1、DoYouKnowFocusInDoYouKnowWhatistheimpactoftheBritishEmpireonworldhistoryDoYouKnowBefamiliarwiththehistorybeforetheNormanConquestUnderstandthefeudalsystemaftertheNormanConquestLearnaboutthehistoryoftheEnglishReformationandRenaissanceKnowtheEnglishCi
2、vilWaranditsconsequencesKnowthemajoradvancementsintheIndustrialRevolutionBefamiliarwiththeVictorianAgeBefamiliarwiththesituationofBritaininthetwoworldwarsFocusInRomanruleReformationThedeclineoffeudalismPrehistorictimesNormanConquestAnglo-SaxonruleCivilWarand
3、RestorationBritainsinceWWIIBritaininandbetweenthetwoWorldWarsEnglishRenaissanceVictorianBritainGeorgianBritainEarlymencamefromtheEuropeancontinentandsettledleavingbehindtoolsdatingbacktothelowerPaleolithic(earlyStoneAge)around700,000yearsago.Stonecircles,tombs
4、andtoolsfromtheNeolithicAge(whichbeganfromaround4,400BC)havebeenfoundallovertheBritishIsles.TheStonehengenearSalisburywasanancienttemplebuiltinseveralstagesbetweenabout3,000BCand1,300BC.1.IberiansStonehengeTheCeltsweretribesthatinvadedfromEuropeafter
5、about800BC.TheyhadcoveredmostoftheBritishIslesby500BC.TheCeltswerehighlyskilledcraftspeoplewithdevelopedknowledgeofhowtomakestrongerweaponsandtoolswithiron:thestartoftheIronAge.TheCeltslivinginBritainwereknownasBritons.2.CeltsThefirstRomaninvasion
6、ofthelandstookplacein55BCunderwarleaderJuliusCaesar.Awell-plannedinvasionby40,000to50,000RomanlegionstookplaceinthesummerofAD43.Itwasamassiveforceforthosedays,andtheBritishtribeswerenomatchforthem.Despitesomerevolts,theRomanssubduedmuchofBritain
7、intheshortspaceoffortyyears.1.RomanInvasionMapofRomanBritainRomanspushednorth,andbuiltthenetworkofstraightroadsacrossthecountry,mostofwhichcanstillbefollowedtoday.TheypushednorthintoScotlandandbuiltagiganticwall,HadriansWall,tocontrolthefrontier.Othe
8、rmarkstheRomanEmpiremadeonBritainincludevillas,forts,baths,andaqueducts,whichcanbefoundalloverBritaintoday.InAD410RomanEmperorConstantinefinallyremoved2.RomanoccupationHadriansWallthewholegarrisonofBritaintodefendtheRhinefrontierfromattack.Theyneverretu
9、rnedtoBritain,butleftbehindarichlegacyincludingChristianity,wordswithLatinorigins,Romannumbers,thesolarcalendar,laws,andalegalsystem.2.Romanoccupation1.Anglo-SaxonconquestAngles,SaxonsandJutes,threeGermanictribesfromthenorthwesternEurope,invadedEnglandinabo
10、utAD449.TheAnglessettledintheeastern,central,andnorthernportionsofEnglandlayingfoundationsforthelaterkingdomsknownasEastAnglia,Mercia,andNorthumbria.TheSaxonsalsosettledinEnglandcultivatingthelaterkingdomsofSussex,HeptarchySussex,Wessex,andEssex.TheJutes
11、settledinKentandtheIsleofWight.TheAnglo-SaxonseventuallyformedsevenseparatekingdomsknownastheHeptarchy.KingArthurwasalegendaryBritishleaderofthelate5thandearly6thcenturies,who,accordingtoMedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenceofRomano-CelticBritainag
12、ainstSaxoninvadersintheearly6thcentury.TheRoundTableisKingArthursTheRoundTableArthursfamedtableintheArthurianlegend,aroundwhichheandhisKnightscongregate.Asitsnamesuggests,ithasnohead,implyingthateveryonewhositstherehasequalstatus.2.KingArthurFromabout
