固态锂金属电池安全性研究进展ResearchProgressonSafetyofSolid

2苏州大学能源学院,江苏省先进碳材料与可穿戴能源技术重点实验室,江苏苏州

3南通大学化学化工学院,江苏南通

收稿日期:2022年7月21日;录用日期:2022年8月20日;发布日期:2022年8月29日

摘要

目前,固态锂金属电池(SSLMB)是实现高能量密度的下一代储能设备之一,其中,全固态电解质(SSEs)的使用有望彻底解决锂金属负极带来的安全问题。由于以往对SSEs电池的刻板印象,大部分研究主要集中于提高SSLMBs的电化学性能,而忽略了其安全性问题。然而,在实际研究过程中,SSLMBs潜在安全性问题逐渐暴露。本综述总结了几种可能引发电池安全问题的原因,并简要概述了相应解决方案。最后,对今后超高安全性SSLMBs的研究进行了总结和展望。

关键词

固态锂金属电池,固态电解质,安全性,锂金属负极

ResearchProgressonSafetyofSolid-StateLithiumMetalBatteries

XiaoweiShen1,ZhenkangWang2,JieLiu3,TaoQian3

1SchoolofElectricalEngineering,NantongUniversity,NantongJiangsu

2KeyLaboratoryofAdvancedCarbonMaterialsandWearableEnergyTechnologiesofJiangsuProvince,CollegeofEnergy,SoochowUniversity,SuzhouJiangsu

3SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,NantongUniversity,NantongJiangsu

Received:Jul.21st,2022;accepted:Aug.20th,2022;published:Aug.29th,2022

ABSTRACT

Nowadays,thesolid-statelithiummetalbattery(SSLMB)hasbeenoneofthenext-generationenergystoragedevicesthatisexpectedtoachievehighenergydensity.Theuseofsolid-stateelectrolytes(SSEs)isexpectedtocompletelysolvethesafetyproblemscausedbylithiummetalanode.DuetothestereotypeofSSEswerealwayssafeinthepast,mostofthepreviousstudiesfocusedonimprovingtheelectrochemicalperformanceofSSLMBs,butignoredthesafetyissues.However,thepotentialsecurityproblemsofSSLMBsaregraduallyexposedinpracticalresearch.Thisreviewsummarizesseveralpossiblecausesofbatterysafetyproblemsandprovidesabriefoverviewofcorrespondingsolutions.Finally,theperspectivesonultra-highsafetySSLMBsarealsosummarizedandprospected.

Keywords:Solid-StateLithiumMetalBatteries,Solid-StateElectrolytes,Safety,LithiumMetalAnode

ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionInternationalLicense(CCBY4.0).

1.引言

自锂离子电池(LIB)商业化以来,便主导着储能市场,极大地改变了我们的生活方式。然而,传统LIBs的能量密度已逐渐到达开发极限[1]。开发安全、高能量密度的储能设备,对能源可持续发展和安全生产具有重要意义[2]。金属锂具有极高的理论容量(3860mAhg1,是LIBs石墨负极的十倍)和最低的电化学势(3.04VvsSHE),以其作为负极材料可有效提高电池的能量密度。然而,锂金属电池的安全性问题仍然十分棘手,主要来自两个方面:1)在充放电过程中,锂离子沉积不均匀,造成锂电池负极表面枝晶生长,引起电池内部短路[3];2)传统的碳酸乙烯基电解质高度易燃且具有毒性,在实际应用中给锂金属电池带来了严重的安全隐患。为了实现锂金属电池的商业化应用,上述安全问题在未来发展中首当其冲。

在过去几十年中,为了克服电池的易燃隐患,研究人员设计了多种策略以对其进行优化改进,如使用水电解质取代有机电解质[4]、使用特殊隔膜作为自动停机装置[5]以及添加电解液阻燃剂[6]等。同时,研究人员也为锂金属负极的保护,解决锂负极枝晶生长所带来的问题付出了巨大的努力[7]。目前,大多数研究主要集中于构建稳定的固体电解质界面或通过不同的方法调控Li+沉积,如控制电场和构建亲脂骨架等。除此之外,通过开发全固态电解质(SSEs)以减少易燃电解质的使用,也可提高电池的安全性。SSEs的强机械性能对抑制枝晶生长起到了重要作用。SSEs的使用可能成为同时实现电池高能量密度和安全性的最佳方式[8][9][10][11]。

Table1.SummaryofSSEsandtheirproperties

Figure1.ThreepotentiallydangerousaspectsofSSLMBs

2.SSEs中的枝晶生长

2.1.无机SSEs枝晶生长

根据Monroe和Newman提出的理论,当SSEs拥有约为锂(约4.2GPa)的两倍的剪切模量时,可以有效抑制锂枝晶的形成[25][26]。硫化物型和氧化石榴石型SSEs的剪切模量都达到了这一标准。因此,SSEs被看作是一种有希望最终解决电池短路问题并大大提高锂电池安全性的方法。

