1、Unit1InterculturalCommunication目录12ReadingSkillTextATextBReadingPracticeTextCIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionWordsandExpressionsWordsandExpressionsWordsandExpressionsNotesNotesNotesExercisesExercisesExercisesTextAIntroductionDecision-makingisveryimportantforbusinessmenando
2、therpeople.Itcanreflectaparticularpatternofmanagementbehavior.However,itisinfluencedbydifferentcultures.WhatareculturaldifferencesinWesternandJapanesedecision-makingWhatarethe“youtoyou”approachand“Itoyou”approachYoucanfindtheanswerinthefollowingtext.I
3、.ReadingPracticeCulturalDifferencesinWesternandJapaneseDecision-MakingTextATotalkaboutproblem-solvingordecision-makingwithinanationalenvironmentmeansexaminingmanycomplexculturalforces.Itmeanstryingtomeasuretheimpactoftheseforcesoncontemporarylife,andalsocomi
4、ngtogripswithchangesnowtakingplace.I.ReadingPracticeTextAInJapan,themostimportantthingiswhatorganizationyouworkfor.Thisisofextremeimportancewhentryingtoanalyzethedirection-takingordecision-makingprocess.Attheleast,itexplainsthegreaterjobstabilityinJapa
5、n,incontrasttothegreatjobmobilityinAmerica.Whilewedifferinmanyways,suchdifferencesareneithersuperiornorinferiortoeachother.Aparticularpatternofmanagementbehaviordevelopsfromacomplexmixtureofuniqueculturalfactorsandwillonlyworkwithinagivenculture.I.Read
6、ingPractice8/28/2022TextALetmetrytodescribethreeorfourcharacteristicsoftheJapaneseenvironmentthatinsomewayaffectdecision-makingandproblem-solving.Thesecharacteristicsarerelatedtoeachother.First,inanyapproachtoaproblemandinanynegotiationsinJapan,thereisth
7、e“youtoyou”approach,asdistinguishedfromtheWestern“Itoyou”approach.Thedifferenceisthis:In“Itoyou”,bothsidespresenttheirargumentsopenlyfromtheirownpointofviewtheystatewhattheywantandwhattheyexpecttoget.Aconfrontationsituationistherebysetup,andWestern
8、ersareveryskillfulindealingwiththis.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAThe“youtoyou”approachpracticedinJapanisbasedoneachsideautomaticallyandoftenunconsciouslytryingtounderstandtheotherpersonspointofview.Thus,thedirectionofthemeetingisamutualattempttoreduce
9、confrontationandachieveharmony.Asecondcharacteristicisbasedon“consensusopinion”and“bottom-updirection”.InJapangreatconsiderationisgiventothethoughtsandopinionsofeveryoneatalllevels.Thisistrueofbothprivateenterprisesandgovernmentministries.InJapanthereisa
10、driveforunitywithinthegroupwhetheritisfamily,company,orParliament.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAThedifferenceisthatWestern-styledecision-makingproceedsmostlyfromtopmanagementandoftendoesnotconsultmiddlemanagementortheworkerwhileinJapan,ideacanbecreatedat
11、thelowestlevels,travelupwardthroughanorganizationandhaveanimpactontheeventualdecision.Thisis“bottomup”.ThereisalsoacharacteristicstyleofcommunicationinJapanthatisdifferentfromtheWesternway.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextATheJapanesebusinesspersonworkstoa
12、chieveharmony,evenifthedealfallsthrough,andwillspendwhatevertimeisnecessarytodeterminea“youtoyou”approach,communicatingpersonalviewsonlyindirectlyanddelicately.Thisplacestimeinadifferentperspective.InJapantheWesterndeadlineapproachissecondarytoathorough
13、job.Owingtothisdifferenceinemphasis,theJapanesearethoroughintheirmeetingsaswellasintheirproduction.ThusAmericansareoftenfrustratedbythemanysuccessivemeetingsinmanyJapanesebusinesses.ButwheretheAmericanispressingforaspecificdecision,theJapaneseistryingt
14、odevisearatherbroaddirection.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAOntheotherhand,onceagivenagreementismade,itistheJapanesewhosometimeswonderattheslowpaceinwhichWesternersimplementthedecision.TheJapaneseareeagertomoveforwardandWesterners,perhaps,lagbehindas
15、theytakethetimeforin-depthplanning.Now,whileJapansindustryandtechnologyarehighlydeveloped,theyhavenotreplacedthefundamentalforceofhumanenergyandmotivation.BythatImeanthattheJapanesetakegreatprideindoingajobwellandgettingitdonenomatterhowmuchtimeis