13、AD793,theVikingsfromDenmark,NorwayorSweden(knownasDanes)begantoinvadeBritain.Afteratimeofplunderandraids,theybegantosettleinnorthernandeasternEnglandincludingYork(calledJorvikbytheVikings)asanimportantcentre.AlfredtheGreatfoughtagainsttheVikingsand
14、keptcontrolofthesouthofEngland.However,AlfredtheGreat3.TheVikinginvasionHowever,theVikingslaterdefeatedtheSaxonsandtherewereseveralDanishkingsofEnglandbeforetheSaxonkingsEdwardtheConfessorandHarold.3.TheVikinginvasion1.WilliamIRuleoverEnglandfluctuatedbe
15、tweentheSaxonandDanish/Norwegiandescendantsforthefirsthalfofthe11thcentury.In1066whenEdwardtheConfessordied,Harold,Englandsforemostmagnateandbrother-in-lawofthelateKing,ascendedthethrone.However,WilliamofNormandy(Edwardscousin),andHaraldofNorwayallhadac
16、laimtothethrone.Invasionwastheresultofthissituation.KingHarolddefeatedHaraldattheBattleofStamfordBridgeinlateSeptember,butfellinbattleagainstWilliaminOctoberatHastings,atownonthesouthcoastofEngland.ThiswasthedefiningmomentofBattleatHastingswhatisnow
18、rateecclesiasticalcourts;commissionedthecompilationoftheDomesdayBook(1086),WilliamI(1086),asurveyofEnglandsproductivecapacitysimilartoamoderncensus.Healsoorderedmanyfortsandcastles,amongthemtheTowerofLondon,tobebuiltacrossEngland.HisconquestalsoledtoNor
19、manFrenchreplacing1.WilliamIreplacingEnglishasthelanguageoftherulingclassesfornearly300years.UnderWilliamI,feudalismwasstrengthenedinEnglandandevolvedintothemanorialsystem,inwhichaboundpeasantrywassubjecttotheruleoflandlords.1.WilliamI2.HenryIIHenryII
20、wasthefounderoftheAngevin,orPlantagenet,oneoftheablestandmostremarkableoftheEnglishkings.Henrysmostsignificantachievementlayinhisdevelopmentofthestructureofroyaljustice.HeclearlyestablishedthesuperiorityoftheroyalHenryIIcourtsoverprivate,feudaljurisdict
21、ions.Proceduraladvancesincludedthegreatlyextendeduseofwritsandjuries.Henrywasalsoengagedinconsolidatinghispossessions.HerecoveredthenortherncountiesofEnglandfromScotlandandundertookanexpeditiontoIreland,wherehetemporarilyconsolidatedtheconquestsearliermade.2
22、.HenryII1.MagnaCarterKingJohnsufferedthelossofNormandyandnumerousotherFrenchterritories.BackinEngland,heantagonisedthefeudalnobilityandleadingChurchfigurestotheextentthatin1215,theyledanarmedrebellionandforcedhimtosigntheMagnaCartatoimposelegallimit
23、sontheKingspersonalpowers.MagnaCarta,ortheGreatCharter,containssixty-threechapters.ManyofthechaptersdefinedtheKingsfeudalrightsoverhisvassals,preventingtheKingfromarbitrarilycollectingrevenuefromthebarons.KingJohn2.BirthofParliamentDuringHenryIIIsreign,Si
24、mondeMontfortsummonedthefirstelectedParliamentin1265.Thefranchiseinparliamentaryelectionsforcountyconstituencieswasuniformthroughoutthecountry,extendingtoallthosewhoownedthefreeholdoflandtoanannualrentof40shillings.Intheboroughs,thefranchisevariedacross
25、thecountry;individualboroughshadvaryingarrangements.Thissetthescenefortheso-called“ModelParliament”of1295adoptedbyEdwardI.ModelParliament3.ConquestofWalesIn1282,KingEdwardIfinallyconqueredthelastremainingnativeWelshprincipalitiesinnorthandwestWales.Toappe
