讲好中国故事——“外研社杯”英语演讲大赛获奖作品修辞劝说研究ConveyingChineseStoriesEffectively—AnExplorationofRhetoricalPersuasioninTopPerformancesfromthe“FLTRPCup”NationalEnglishSpeechContest

——“外研社杯”英语演讲大赛获奖作品修辞劝说研究

王雯静,何梦宇,郑文娟,张婧怡,赵语歌

湖北经济学院外国语学院,湖北武汉

收稿日期:2023年4月4日;录用日期:2023年5月15日;发布日期:2023年5月24日

摘要

在当今全球化时代,优秀的口头表达能力不仅能使人在多元化的竞争中脱颖而出,而且还是传播优秀灿烂的本国文化的有效媒介。而演讲作为口头表达的重要方式之一,因其本身具有典型的劝说性和美学影响力,一直备受重视。本文选取2017~2021年“外研社杯”英语演讲大赛获奖作品,运用西方古典修辞理论,从修辞劝说的角度探讨元话语如何在演讲中实现人品诉诸、情感诉诸和理性诉诸,旨在为提高我国英语学习者演讲水平,进而为更好地讲好中国故事添砖加瓦。

关键词

修辞劝说,元话语,“外研社杯”,英语演讲,讲好中国故事

ConveyingChineseStoriesEffectively

—AnExplorationofRhetoricalPersuasioninTopPerformancesfromthe“FLTRPCup”NationalEnglishSpeechContest

WenjingWang,MengyuHe,WenjuanZheng,JingyiZhang,YugeZhao

SchoolofForeignLanguages,HubeiUniversityofEconomics,WuhanHubei

Received:Apr.4th,2023;accepted:May15th,2023;published:May24th,2023

ABSTRACT

Intheeraofglobalization,outstandingoralcommunicationskillsnotonlyenableindividualstoexcelindiversecompetitions,butalsoserveasaneffectivemediumfordisseminatingrichandvibrantChineseculture.Speech,asaprominentformoforalexpression,hasbeenhighlyregardedduetoitspersuasiveandaestheticimpact.Thisstudyexaminesseveraltopperformancesfromthe“FLTRPCup”NationalEnglishSpeechContestfrom2017to2021andusesWesternclassicalrhetorictheorytoexplorehowmetapdiscourserealizesethos,logos,andpathosinspeechesfromtheperspectiveofrhetoricalpersuasion.ThestudyaimstoenhancethespeechproficiencyofEnglishlearnersinChinaandfacilitatetheconveyingofChinesestorieseffectively.

Keywords:RhetoricalPersuasion,Metadiscourse,“FLTRPCup”,EnglishSpeech,ConveyingChineseStoriesEffectively

ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionInternationalLicense(CCBY4.0).

1.引言

本研究基于西方古典修辞理论,分析“外研社杯”英语演讲大赛获奖作品的修辞劝说机制。西方修辞学的精华一直以来是亚里士多德的观点。口语和书面交际无一不蕴含着修辞学的理念,而演讲是最显现亚里士多德的劝说性的口语体裁。亚里士多德早在古希腊时期就以演说为基础,系统地解析如何恰当地使用修辞提高语言美感,增强语言表达能力。亚里士多德认为,劝说通常包含三种诉诸模式,即人品诉诸、情感诉诸和理性诉诸,分别涉及说话者的个人品格、受众的情感刺激和语篇的逻辑结构[3]。在语篇建构中,元话语作为一种话语修辞策略,可以帮助说话者塑造谨慎的品格,建立良好的形象;调动受众情感,引起情感共鸣;组织语篇结构,增强表达逻辑性[4],以此实现这三种诉诸。本研究将元话语作为劝说手段进行考察,讨论它们在“外研社杯”英语演讲中的引导和交互劝说功能,为如何讲好中国故事、传播好中国声音提供参考。

