北京市海淀区2021年高三一模英语试题
2021.04
本试卷共8页，100分。考试时长90分钟。
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）
第一节（共10小题；每小题1·5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
My.friendshipwiththestudentsinaprimaryschoolinUgandastartedonashakyground.我的。与乌干达一所小学学生的友谊开始时并不稳固。The1ofnotbeingunderstoodwashiddenwithin,fortheyspokealanguagedifferentfromthatofmineandminetoofellondeafears.他们心中隐藏着一种不被理解的恐惧，因为他们说的语言与我的语言不同，我的语言也被置若罔闻。
Igreetedthemwithawidesmile,andwhenIspokefurther,theyrepliedwithicecold2Areminderechoedinmymind:youmustlivethroughittogettothem.SoIgaveitanother.try.Ispoke3Englishwithhandgesturesandabitofdancing.Ifallfailed,thesmilewould4Soonwepickedupandthenthe5ofthelearnerscameintoplay.Atthementionofaname,tremblesandfacecoveringweretheresponseIgot.Idecidedto6adeskwithateameachdayduringgroupworktogetcloser.Afterschool,Iaccompaniedthemhome.
原文解析:
7,webecamefriends.Theywereevenawareofmyfavoritefruit,avocado(牛油果):IfIdidn’tgetoneonmydesk,itwould8mewhereverIwas.Myslipperswerewornout.OnenightIleftthemoutasnoonecouldstealapairofslippersinthatstate.Thenextmorning,IwasreadytodragmyslippersonasusualandIwassurprisedtheyhadbeen9Wow!
渐渐地，我们成了朋友。他们甚至知道我最喜欢的水果——鳄梨：如果我桌上没有一个，不管我在哪里，它都会找到我。我的拖鞋穿坏了。一天晚上，我把它们放在了外面，因为在那种情况下没人能偷到一双拖鞋。第二天早上，我准备像往常一样拖着我的拖鞋，我惊讶地发现它们被修好了，哇!
Thelittlethingswedoforeachotherbringusgreatjoyandwarmth.我们为彼此做的小事给我们带来了巨大的快乐和温暖。Wedon'thaveaproperspokenlanguage,butwearefluentinthelanguageof10.我们没有合适的口语，但我们的友谊语言很流利。
1.A.angerB.fear
C.confusionD.disappointment
2.A.agreementB.blame
C.commentD.silence
3.A.simpleB.official
C.academicD.unusual
4.A.turnupBbreakoff
C.takeoverD.fadeaway
5.A.shynessB.laziness
C.lonelinessD.calmness
6.A.clearB.share
C.searchD.exchange
7.A.SuddenlyB.Obviously
C.AccidentallyD.Gradually
8.A.hitB.find
C.catchD.hunt
9.A.packedB:cleaned
C.repairedD.abandoned
10.A.sympathyB.admiration
C.friendshipD.confidence
第二节语法填空（共10小题：每小题15分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给出提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A
BrianSkerryisanunderwaterphotojournalistAspartofhisjob,heencountersmysterioussea11(creature)suchaswhalesandsharks.TogetthebestphotoSkerrygetsclosetothewildlife—evenifit’sdangerous.OnetimeinMexico,asquidgabbedSkerryashe12.(take)aphoto.
WhydoesSkerrytaketheserisksHehopeshisphotographswillmakepeoplethinkaboutlifeintheoceans.AsSkerrysays,“Theoceansareinrealtrouble.Asajournalist,themostimportantthingIcandoistoraisepublic13(aware).”
原文解析：
BrianSkerryisanunderwaterphotojournalistAspartofhisjob,heencountersmysteriousseacreaturessuchaswhalesandsharks.TogetthebestphotoSkerrygetsclosetothewildlife—evenifit’sdangerous.OnetimeinMexico,asquidgabbedSkerryashewastakingaphoto.