16、required.Thereisacommitmentandsenseofresponsibility,whichhavenotyetbeendiscardedinthisageofmachines.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAInmyfieldfinanceandsecuritiesIamoftenaskedbyWesternershowNomuraSecuritieshasmanagedtoescapethepapertrafficjamthatAmericanfi
17、rmshavefaced.We,too,havehadthatproblem.TheTokyoStockExchangeoftenhasbetween200and300milliontransactionsaday.ThisvolumeismanytimesmorethanthatoftheNewYorkStockExchange.HowcanitbefeasibletohandlethisloadFirst,wehaveverysophisticatedcomputers.Second,
18、andmostimportant,theoperationalpersonnelresponsibleforprocessingallthesetransactionsstayandstayuntilthejobisdone.Perhapsin20yearsorsoonertheywillbemorewesternizedandinsistongoinghomeatfiveoclock.Buttoday,still,mostinsistonstayinguntilthejobisdone.The
19、reisasincereconcernforquality.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAThiswillingnesstohelpinapinchisanimportantaspectofJapaneseproblem-solving,andyoufinditateverylevel.Someyearsago,theMatsushitaCompanywashavingaverybadtime.Amongthemanymeasurestaken,Mr.Matsus
20、hita,thefounderandthenchairman,becamethemanagerofthesalesdepartment.Also,whenweatNomuraconvertedtocomputersaboutfiveyearsago,thenewsystemeliminatedthejobsof700people.Wedidnotdismissthesepeople;rather,weconvertedthemtosecuritiessalespeopleandsomeofth
21、esearenowourleadingsalespeople.Providedthereisintelligenceandawillingnesstoexertyourself,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.InJapan,apersonscapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblearea.Andwefeelthecompanyowesaworkersomethingforloyaltyan
22、dcommitment.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAWordsandExpressionsgripgripn.紧握，紧抓stabilitystbiltin.稳定，稳固mobilemubiladj.活动的，流动的superiorsju:piriadj.更好的，优秀的inferiorinfiriadj.次等的，较差的negotiationni,guieinn.谈判，洽谈I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAthereby,ebaiadv.因此，从而harmonyha:mni
23、n.和谐，融洽consensusknsenssn.一致同意，共同看法bottom-up,btmpadj.由下而上的enterpriseentpraizn.企业，公司unityju:ntin.和睦，统一parliamentpa:lmntn.议会，国会consultknsltvt.咨询，请教I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAsuccessivesksesivadj.继续的，连续的laglgvi.落后in-depthindepadj.深入的，彻底的fundamental,fndmentladj.基本的，
24、主要的discarddiska:dvt.丢弃，抛弃transactiontrnzknn.交易，业务volumevlju:mn.数量，额；（书的）卷，册；音量feasiblefi:zbladj.可能的，行得通的I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAsophisticatedsfistikeitidadj.复杂的，尖端的pinchpintn.捏，掐，拧convertknv:tv.（使）转化，（使）转变dismissdismisvt.解雇，开除providedprvaididconj.只要，如果exertigz
25、:tvt.努力，尽力flexiblefleksbladj.灵活的，可变通的I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAcome/gettogripswith开始并应付，开始处理distinguishfrom使区别于betrueof对来说也一样fallthrough失败，成为泡影pressfor反复请求，紧急要求lagbehind落后inapinch迫不得已时，必要时I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextANotesItmeanstryingtomeasuretheimpactof
26、theseforcesoncontemporarylife,andalsocomingtogripswithchangesnowtakingplace.它意味着设法评估这些因素对现代生活的影响，也意味着把握目前正在发生的变化。First,inanyapproachtoaproblemandinanynegotiationsinJapan,thereisthe“youtoyou”approach,asdistinguishedfromtheWestern“Itoyou”approach.首先，在日本，任何处
27、理问题的方法或任何谈判都体现着“你对你”的方式，这有别于西方“我对你”的方式。I.ReadingPractice单击此处添加备注TextATheJapanesebusinesspersonworkstoachieveharmony,evenifthedealfallsthrough,andwillspendwhatevertimeisnecessarytodeterminea“youtoyou”approach,communicatingpersonalviewsonlyindirectlyanddelicately
29、ngquestionsaccordingtothepassages.1.Whatisthemostimportantthingfordirection-takingordecision-makinginJapanA.Howmuchyoucanearn.B.Whatorganizationyouworkfor.C.Whatresponsibilityyouhave.D.Whatpositionyouarein.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextA2.Whatisthediffe
30、renceofpeoplesattitudetowardsjobbetweenJapanandAmericaA.PeopleinJapanpaymoreattentiontojobstabilitythanpeopleinAmericadotojobmobility.B.PeopleinJapanpaymoreattentiontojobmobilitythanpeopleinAmericadotojobstability.C.PeopleinJapanpaymoreattentionto