2.理论框架

3.研究方法

本文主要回答“外研社杯”总决赛中获奖选手如何使用元话语修辞资源进行论证劝说来实现语篇的人品诉诸、情感诉诸和理性诉诸。基于研究问题,本文选取2017~2021年“外研社杯”英语演讲大赛总决赛中获奖选手即兴演讲部分的文本自建一个小型语料库,总文本数为12篇,共5107词符。需要注意的是,依据Hyland和Jiang,“and”并非是传达作者特定意图的有意识的修辞策略,而是默认的固定表达(TheDefaultOptions)[6],因此,本文将“and”不归为过渡标记。基于人际元话语模式,本研究首先对语料中的元话语进行逐句判断,为确保研究的可信度,我们前后复核三次,最终形成统一的标注标准。接着,使用AntConc4.2.0语料库工具的Concordance功能对语料进行检索统计。

4.研究结果及讨论

Table1.ClassificationandStatisticsofinterpersonalmetadiscoursein“FLTRPCup”NationalEnglishSpeechContestfrom2017to2021(per100words)

4.1.元话语的人品诉诸:树立良好形象

人品诉诸被亚里士多德认为是最有效的劝说手段[3],在三诉诸功能中起支配作用。人品诉诸依托演讲者个人的品格魅力,如谨慎、智慧、公正、庄重、性情友好等,以可信的方式对听众进行论述劝说,以此实现亚氏的三大维度,即明智(GoodSense)、美德(GoodMoralCharacter)和善意(GoodWill)[3]。在证明才智方面,演讲者要塑造专业熟练,经验丰富的形象;在展示美德时,演讲者要通过言行来展示自己的品格和信誉,证明自己值得信任;在表达善意时,演讲者必须了解受众的需求,对陈述的信息分析利弊。通过分析“外研社杯”演讲文本,我们发现,实现人品诉诸主要通过模糊限制语、自我提及以及证源标记三种途径实现。

模糊限制语是指运用可能性的话语来阐述命题,使命题不再先入为主地灌输给听众。这一方面是受到现代科学理性主义的影响,发话者对自己提出的命题保持谨慎的态度,另一方面也给受众提供了一定的对命题的商讨空间,邀请受众加入自己演讲主题的探讨中,给予受众充分的尊重,而受众会更信任尊重自己的演讲者。例如:

(1)Someofusmatter,whilesomeofusdon’t,atleastnotthatmuch.(2018)

(2)Everydayheneedstospendabout12hoursdrivingalongtheroad.(2021)

在例(1)和例(2)中,模糊限制语notthatmuch和about降低断言内容的肯定性,表述严谨客观,为演讲者塑造谨慎的自身形象。

自我提及是在演讲中不可避免的一个元话语,与学术写作避免使用第一人称单数“I”不同,演讲中的自我提及大多使用第一人称单数及其复数来投射自我。例如:

(3)Wedoinheritmostofthesocialcapitalsthatgettodecidewhatkindofarolewestartwithwhenwecometothisworld.(2018)

(4)Weallhaveatablelikethisinourhomes.(2019)

(5)WhenIcametoChinaasaforeigner,Ididn'tunderstandwhyChinesepeoplecherishandadmirethepresidentsomuch.(2021)

上例(3)和(4)中的人称代词“we”能有效拉近演讲者和受众之间的距离,体现出演讲者的亲切感,将受众和演讲者自身归为同一个作用或被作用的群体,是提高自身可信度的有力劝说手段。演讲者同样使用第一人称单数的形式来讲述自身经历,如例(5)中演讲者使用自我指称“I”化身故事主人公,将自己对命题内容的态度投射到话语中,用自身经历说服受众。

证源标记是引用来自其他语篇的话语来加强对自己语篇命题的印证,这种辅以其他研究成果的论述加强了自身论点的权威性和可信度,从而使受众认可自己的观点,具有很好的劝说效果。例如:

(6)2000yearsago,Confuciusputforwardtheideaofunitybutnotuniformity.(2019)

(7)Amongtheveryfirstlinesof“TheDeclarationofIndependence”,thisonegoes:“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evidentthatallmenarecreatedequal”.(2018)

