothhavethesamevoicing.

7.Thesituationiswhichlanguageisusedorpresented.

8.Itisaquestionateacherorstudentasksbecausetheygenuinelywanttofindouttheanswertothequestion.Itisoftencontrastedwithdisplayquestion，whichisaskedsoastogivethestudentanopportunityto"display"theirknowledgeorability.Inlanguageteaching:suchquestionsareoftenassociatedwiththewarm-upstageusealanguagethattheteachercannotpredict，andtendtoinvolveuseofhigherorderthinkingskills.

9.Thisisatermusedintestingandassessmenttodescribetheeffectontheclassroomofteststhatlearnerswilltake.Itmayaffecte.g.thesyllabus，methodology，interactionpatterns，attitudestolearningetc，andcanbepositiveornegative.

10.Thisisateachingtechnique.Whenateacherthinksthatsomelearnersknowapieceoflanguageortheinformation，he/sheaskstargetedquestionsorgivescluestogetorpromptthemtogivethetargetlanguageorinformationratherthansimplyprovidingittotheclassher/himself.Forexample，theteacheristeachingwordsfordifferentvegetablesHe/Sheshowslearnersapictureofacarrotandsays:what'sthisTheteacherdoesthisbecausehe/shethinkssomeofthelearnersmightbeabletosay!It'sacarrot.

1.Whatarethetheoreticalclaimsoflanguageandlanguage1eamingthatunderpinthe

Task-BasedLanguageTeachingmethodListatleastfiveofthem.

2.Whatarethestepsthatteachersshouldfollowwhentheypreparefordevelopingan

end-of-termEnglishtest

ThisstudyinvestigatedtheattitudesofChineseuniversitystudentsandteacherstowardsChinaEnglish(CE).anemergingvarietyinChinaandtheideologicalundenpinningsbeneaththeirattitudinalresponses.Inthestudy.1589universitystudentsand193EnglishteacherswereaskedtoevaluatetheunderstandabilityandacceptabilityofsomepotentialfeaturesofCEwithaquestionnairesurvey.Amongthem，31studentsand33teacherswerealsoinvitedtoprovidereasonsfortheirsurveyanswers.ThestudyrevealedthatboththestudentandteacherparticipantswerereluctanttoacceptCEasapedagogicalmodelbuttheirattitudesdivergeasspecificCEfeatureswereinvolved.Thein-depthexplorationoftheirjustificationsidentifiedthatthewidespreadnativespeakerEnglishideologyandChinglishstigmaweremoreimportantreasonsleadingtotheirnegativeevaluationsofCEthanconcernsforthecommunicativenessofCEtotheoutsideworld.FindingsofthestudymayhaveimportantimplicationsforEnglisheducationincontextswherelocalvarietiesofEnglishareemerging.

2021年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题（回忆版）

Passage1(2*10)

主题：体育教学

题型：选择题

Passage2(2*10)

主题：男女差异

题型：六个选择、四个判断

写作题源为2009年的一篇论文摘要，关于大学教师的tensionsandchallengesbetweenteachingthebookandeducatingtheperson.要求commentontheresearchandtheresearchmethodologyofthestudy.

2022年硕士研究生入学考试初试真题（回忆版）

一、阅读（每题2分，共20分）

主题为safetysea，六个选择题，四个判断题。

二、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）

该题难度较大，回忆有：acquisition，learningstyles，jargon，speechcommunity，dialect，register，semantics，feedback，reflection等（这些名词均为学姐回忆，仅为参考）

三、简答题（每题20分，共40分）

1.WhatarethekeyassumptionsaboutTBLT

四、写作题（每题35分，共35分）

材料是基于一个关于城市乡村不同地域、不同教学方法下学生learningmotivationofL2的研究的摘要部分，摘要内容只说了是个什么样的研究但是没有提及研究结果，材料用词有点晦涩。

Commentsontheresearchfocusofthestudyandthemethodologyemployed.

Commentsonthecompositionoftheabstract.

五、教学设计（每题35分，共35分）

材料为新版人教版高中英语教材必修一第三单元的阅读语篇——“LivingLegends”，进行教学设计并撰写教案。