弗朗西斯科·何塞·德·戈雅-卢西恩特斯（西班牙文：FranciscoJosédeGoyayLucientes，1746年3月30日－1828年4月15日），西班牙浪漫主义画派画家。画风奇异多变，从早期巴洛克式画风到后期类似表现主义的作品，他一生总在改变，虽然他从没有建立自己的门派，但对后世的现实主义画派、浪漫主义画派和印象派都有很大的影响，是一位承前启后的过渡性人物。代表作有《裸体的玛哈》、《着衣的玛哈》、《阳伞》、《巨人》等。
时期的其他作品包括一个帆布的祭坛教会的旧金山埃尔·拉格兰在马德里,这导致他被任命为皇家美术学院的成员。
Early(1746-1771)
FrancescoGoyawasbornonMarch30,1746infuendetodos,Aragon,Spain,JoseBenitodeGoyafranqueandlucientesyelSalvador.TheyearthefamilymovedtoSaragosainthecity,buttherewasnorecordofwhy;perhapsMucommissionedthework.Theirlowermiddleclass.Jose'ssonnotariesandBasqueorigins,hisancestorzerain,andhislifeingildspecializesinreligiousanddecorativecrafts.HeoverseesthegildingandmostofthedecorationintherebuiltpillarsofthevirginChurch(St.MariaDelpilar),themainchurchofZaragoza.SanFranciscowastheirfourthchild,hisyoungersisterRita(B.1737),hisyoungerbrotherThomas(B.1739)(hefollowedhisfather'strade)andhissecondsisterJessica(B.1743).Therearetwoyoungsons,Mariano(B.1750)andCamilo(B.1753).
Hismother'sfamilyhadapretentiousnobilityandhouse,modestbrickcottage,belongingtoherfamily,andperhapsdreamily,theircrest,JoséandGracia,boughtSaragosa'shomeandwasabletoreturntoliveinthecity.AlthoughtherearenosurvivingrecordspeoplethinkGoyamayhaveparticipatedinthecontinuingPIAdeSanAnton,offeringfreeeducation.Hiseducationseemstobeenoughbutnotinspiring;hisreading,writingandcomputingabilities,andsomeclassicknowledge.AccordingtoRobertHughesartist"seemsnolongerinterestedinacarpenter'sphilosophyortheology,andhisviewofpaintingVerydowntoearth:Goyahasnotheorists.AtschoolheformedacloseandlifelongfriendshipwithotherstudentMartinzapater;the131yearletterGoyawrotetohimfrom1775untilthedeathofzapaterin1801tothevaluableinsightofGoya'searlycourtinMadrid.
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Attheageof14,hestudiedstampreproductioninthefactoryofluzan,Jose,forfouryears,untilhedecidedtoworkonhisown.Helaterwrote,"paintfrommyinvention.".HemovedtoMadridtostudyAntonraphaelmon,apopularpainterofSpanishroyalty.Heandhismasterwerenotsatisfiedwiththeexam.Goya'ssubmissiontotherealacademiadebottledwaterArtesdeSanFernandoin1763and1766wasrejectedforadmission.
RomewastheculturalcapitalofEuropeatthattime,allthearchetypesoftheclassicalera,whileSpainlackedacoherentartisticdirection,withallitsimportantvisualachievementsinthepast.Withoutscholarships,GoyamovedtoRomeathisownexpensetoanancienttraditionalEuropeanartistthatdatesbackatleasttoAlbrechtDurer,whoserecordsatthetimewerefewanduncertain.EarlybiographerstookhimtoRomewithagroupofbullfighters,whereheworkedasastreetacrobat,aRussiandiplomat,orfellinlovewithabeautifulyoungnunwhoconspiredtokidnaphermonastery.Whatismorecertainisthatduringthevisitoftwosurvivingmythologicalpaintings,thesacrificetoVestaandsacrificecanbetracedbackto1771.
In1771,hewonthesecondprizeinthepaintingcompetitionheldinthecityofParma.ThatyearhewentbacktoZaragozaandpaintedpartoftheturretofthemainhallofthepillars(includingthenameoftheworshippedGod),acycleofmuralsofthemonasterychurchofkartmonasteryclassroomofsomeofthemuralsofsobradielpalace.Hestudiedalagong'sartistbayeuysubiasinSanFranciscoandthesubtlehuesinwhichhispaintingsbegantoshowthathebecamefamous.
Goyaandbayeu,bayeu'ssisterinSanFrancisco,marriedELO(hisnickname"PEPA")onJuly25,1773,theirfirstchild,AntonioRamonCarlos,August29,1774.
Madrid(1775-1789)
MarriageandSanFranciscobayeu1765memberoftheacademiadebottledwaterArtesdeSanFernando,tapestry'smanager'sworkbeganin1777tohelpGoyaacquireaseriesofcommitteetapestrycomicsfromtheRoyaltapestryfactory.Infiveyearshedesignedsome42models,manyofwhichwerestonewallEldumpfordecorationandsegregationand-realdelPardo'sresidenceinPalacio,theSpanishmonarch.Whendesigningtapestriesforprestigeandhighpay,hiscomicsaremostlyRococostyleofthecivilianclass,andGoyausesthemtomakehimselfmoreconcerned.
CaricatureisnothisonlyRoyalCommission,andisaccompaniedbyaseriesofcarvings,masterpiecessuchasmostofthelatercopiesofMarcoAntoniolemontiVelazquez.Goyathelatterhasacomplexrelationshipwithartists,whilemanyofhispeersinGoyaseestupidattemptstocopyandimitatehim,andhevisitsawiderangeoflongextinctpainterswhoseworksareincludedintheroyalcollection.However,corrosionisamedium,theyoungartististhemaster,amedium,istorevealtherealdepthofhisimaginationandhispoliticalbelief.HisC1779etchedtourniquetman("Elagarrotado")isthebiggestworkofhisproductiondate,andhehasaclearpremonitionafterthe"disasterofwar"series.
Goyawasplaguedbyillness,hisconditionwastodealwithhisopponents,andhewatchedcarefullyasanyartistsawtheriseofstatus.Someofthelargercomics,suchasweddings,over8to10feet,provedtobeadrainonhisphysicalstrength.Resourceful,Goyatookthisunfortunate,claimingthathisillnessgavehiminsightintotheproductionofmorepersonalandinformalwork.However,hefoundformatlimitationsbecauseitdidnotallowhimtocapturecomplexcolorvariationsortexturesthatwerenotsuitableforthickpaintandglasstechnologyapplications.Tapestriesseemtocommentonhumantypes,fashionandfashion.