4.2.元话语的情感诉诸:调动受众情感

参与标记直接指引受众进入当前语篇,把受众当作语篇的参与者,是体现演讲者对于受众的存在、预测受众的期待的语言表达。参与标记可以有效地吸引受众的注意力,使受众与演讲者感同身受,并建立两者间的和谐关系。因此,演讲者的情感诉诸可以通过参与标记来实现。例如:

(8)Youcanseeindustrialrevolutionisthefoundationforalltheotherrevolutions.(2020)

(9)ButbeforeItoldyouthestorybehindthemeaningofthesewordsandthepersonwhohasusedthemalot,letmeaskyouaquestion.(2021)

例(8)和例(9)皆用了第二人称代词“you”,旨在邀请受众参与语篇,创造与受众亲切交流的友好氛围。例(8)中“youcansee”表现了演讲者积极创建与受众的互动,引领受众参与当前话题的讨论。例(9)中演讲者用“letmeaskyouaquestion”吸引受众的注意,引发受众的思考,使他们在已有的信息基础上更好地理解演讲的内容,从而成为演讲中的参与者,最终与演讲者产生情感共鸣。

态度标记明示发话者对所叙述事物的态度和评价。发话者在语篇中使用态度标记,是希望能通过自己的态度来影响受众对所叙述事物的看法。从心理层面来看,态度标记是发话者对受众的一种暗示,使受话者产生相同的理解和态度。例如:

(10)Yetluckilyandsurprisingly,theoldwomanseemedtohaveseenourpredicament,camebacktoourrescue,offeringtohelpusrentbikesfromotherstores.(2021)

(11)So,itisvitalthatweplayaroleofauniversityforpassingonknowledge,nourishingdiversityandinspiringcreativityforthestudentsandofthestudents.(2017)

在例(10)和例(11)中,态度标记语“luckilyandsurprisingly”和“itisvital”预设了演讲者以受众为中心,期待受众同演讲者一样有相同的反应。在例(10)中,演讲者在过渡标记“yet”后用“luckilyandsurprisingly”调动受众的情绪,突出了老妇人愿意帮助我们的惊喜。在例(11)中,演讲者使用“itisvital”表明态度,对大学传递知识、培养多样化、鼓励创新的重要性做出肯定。

(12)Heavenisnatureand(the)manisanintegralpartofit,andtherelationshipbetweenheavenandmanshouldbeharmonious,coexistenceandone.(2019)

在例(12)中,演讲者表示人和自然的关系应该是和谐共存的,“should”表达了演讲者对受众尊重的态度,使受众愿意在情感上理解和赞同演讲者。

增强语强调判断的确定性。演讲者通过使用增强语来表达对自己观点的肯定,同时强化情感和态度,从而引起受众产生更强烈的思想感情力量,如例(13)。

(13)Infact,theword“harmony”isdeeplyrootedintraditionalChineseculture.(2019)

如例(13)所示,演讲者使用“infact”和“deeply”,强调了和谐植根于中国传统文化的事实,表明演讲者对自己的观点有充分的把握,同时激发受众的认同感,以此达到劝说的目的。

在正文中,需要标注对参考文献的引用。标注时也使用“[x]”的形式。

4.3.元话语的理性诉诸:组织篇章结构

(14)Andfirstly,forexample,speakingofthestructure,thenourplanetisactuallyaplanetmadeofwater.(2018)

(15)Nowwiththatinmind,letmetellyouastoryofaveryimportantambassadorofChinesenessandhowhehasdemonstratedawisdom:Humility.(2021)

如上例所示,演讲者使用框架标记“firstly”、“now”划分语篇结构、表达话题顺序,以帮助受众建立清晰的信息框架,更好地理解语篇。

解释标记可以帮助说明、澄清和解释复杂抽象的概念或论点,使得受众能更好地接受演讲者的主张,属于演讲者与受众之间的互动[4],用于让受众理解所陈述的观点。演讲者常用的解释标记有:thatis、forexample等,例如:

(16)Thatisourtoleranceofdifferentpeople,ourwillingnesstoembracedifferentcultureandartisticformsourcareandloveandrespectfornotonlyourfamily.(2019)

(17)Thisrequiresadvancedtechnology.Forexample,agriculturalrevolution.Thedevelopmentofdroneandcultivatorsandcombinedharvesters.(2020)

在例(16)和例(17)中,解释标记“thatis”和“forexample”都起到了说明和解释观点的作用,“thatis”阐释了演讲者之前提出的概念,使其细致化、具体化,“forexample”则扩展了对话题的陈述,进一步聚焦于演讲者的所述要点,两者都能帮助听众更好地理解演讲者的主张。

过渡标记是最为常用的连接语篇的手段,它能帮助指明不同句子、段落之间的逻辑关系[4],引导受众跟随演讲者的思路,实现思路的连贯性,同时增强逻辑的严密性,如but、thus、inconclusion、because等;同时,过渡标记还能帮助语篇跳出局部,将不同的事实和论点联系在一起,以此更有效地进行阐述,例如:

(18)Thereasonswhywecometogethermaybevarious,butthesensationbehinditremainsyearafteryear,thesame.(2019)

(19)Andthisisactuallythesamewithhotpot,becausenosoup,nohotpot.(2018)

在例(18)中,“but”表明了前后句转折的逻辑关系,实现前后话语的衔接,同时也强调了后半部分的命题信息,将其与演讲者想要表达的主题关联起来,帮助受众厘清语篇结构;在例(19)中,because引出了前句与演讲整体论点的相同之处,帮助受众跟随演讲者思路的同时,也增强了此论点与主题的逻辑联系一致性和严密性。

5.结语

讲好中国故事,传播好中国声音,对如何用形象打动人、用情感感染人、用事实说服人起着重要作用。本文通过分析2017~2021年“外研社杯”英语演讲大赛中的元话语修辞手段,得出以下结论:1)公共演讲中元话语的出现以互动式元话语为主,引导式元话语为辅,常用的人际元话语有过渡标记、框架标记和自我提及。2)模糊限制语、自我提及以及证源标记可以实现人品诉诸功能;参与标记、态度标记、模糊限制语和增强语都可以实现演讲者的情感诉诸;引导式元话语用来组织篇章,其子分类框架标记、解释标记以及过渡标记多用于实现理性诉诸功能。本研究发现对公共英语演讲教学有重要启示。长期以来,大学英语演讲课程强调公共演讲技巧,侧重情感投入的培养、肢体语言和声音的训练。这种建议虽然实用,但被批评为非常“基本”和“肤浅”(p.78)[9]。在英语演讲教学中,应培养学生的修辞意识[10],应着重强调修辞资源和元话语的应用,进而提高“陈情”和“说理”的能力,让所讲的故事更好地为国际社会所认同。