Figure2.(a)AschematicoftheapparatusforLiplatingonametalelectrodeincontactwithasolidelectrolyte;(b)Lilamentinasolidelectrolytematrix[27];(c)LidendriteformationinasolidelectrolytebeforemodicationandLidendritesuppressionmechanisminamodiedelectrolytesystem[29]

2.2.SPEs枝晶生长

tLi++tanion=1(1)

Table2.PhysicochemicalpropertiesofsingleLi+conductingSPEswithvariousanioniccenters

a共混聚合物:具有不同结构的均聚物或共聚物的物理混合物;无规则共聚物:由随机分布的不同重复单元组成的聚合物;嵌段共聚物:一种由不同聚合物组分的交替段组成的聚合物,通过其活性端连接在一起;三嵌段共聚物:由三段均聚物按线性顺序组成的聚合物。

Figure3.(a)Aschematicofthehybridsolid-statecompositeelectrolyteand;(b)Thevoltageproleofthecontinuedlithiumplating/strippingcyclingwithacurrentdensityof0.5mAcm2at25C[36];(c)TheroleofLiDFTFSIandLiTFSIinPEO;(d)TheperformancecomparisonoflithiumsymmetricalbatterieswithdifferentSPEs[42]

3.界面稳定性问题

在SSLMBs中,由于SSEs与具有超低电化学电位和超高化学反应活性的锂金属负极接触时容易发生副反应,因此锂负极与SSEs的界面很难保持长期稳定[58]。锂负极与SSEs之间的副反应和反应物的形成将导致下列严重后果:1)金属锂和SSEs持续消耗,加速电池故障;2)造成电池内部体积变化,威胁电解液的结构强度;3)电场的无序性增加,为锂枝晶的初始生长提供足够的空间,从而产生局部应力并导致电池断裂。对于完美的界面,首先需要SSEs于电极完全接触,而后在界面处形成离子导电型而非电子导电型亚稳层,从而阻止进一步的副反应,防止Li+在SSEs中直接捕获电子形成枝晶。

除了对SSEs界面进行相应的设计和调控外,设计和调控锂金属负极也是一种很好的策略,比如用锂合金负极代替纯锂金属负极。锂铟合金与硫化型SSEs匹配时,具有稳定界面层和抑制锂枝晶生成的效果[66][67]。Adelhelm等[18]探究了β-Li3PS4.57固态电池中Li-In合金负极的合金相、氧化还原电位和界面稳定性。结果表明,不同的Li-In比例会形成不同的合金相,当Li-In比例为1:1.26时,200h内剥离/镀Li+的过电位低至12mV,且没有发现明显的电位变化。其他一些锂合金也可稳定和湿润SSEs和负极之间的界面,如Li-Mg合金[68],Li-ZnO合金[69],Li-Al合金[70]和Li-C合金[71]等。

综上所述,造成SSE和活性锂负极界面问题的原因非常复杂,给SSLMBs的安全性和稳定性带来了巨大隐患。由于不同SSEs皆具有特殊的物理化学性质,许多研究基于复合、多层和非对称型SSEs,结合不同SSEs的优点,以解决界面问题。此外,SSEs和电极之间的界面的原位电化学方法的发展,有助于进一步阐明界面失效的机理,对实现更安全的SSLMBs具有重要意义。

Figure4.(a)CyclingperformanceofaLiCoO2-PEO||LibatterywithPVDF-LiFSIastheSPE[24];(b)Aschematicdiagramoftheinterfaceregulationofanionicliquid[62];(c)AschematicillustrationofthefabricationprocessoftheSPEinterfacelayerwitha3DLianodeforSSLMBs[65]

4.环境耐受性

Figure5.(a)Theprocedureoftheall-inclusivemicrocellfollowedforDSCanalysesandthetestresultsofthebatterywithliquidandsolidelectrolytes[76];(b)SequentialimagesasafunctionoftimeforcontactofsinteredLAGPpelletandmeltedLimetalat200Cintheglovebox[17];(c)TheammabilitytestoftheCelgardseparatorandPPL90membrane[89];(d)TheammabilitytestoftheCelgardseparator,PEO,andHVTPE[90]

Figure6.(a)Themechanismofthermalresponsepolymertopreventthermalrunaway;(b)Theschematicillustrationofthecompositionofthermal-responsiveSPE;(c)itsopticalimage;(d)PhotographsofasmallelectricfanpoweredbyoneSSLMBatdierenttemperatures[94]

5.总结与展望

以锂金属为负极是提高电池能量密度的有效方案,但锂枝晶生长所带来的安全问题阻碍了它们的实际应用。SSEs可以减少电池的安全性问题,实现较高的能量密度,在锂金属负极的实际应用方面极具发展潜力。直至目前,大多数研究主要集中于增强室温条件下块状SSEs的离子电导率和SSLMBs的性能(降低界面阻抗,改善循环稳定性等)。实际上,电池的安全性才是整个电池体系发展的重中之重。虽然SSLMBs有很好的发展前景,但对其安全性的研究相对较少。SSEs的研发极大地提高了电池安全性,但想要实现电池的绝对安全,我们还有很长的路要走。

THE END
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