26、asetheWelsh,Edwardsson(laterEdwardII),whohadbeenborninWales,wasmadePrinceofWalesin1301.Thetraditionofbestowingthestyle“Prince(ss)ofWales”ontheheiroftheBritishMonarchcontinuestothepresentday.4.TheHundredYearsWarTheAnglo-Normankinghadoncepossessedlar
27、getractsoflandinFrance,butmostofitwaslostduringKingJohnsreign.Inthe14thcenturywhenEnglandandFrancebothdevelopedintostrongnationstates,conflictsinevitablyledtowarswhichintermittentlyspannedfrom1337to1453,knownastheHundredYearsWar.ItbeganwhenEdwardII
28、IHundredYearsWarevolutionEdwardIII(13271377)invadedFlandersin1337inordertoasserthisclaimtotheFrenchcrown.By1422,theEnglishandtheirBurgundianalliescontrolledAquitaineandallFrancenorthoftheLoire,includingParis.Aturningpointcamein1429,whenJoanofArcraise
29、dtheEnglishsiegeofOrlans.TheFrenchkingCharlesVIIconqueredNormandyandthenretookAquitainein1453,leavingtheEnglishinpossessiononlyofCalais.4.TheHundredYearsWar5.WarsoftheRosesTwoyearsaftertheendingoftheHundredYearsWar,aseriesofdynasticcivilwarsweresta
30、gedbetweenthehousesofLancasterandYorkfortheEnglishthrone,whichbothclaimedthroughdescentfromEdwardIII.ThewarswerenamedfortheWarsoftheRosesIII.Thewarswerenamedfortheemblemsofthetwohouses,thewhiteroseofYorkandtheredofLancaster.TheLancastrianHenryTudo
31、rdefeatedandkilledRichardattheBattleofBosworthFieldon22August1485,endingtheWarsoftheRoses.Henrywasthenproclaimedkingstyled5.WarsoftheRosesHenryVIIandwassoontofoundtheHouseofTudor,whichmarkstheendofthemedievalperiodandthebeginningofEnglandsmodern
32、times.1.HenryVIIIHenryVIIIisoneofthemostfamousandcontroversialkingsofEngland.Hisficklepassionsanddemandforamaleheirledhimtomarrysixwomen,includingtwodivorced,twobeheaded,onewhodiedindelivery,andonewhosurvivedhim.In1527HenrypursuedadivorcefromCathe
33、rinetomarryAnneBoleyn,butPopeClementVIIdeniedhimanHenryVIII1.HenryVIIIannulment.HedecidedthattheEnglishchurchshouldseparatefromRome.ThisallowedHenrytomarryAnnein1533andmoreimportantlyestablishedhimselfheadofanindependentChurchofEngland,whi
34、chhadwide-rangingconsequences.2.BloodyMaryMaryIbecameQueenandtriedtoconvertthecountrybacktotheCatholicChurch,killingmanypeoplewhorefused:forthisreasonsheisoftenknownasBloodyMary.BloodyMary3.ElizabethIThereligiousissuewhichhaddividedthecountrysinceHenry
35、VIIIwasinawayputtorestbytheElizabethanReligiousSettlement,whichcreatedtheChurchofEnglandinmuchthesameformweseeittoday.MuchofElizabethssuccesswasinbalancingtheinterestsofthePuritans(radicalProtestants)and“die-hard”Catholics.ByQueenElizabethsdeathin16
36、03,EnglandhadpassedthroughoneofthegreatestperiodsofitshistoryaperiodoffloweringliteratureandactiveElizabethI3.ElizabethIexploration;aperiodthatsawEngland,unitedasanation,becomeamajorEuropeanpowerwithagreatnavy;aperiodinwhichEnglishcommerceandindustryp
37、rosperedandEnglishcolonisationwasbegun.EnglishRenaissanceTheElizabethanErawitnessedtheEnglishRenaissance,theculturalandartisticmovement,whichisassociatedwiththepan-EuropeanRenaissancethatoriginatedinnorthernItalyinthe14thcentury.PoetssuchasEdmundSpenserandJoh