基金项目

本文为2022年湖北经济学院校级大学生科研立项重点项目“讲好中国故事——‘外研社杯’英语演讲大赛获奖作品修辞劝说研究”的阶段性成果。

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10.2024中国驾照考试英语科目一科目四题库3. Vehicle management offices in various cities across the country can take English exams for subjects one and four, with a unified test bank across China. All cities have the same test questions, and many foreigners have obtained Chinese driving licenses through our test questions bank.英文http://www.jiakaowaiyu.com/english/
11.ChinesejokesStephenJones:ablogStories ofPrince Sihanouk visiting China, an intriguing sub-genre. Posted inChina,Chinese,dr?lerie,language/Tagged,Maoism,Python 10/07/2020 InThe joys of indexingI essayed a rough classification of the manyChinese jokeson this blog; with this one I can now add the subhead “ancient”. https://stephenjones.blog/tag/chinese-jokes/
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13.A.anEnglish;ChineseB.England;ChineseC.Eng大学职业搜题刷题APP 下载APP首页 课程 题库模板 题库创建教程 创建题库 登录 创建自己的小题库 搜索 【简答题】She is___. She likes ___ lesson. A. an English; Chinese B. England; Chinese C. English; Chinese D. English; China如何将EXCEL生成https://www.shuashuati.com/ti/12c725e1e52a43d48391aee8ae16da15.html
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16.→china用英语。字典英语It would seem that the Chinese can't restrain themselves from speaking English with me, even though they know that I speak Chinese and that I'm not English. More recently, some hutongs have been designated as protected areas in an attempt to preserve this aspect of Chinese cultural history.https://zh.vocapp.com/dictionary/en/en/china
17.Chinaiptoday.comCATL ups ante to $78 mln in patent suit against biggest chaser CALB 五月26, 2022 China vets baby brand Yumeijing’s merger with drug company 五月24, 2022 Tencent sues vivo over unfair competition for app store traffic 五月20, 2022 http://www.chinaiptoday.com/
18.GLOBALinkFacesofChina:BlindEnglishteacherhelpsblindA visually impaired Chinese man taught himself English and pursued studies in the UK. He is now offering free English lessons to visually impaired children in China, inspiring them to break barriers and embrace new opportunities. 编辑: Qin Shuying 2290 版权声明:未经许可禁止以任何形式转载 打开http://api.app.anhuinews.com/content/8062686.html
19.AWomanInChina,byMaryGauntA WOMAN IN CHINA By Mary Gaunt Author Of "Alone In West Africa," "The Uncounted Cost," Those two ladies were a credit to the English nation. They bore themselves with the utmost here is another with an earthenware dish full of an appetising-looking stew of meat and vegetableshttps://www.gutenberg.org/files/54401/54401-h/54401-h.htm
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21.CivilAviationAdministrationofChinaOn December 17, the closing ceremony of the Second Phase of the China-EU Aviation Partnership Project (APP) was held at the EU Delegation to Ambassador to China, and representatives from the EU Aviation Safety Agency, DG MOV of the European Commission, the EU Chamber of Commerce inhttp://www.caac.gov.cn/English/
22.TeachEnglishOnline:Make$26/hour(orMore!)inYourSpareDid you know that English is the official language of over 50 countries? Since 1 out of every 5 people on the planet speak or understand English, it’s no surprise that there’s a high demand for both children and adults to learn English–especially in China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnamhttps://www.sidehustlenation.com/teach-english-online/
23.EnglishTeacherChinaOnlineExploreEnglish TeacherChina Online An additional roadblock is tech issues. Below’s how to teach English online badly. Make use of a truly negative connection so that in the middle of your lesson, your screen freezes and also you seem as though you have a truly negative stutter. Don’t gethttps://www.hiredchina.com/articles/English-Teacher-China-Online/
24.herhusbandGeorge,whoisteachingEnglishatauniversity打开APP 题目 举报 请帮英语完成回答Dinner with FriendsJanice is a young American engineer working for a manufacturing joint venture near Nanjing.She and her husband George,who is teaching English at a university,are learning Chinese and enjoying their new life.They have been eager to get to knowhttps://qb.zuoyebang.com/xfe-question/question/8358d67eaab9a474bd5f9c2d19e7fdae.html
25.IntroducesFreeAWSDigitalTrainingCoursesinChinaTo access the courses and learn for free, users in China can download and open the NetEase Cloud Classroom APP and search for the keyword "Amazon Web Services" or visit https://study.163.com/topics/aws. About Youdao, Inc. Youdao, Inc. (NYSE: DAO) is a leading intelligent lhttps://ir.netease.com/news-releases/news-release-details/netease-cloud-classroom-introduces-free-aws-digital-training
26.InsightsfromChinaQuizESLQuizzesEnglishClubInsights from China QuizFirst watch the film Insights from China (18 minutes) and then see how well you score in this fun comprehension quiz.1. What does Zhang, the CEO of Spring Airlines, say about learning English? it's very important in her line of business she never learned it at https://www.englishclub.com/esl-quizzes/tlevp/quiz-china.htm
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