WhydoesSkerrytaketheserisksHehopeshisphotographswillmakepeoplethinkaboutlifeintheoceans.AsSkerrysays,“Theoceansareinrealtrouble·Asajournalist,themostimportantthingIcandoistoraisepublicawareness·”
BrianSkerry是一名水下摄影记者在他的工作中，他遇到了神秘的海洋生物，如鲸鱼和鲨鱼。为了拍出最好的照片，斯科利接近了野生动物——即使这很危险。有一次在墨西哥，斯科利正在拍照，一只鱿鱼跟他说话。
斯科利为什么要冒这个险？他希望他的照片能让人们思考海洋中的生命。正如斯克里所说：“海洋正面临真正的麻烦。作为一名记者，我能做的最重要的事情就是提高公众的意识。”
B
Inthepastfewyears,researchersatLandUniversity14(publish)severalpapersondogs’abilitytodetectthewarmthofabodywithouttouchingit.Theirresultsshowthat,from5feetaway,dogscanreliablytellthedifference15a4-inchobjectatbodytemperatureandoneatroomtemperature.Thescientistsidentifiedasetofnervesinadog'snose16appeartoberesponsible·Theskinonadog'snosecanabsorbthetinyamountofinfraredlight(红外线)leakingfromawarmobject,andthenervesinsidetheskinquicklysensethatextraenergy,17(signal)tothebrainthatsomethingwarmisnearby.
Inthepastfewyears,researchersatLandUniversityhavepublishedseveralpapersondogs’abilitytodetectthewarmthofabodywithouttouchingit.Theirresultsshowthat,from5feetaway,dogscanreliablytellthedifferencebetweena4-inchobjectatbodytemperatureandoneatroomtemperature.Thescientistsidentifiedasetofnervesinadog'snosethatappeartoberesponsible·Theskinonadog'snosecanabsorbthetinyamountofinfraredlightleakingfromawarmobject,andthenervesinsidetheskinquicklysensethatextraenergy,signalingtothebrainthatsomethingwarmisnearby.
在过去的几年里，兰德大学(LandUniversity)的研究人员发表了几篇关于狗在不接触身体的情况下感知体温的能力的论文。他们的研究结果表明，在5英尺远的地方，狗狗们就能准确地分辨出一个4英寸高的物体在体温下和一个在室温下的区别。科学家们在狗的鼻子里发现了一组神经，这些神经似乎是负责任的。狗鼻子上的皮肤可以吸收从温暖物体中渗出的微量红外光，皮肤内的神经很快就能感觉到额外的能量，向大脑发出信号，表明附近有温暖的物体。
C
SomeAmericancitiesarebanningdrive-throughwindowsatfast-foodrestaurants.Therearetwobasicreasonsforthebans:concernfortheenvironmentandtheneed18(fight)obesity.
IntheUS,mostadultsdriveautomobilesandalmost40%oftheadultsareoverweight.That'spartly19peopleareworriedabouttheenvironmentandunhealthydiets.Supportersofthebanshopefewerdrive-throughwindows20(reduce)litterandairpollutionfromcustomersdrivingcars.Somealsothinkthatpeoplewillchoosehealthierfoodifthereisnolongertheconvenienceofadrive-throughwindow.
SomeAmericancitiesarebanningdrive-throughwindowsatfast-foodrestaurants.Therearetwobasicreasonsforthebans:concernfortheenvironmentandtheneedtofightobesity.
IntheUS,mostadultsdriveautomobilesandalmost40%oftheadultsareoverweight.That'spartlywhypeopleareworriedabouttheenvironmentandunhealthydiets.Supportersofthebanshopefewerdrive-throughwindowswillreducelitterandairpollutionfromcustomersdrivingcars.Somealsothinkthatpeoplewillchoosehealthierfoodifthereisnolongertheconvenienceofadrive-throughwindow.
一些美国城市正在禁止快餐店的免下车窗口。禁令有两个基本原因：
在美国，大多数成年人都会开车，近40%的成年人超重。这就是人们担心环境和不健康饮食的部分原因。禁令的支持者希望减少驾车窗口的数量可以减少垃圾和空气污染。一些人还认为，如果不再有“免下车”窗口的便利，人们会选择更健康的食物。
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
Emergenciesarescary,butthereisnowanewsmartringonthemarketthatwillquicklycallforhelpwhenyouneeditmost.MeetNimb,aringthatincludesapanicbutton.Itletsyousendemergencyalerts(警报)topresetcontactsfromitsmobileappwiththetouchofathumb.Whetheryouarebeingattackedorexperiencingaserioushealthproblem,Nimbwillhelpkeepyousafeandsound.