31、jobrewardsthanpeopleinAmericadotojobstability.D.PeopleinJapanpaymoreattentiontojobchallengethanpeopleinAmericadotojobstability.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextA3.WhatistheapproachtoaproblemforwesternersA.“ItoI”approachB.“Itoyou”approachC.“youtoyou”app
32、roachD.“youtoI”approach4.The“youtoyou”approachpracticedinJapanisbasedon_.A.theleadersviewB.theotherpersonsviewC.theirownpointofviewD.eachsideI.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAI.ReadingPractice5.InJapangreatconsiderationisgiventothethoughtsandopinionsof_.A
33、.topmanagersB.middlemanagersC.everyoneatalllevelsD.workers6.TheJapanesebusinesspersonworkstoachieve_.A.harmonyB.powerC.moneyD.higherposition8/28/2022TextA7.Onceagivenagreementismade,Japaneseareeagerto_.A.takearestB.goaheadC.lagbehindD.wait8._havenotyet
34、beendiscardedinJapaneseculture.A.responsibilityB.commitmentC.humanenergyandmotivationD.alloftheaboveI.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextA9.HowcanTokyoStockExchangehandlesomanytransactionsadayA.Thecomputersareverysophisticated.B.Theoperationalpersonnelareveryrespons
35、ible.C.Therearemanyworkingstaffs.D.BothAandB.10.WhichsentenceiswrongforJapaneseA.Japanesecompanyowesaworkersomethingforloyaltyandcommitment.B.Japaneseinsistonstayinguntilthejobisdone.C.Japaneseinsistongoinghomeatfiveoclock.D.Thereisasincereconcernfor
36、quality.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextAII.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenblow.Changetheformwherenecessary.delicateanalyzefeasibledismissdiscarddifferconsultvolumeconvertexert1.Themoreself-knowledgewehave,themorecontrolwecan_overourfeelingsandbehavior.2.
37、IrealizedthatIhadaproblemanddecidedtohaveit_,andItraceditbacktowhenIwasinhospitalasachild.I.ReadingPracticeexertanalyzed8/28/2022TextA3.Thisiswherewe_fromtheprofessionalstheystudyinordertoworkbetter;westudyinordertounderstandmore.4.Beforemakinga
38、nychanges,_yourfamilytofindoutwhataremostimportanttothem.5.She_allheroldclotheswhenshemovedtoanewcity.6.The_oftradebetweenthetwocountriescontinuestogrow,andsodoestheculturalexchange.I.ReadingPracticedifferconsultdiscardedvolume8/28/2022TextA7.Madel
39、inewaswonderinghowtoapproachthe_questionofhersalarywithhernewboss.8.Ittakesthetechnician15minutesto_theplaneintoacarbyremovingthewingsandtail.9.Thecompany,whichhas_mostofitsstaff,saidithadlost$270millioninthelastyear.10.Weneeda_management
40、systemtomeetthechangingneedsofourcustomers.I.ReadingPracticeflexibledismissedconvertdelicate8/28/2022TextBIntroductionHerearefivemoreinventionsandsymbolsthataredefinitelyAmerican:theStatueofLiberty,which,thoughgivenasagiftfromtheFrench,hasalwayssymbolizedthec
41、onceptoffreedom;theBarbiedoll,whichhasbecomethequeenofalltoys;AmericanGothic,aportraitshowingafarmerandhiswife;theBuffalonickel,atributetothebuffaloandthenativeAmericanpeoplewhowerekilledanddisplacedtomakeroomforEuropeanexpansion;andfinally,theimage
42、ofUncleSam,whichrepresentsAmericanresolve,strength,andpatriotism.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextBFiveFamousSymbolsofAmericanCultureTheStatueofLibertyInthemid-1870s,Frenchartist2FredericAugusteBartholdiwasworkingonanenormousprojectcalledLibertyEnlighteningtheWor
43、ld,amonumentcelebratingUSindependenceandtheFrance-Americaalliance.Atthesametime,hewasinlovewithawomanwhomhehadmetinCanada.Hismothercouldnotapproveofhersonsaffectionforawomanshehadnevermet,butBartholdiwentaheadandmarriedhislovein1876.I.ReadingPra
44、ctice8/28/2022TextBThatsameyearBartholdihadassembledthestatuesrightarmandtorch,anddisplayedtheminPhiladelphia.Itissaidthathehadusedhiswifesarmasthemodel,butfeltherfacewastoobeautifulforthestatue.Heneededsomeonewhosefacerepresentedsufferingyetstrength
45、,someonemoreseverethanbeautiful.Hechosehismother.TheStatueofLibertywasdedicatedonanislandinUpper4NewYorkBayin1886.Ithadhismothersfaceandhiswifesbody,butBartholdicalledit“mydaughter,Liberty”.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextBBarbieBeforeallthedifferenttyp
46、esofBarbiedollsforsalenow,therewasjustasingleBarbie.Actually,hernamewasBarbara.BarbaraHandlerwasthedaughterofElliotandRuthHandler,co-foundersofthe9MattelToyCompany.RuthcameupwiththeideaforBarbieafterwatchingherdaughterplaywithpaperdolls.Thethree-dime
47、nsionalmodelforBarbiewasaGermandollajokegiftforadultsdescribedashavingtheappearanceof“awomanwhosoldsex”.Mattelrefashionedthedollintodecent,all-American-althoughwithanexaggeratedbreastsizeversionandnameditafterBarbara,whowasthenateenager.I.ReadingPractic
48、e8/28/2022TextBSinceherintroductionin1959,BarbiehasbecometheuniversallyrecognizedQueenoftheDolls.MattelsaystheaverageAmericangirlownstenBarbiedolls,andtwoaresoldsomewhereintheworldeverysecond.Nowmorethansixtyyearsold,Barbarawhodeclinesinterviewsbutissa
49、idtohavelovedthedollmaybethemostfamousunknownfigureontheplanetBarbiesboyfriend,Ken,wasintroducedin1961andnamedafterBarbarasbrother.TherealKen,whodiedin1994,wasdisgustedbythedollthatmadehisfamilyfamous.“Idontwantmychildrentoplaywithit,”hesaidin1
50、993.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextBAmericanGothicGrantWoodinstantlyrosetofamein1930withhispaintingAmericanGothic,anoften-copiedinterpretationofthesolemnprideofAmericanfarmers.Thepaintingshowsaserious-lookingmanandawomanstandinginfrontofafarmhouse.Hewasst
51、ronglyinfluencedbymedievalartistsandinspiredbytheGothicwindowofanoldfarmhouse,butthefacesinhiscompositionwerewhatcapturedtheworldsattention.Woodlikedtopaintfacesheknewwell.Forthegravefarmerheusedhisdentist,asour-lookingman.Forthewomanstandingalongsid
52、ehim,theartistchosehissister,Nan.Hestretchedthemodelsnecksabit,buttherewasnodoubtwhoposedfortheportrait.NanlaterremarkedthatthefameshegainedfromAmericanGothicsavedherfromaveryboringlife.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextBTheBuffaloNickelToday,Americanc
53、oinshonorprominentfiguresoftheUSgovernmentmostlyfamousformerpresidents.ButtheBuffalonickel,producedfrom1913to1938,honoredapairofconnectedtragediesfromthesettlementoftheAmericanfrontierthedestructionofthebuffaloherdsandtheAmericanIndians.Whilewhitepeopleha
54、dpreviouslybeenusedasmodelsformostAmericancoins,famedartistJamesEarleFraserwentagainsttraditionbyusingthreeactualAmericanIndiansasmodelsforhiscreation.Forthebuffaloontheotherside,sincebuffalonolongerwanderedaboutthegreatgrasslands,Fraserwasforcedtoske
55、tchanagingbuffalofromNewYorkCitysCentralParkZoo.Twoyearslater,in1915,thisanimalwassoldfor$100andkilledformeat,ahide,andawalldecorationmadefromitshorns.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextBUncleSamFourteen-year-old17SamWilsonranawayfromhometojoinhisfather
56、andolderbrothersinthefighttoliberatetheAmericancoloniesfromtheBritishduring18theAmericanRevolution.Atage23,hestartedameat-packingbusinessandearnedareputationforbeinghonestandhard-working.Duringalaterwarin1812,WilsongainedapositioninspectingmeatforUSA
57、rmyforces,workingwithamanwhohadsignedacontractwiththegovernmenttoprovidemeattothearmy.Barrelsofmeatsuppliedtothearmywerestamped“EA-US”,identifyingthecompany(EA)andthecountryoforigin(US).Accordingtoonestory,whenagovernmentofficialvisitedtheplantanda
58、skedabouttheletters,acreativeemployeetoldhim“US”wasshortfor“UncleSam”Wilson.SoonsoldiersweresayingallArmysupplieswerefrom“UncleSam”.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextBAfterthewar,acharactercalledUncleSambeganappearinginpoliticalcartoons,hisformevolvingfrom
59、anearliercartooncharactercalled19BrotherJonathanthatwaspopularduringtheAmericanRevolution.UncleSamsoonreplacedBrotherJonathanasAmericansmostpopularsymbol.ThemostenduringportraitofUncleSamwascreatedbyartist20JamesMontgomeryFlagginhisfamousarmyrecruitingpost
60、ersofWorldWarsIandII.Thatversionatallmanwithwhitehairandasmallwhitebeardonhischin,adarkbluecoatandatallhatwithstarsonitwasaself-portraitofFlagg.I.ReadingPractice8/28/2022TextBWordsandExpressions1.statuesttju:n.雕像，塑像2.libertylibtin.自由（权）3.enlightenin