38、nMiltonproducedworksthatdemonstratedanincreasedinterestinunderstandingEnglishChristianbeliefs;playwrights,suchasChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespeare,composedtheatricalrepresentationsoftheEnglishunderstandingonlife,death,andhistory.NeartheendoftheTudorDynast
39、y,philosopherslikeSirEnglishRenaissanceThomasMoreandSirFrancisBaconpublishedtheirownideasabouthumanityandtheaspectsofaperfectsociety,pushingthelimitsofmetacognitionatthattime.EdmundSpenserHaveyouheardofEdmundSpenserEdmundSpenserwasanEnglishpoetbestknownf
40、or“TheFaerieQueene”,anepicpoemandfantasticalallegorycelebratingtheTudorDynastyandElizabethI.HeisrecognizedasoneofthepremiercraftsmenofModernEnglishverseinitsinfancy,andoneofthegreatestpoetsintheEnglishlanguage.EdmundSpenserWilliamShakespeareDoyouwantto
41、knowmoreaboutWilliamShakespeareWilliamShakespearewasbornin1564intheEnglishtownofStratford-upon-Avon.In1582,whenShakespearewas18,hemarriedAnneHathaway,whowas26.Shakespearehadjoinedawell-knownactinggroupcalledLordChamberlainsCompany.Thisgrouphadthebestact
42、or(RichardBurbage),thebesttheater(theGlobe),andthebestwriter(Shakespeare).Theyoftenpresentedplaysforroyalty,includingQueenElizabethIandKingJamesI.Becausewomenwerenotallowedtoactonstage,menplayedtherolesoffemalecharacters.WilliamShakespeareShakespearehimse
43、lfwasknowntoactinplays.Shakespearewrote37playsin20years.Hisplaysgenerallyfallintothreecategories:tragedies,comedies,andhistories.Tragediesareplaysthatdescribethedownfallofthemaincharacter.HismostfamoustragediesincludeHamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.A
44、mongShakespearescomedies,whicharehumorousplaysthatendhappily,areAMidsummerNightsDream,AsYouLikeIt,andTheTamingoftheShrew.ShakespeareshistoriesaredramasaboutthelivesofsomeofEnglandspowerfulkings,includingHenryIVandRichardII.WilliamShakespeareWatchthefamou
45、sBalconyScenefromRomeoandJuliet.SirFrancisBaconDoyouwanttoknowmoreaboutSirFrancisBaconAsaphilosopherandwriter,Baconattemptedtoexplaintheprinciplesofacquiringknowledge.Becausehetriedtowritewhileholdingpublicofficethatdemandedmuchtimeandattention,manyof
46、hisworksremainedfragments.Thewritingsthathavebeenpreservedhavemarkedhimasaninnovativethinker.SirFrancisBaconSirFrancisBaconInall,Baconwrotemorethan30philosophicalworksandmanylegal,popular,scientific,historical,andotherbooksandessays.Hispopularliteratureis
47、notedmostfortheworldlywisdomofafewdozenessays.HelaidoutaplanforthereorganizationofknowledgeintocategoriesinhisNovumOrganum(1620),thesecondvolumeofanambitioussix-partseries.ButheneverfinishedtheNovumOrganumorhislargerproject.AmongthelatterisTheAdva
48、ncementofLearning(1605),consideredwithNovumOrganumasBaconsmainphilosophicalwork.1.JamesIQueenElizabethIofEnglanddiedin1603withoutleavinganydirectheirs.HerclosestmaleProtestantrelativewasthekingofScotland,JamesVIoftheHouseofStuart,sohesucceededhiscousi