紧急情况是可怕的，但现在市场上有一种新的智能戒指，可以在你最需要它的时候迅速呼救。来认识一下Nimb，这是一种带有紧急按钮的戒指。它可以让你用拇指在移动应用程序中向预设联系人发送紧急警报。无论您是否正在遭受攻击或经历严重的健康问题，Nimb将帮助您保持安全和健康。
SmartRingtotheRescue
Thestorybehindthedevelopmentwiththisnewtechnologyisuniqueandtouching.In2010,KathyRoma,whoistheco-founderandcommunicationsleadwithNimb,wasviolentlyattackedbyacompletestrangerandwasonthebrinkofdeath.Shesufferedmultiplestabwoundsinasafeneighborhood,justafewfeetawayfromapolicestation.Hersavinggracewasn'tjustherfightanddrivetosurvive,butthecallforhelp·
Sincethen,shehasbeensearchingtofindawayforotherstohaveavoicewhenthey’reinneedofhelpandhasbeenadrivingforceinthedevelopmentofthisnewtechnology.AndNimbiseasytouse.Allyouneedtodowhenyourcontacts.Yourcontactswillgetinstantemergencyalertsontheirsmartphonesandtablets.Thissmartringtracksyourexactlocationinrealtimeandyourcontactswillknowwhereyouareatalltimes.
Nimb’sappincludesanalertcard,andbuilt-inchatandnotificationfeatures.Theringiscompatible(兼容的)withBluetooth4+,iOS7+andAndroid4+.ItisalsoequippedwitharechargeableLiPoBatterythatwilllastabouttwoweeks,andisdesignedtowithstandwateranddust.
Nimb:StaySafeinStyle
Whatmakesthissmartringextraspecialisthatitiscoolandfuturisticlooking.Itcomesintwocolors:StealthBlackandClassicWhite.TheringisavailableinUSringsizes4-12,whichmeansyoucanwearitonanyofyourfingers.There'snodoubtthisnewtechnologywillbeahitonthemarket:everyonewantstohavethatextrapieceofmindwhenitcomestohealthandsafety·Nimbretailsfor$129·
21Nimbisdesignedtohelpusers_________·
A·relievepaininstressfulsituations
B·warnfriendsofsurroundingdangers
C·callcontactsforhelpinemergencies
D·keeptrackofserioushealthproblems
22·KathyRomagottheideaofNimbfrom________·
A·herexperienceofbeingattacked
B·herdesiretohaveavoiceintechnology
C·herdreamoffoundingherowncompany
D·herdrivetosurvivefromaseriousdisease
23·HowdoyouuseNimbwhenyouareintrouble
A·Byeditinganemergencymessage·
B·Bypressingabuttonforthreeseconds·
C·Bytrackingthelocationofpresetcontacts·
D·Bysendingalertstothesmartphonesnearby·
Itwasareadingclass·Whileallherclassmateswereflyingthroughthe2ndand3rdbooksintheHarryPotterseriesSkyeMalik,onlyonpagefourofthefirstbook,gotimpossiblystuckontheword"doughnut”.
那是一节阅读课。当她所有的同学都在飞快地读完《哈利波特》系列的第二、第三部时，斯凯·马利克（SkyeMalik)只看了第一本书的第四页，就被“甜甜圈”(doughnut）这个词难住了。
Herunexpecteddifficultywithreadingiscalleddyslexia.Skyegotaprofessionaldiagnosisattheendofthe2ndgrade.Knowingthatotherkidsweregoingthroughthesamethingmadeiteasieronhersomehow.Whatwasn’teasy,evenafterallthehelpshegotfromspecialtutorsandreadingprograms,wasfluentreading.Whatmanypeopledowithoutthinking-reading-shehadtostrugglewithwordbyword,sometimesletterbyletter.Inclass,shewouldheartheotherkidsflipthroughthepagesonassignmentsandgoontothequestionswhileshewasstilldoingbattlewiththefirstparagraph.
她在阅读方面的意外困难被称为诵读困难。Skye在二年级结束时接受了专业诊断。知道了其他孩子也在经历同样的事情让她好过了很多。但最难的是，即使在特殊辅导老师和阅读课程的帮助下，她的阅读还是很流畅。和许多人不加思考就会做的事情一样——读书——她不得不一个字一个字地努力，有时是一个字母一个字母地努力。在课堂上，当她还在为第一段做斗争时，她会听到其他孩子翻着作业的页数继续提问。
Shewasasfrustratedasshewasdiscouraged.Butshedidn'tknowofanyotherwayuntilher4thgradeteacher,MissPollock,toldheraboutsomethingcalledLearningAlly.