49、nElizabethIandascendedthethronesoftheJamesIKingdomofEnglandandtheKingdomofIreland,providingtheheadofallthreestatesbetween1603and1707underapersonalunion.Jamesdescribedkingsas“littleGodsonEarth”,chosenbyGodtoruleinaccordancewiththedoctrineof
50、the“DivineRightofKings”.2.CharlesIAshisfatherhad,Charlesdemandedoutrightloyaltyinreturnfor“justrule”,whichledtoaseriousbreakbetweenCharlesandhisEnglishParliament,andeventuallytowarknownastheEnglishCivilWar,orEnglishRevolution.TheCivilWarincludedaBehe
51、adingofCharlesIaseriesofarmedconflictsandpoliticalmachinationswhichtookplacebetweenParliamentariansandRoyalists2.CharlesIfrom1642until1651.TheCivilWarledtothetrialandbeheadingofCharlesIin1649,theexileofhissonCharlesII,andthereplacementoftheEnglishmon
52、archywiththeCommonwealthofEnglandin1649.3.TheCommonwealthWiththeexecutionofCharlesI,aCommonwealthwasdeclaredin1649.TheCommonwealthofEnglandwastherepublicwhichruledfirstEngland,andthenIrelandandScotlandfrom1649to1660.AftertheEnglishCivilWarandtheexecut
53、ionofCharlesI,theOliverCromwellrepublicsexistencewasinitiallydeclaredbyanactdeclaringEnglandtobeaCommonwealthbytheRumpParliament,on19May1649.Executivepowerhadalready3.TheCommonwealthbeenentrustedtoaCouncilofState.Thegovernmentduring1653to1659isproperlyc
54、alledTheProtectorate,andtooktheformofdirectpersonalrulebyOliverCromwelland,afterhisdeath,hissonRichard,asLordProtector;thisarrangementledtothestatebeinglabelleda“crownedrepublic”.4.RestorationRichardCromwellwasanineffectualleader,andpowerquicklyfellinto
55、thehandsofthegenerals,whovoteddissolutionoftheRumpParliamentandcalledforthepro-royalConventionParliament.Thelattermetinthespringof1660andinvitedCharlesII,thenexiledintheNetherlands,toreturntoEngland.CharlesIIacceptedtheinvitation,landedon25May1660,a
56、ndrestoredtheHouseofStuart.5.GloriousRevolutionTheunwillingnessofCharlesIIandhissuccessor,JamesII,toaccepttheimplicationsofthisdependencyhadsomepartinbringingaboutthedepositionofJamesII(1688),whowashatedasaRomanCatholicaswellasasuspectedabsolutist.Th
57、esupportremainingforJamesBillofRightsaccepteddwindled,andhefledtoFrance.TheConventionParliamentaskedJamesProtestantdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamtorule5.GloriousRevolutionjointly.Whenthecrownwasoffered,WilliamIIIandMaryIIagreedtoaBillofRights(1689)that
58、gavepoliticalsupremacytoParliamentandseverelylimitedthekingorqueenspower,whichmarkedthebeginningoftheconstitutionalmonarchyinEngland.6.UnionwithScotlandUndertheaegisofQueenAnne(17021714)andheradvisors,theActofUnionreceivedRoyalassentin1707,abolishingEng
59、landandScotlandasseparatekingdomsandcreatingtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainwithasingleParliament.AfterAnne,foroveracenturyuntil1830,GreatBritainwasruledbyfourkingsofGeorgefromtheHouseofHanoverinGermany.QueenAnne1.IndustrialRevolutionAsthe18thcenturybeg
60、an,anexpandingandwealthierpopulationdemandedmoreandbettergoods.Fromthemid-18thcenturytothemid-19thcentury,inventionsandtechnologicalinnovationscreatedthefactorysystemoflarge-scalemachineproductionandgreatereconomicspecialization.Thelabouringpopulation,formerlye