她既灰心丧气又灰心丧气。但是她不知道其他的方法，直到她四年级的老师波洛克小姐告诉她一个叫做学习同盟的东西。
LearningAllyisanon-profitorganizationthatoffersaudioversionsofbooks.Acrewofvolunteerreadershasrecorded75,000classicnovels,children’sbooks,andschooltextbooksthathelpmorethan300,000studentsandadultswithlearningdifferencesorwhoareblind.NowSkyecouldlistentothebookswithherearsandfollowthewordswithhereyesonthepage,Insteadofhavinghermotherreadhertextbookstoher,shecouldindependentlydoherwork.“WithLearningAlly,Ifeelconfidentandcapableandcaneasilykeepupwithmyclassmates,”Skyeexplains,“andIwantotherkidstofeelempowered,justthewayIdid·”
学习同盟是一个提供有声读物的非盈利组织。一群志愿读者记录了7.5万本经典小说、儿童读物和学校教科书，帮助了超过30万名学习有差异或失明的学生和成年人。现在，Skye可以用耳朵听书，眼睛跟着书页上的文字走，而不是让妈妈给她读课本，她可以自己做作业。有了“学习联盟”，我感到自信和有能力，可以轻松地跟上我的同学，Skye解释说，我想让其他孩子感到有力量，就像我一样。
SoSkye,nowaged16,createdThePacoProjectwhichwasnamedafterhergrandfatherwhosenicknamewas“Paco”.ThePacoProjectisafundraiserandeducationalinitiativefocusingongivingstudentswithdyslexiaaccesstothesameLearningAllytechnologythatchangedherlife.
于是，现年16岁的Skye创立了Paco项目，这个项目是以她祖父的昵称Paco命名的。Paco项目是一个资金筹集者和教育倡议，致力于让有诵读困难的学生使用改变她生活的“学习联盟”(LearningAlly）技术。
Skyehasrealizedthatsheisoneoftheluckykidswhohavebeendiagnosed.Sheknowsthateducatingteachersaboutdyslexiaandgivingstudentswiththelearningchallengethetoolstheyneedisagreatfirststepinmeetingdyslexiaheadon,andhelpingthembeconfident,capablestudents.
Skype意识到她是被确诊的幸运儿之一。她知道教育教师关于阅读障碍和给予学生学习挑战他们需要的工具是迎接阅读障碍的第一步，并帮助他们成为自信、有能力的学生。
“Rightnowtheyfeelstuck-ashamed,unsureandinsecureabouttheirschoolwork·IfIcouldhelpstopthesestudentsfeelingthisway,thatwouldmeantheworldtome·”
现在，他们对自己的学业感到羞愧、不确定和没有安全感。如果我能阻止这些学生有这种感觉，那对我来说意义重大。”
24.Accordingtothepassage,Skye________.
A.foundawayoutwiththehelpofMissPollock
B.feltannoyedatbeingteasedbyherclassmates
C.preferredreadingthefirstbookofHarryPotter
D.wasdiagnosedwithdyslexiainherfourthgrade
25.ThePacoProjectwascreated________.
A.topromoteLearningAllytechnology
B.toempowerthosewithreadingdifficulty
C.withinspirationfromSkye’sgrandfather
D.inresponsetothegrowingdemandsofteachers
26.Thepassagemainlyabout________.
A.whatpeoplewithdyslexiaaresuffering
B.whatmeasuresareneededtobeatdyslexia
C.howLearningAllyinfluencedpeoplewithdyslexia
D.howSkyebattledagainstdyslexiaandhelpedothers
ThephilosopherMartinBuber,ismostknownforhisworkon"I-Thou/You”relationshipsinwhichpeople:areopen,direct,mutuallyinterestedineachother.Incontrast,“I-It”relationshipsarethoseinwhichweusetheother,likeanobject,tosolveourproblemsandfulfillourneedsandpurposes.
哲学家马丁·布伯(MartinBuber)最著名的作品是关于“我-你/你”的关系。在这种关系中，人们开放、直接、相互感兴趣。相反，“I-It”关系是指我们利用对方，就像一个物体，来解决我们的问题，满足我们的需求和目的。
Itisnotourfaultthatmanyofourrelationshipsareorbecome“It”relationshipsbecausemostofwhatwefeel,thinkanddoismotivatedbyunconsciousmemoriesofhowtosurvivetheenvironmentintowhichwewereborn.Thus,oneofthereasonsweuseotherpeopletohelpusfeelbetteraboutourselvesandcopeintheworldisthatusingpeoplewasoncenecessaryanditworked.Whenweweresmallandhelpless,“It”cameandfedus,andheldus,andsetusonourway.Wedidn'thavetoreciprocateandcarefor“It”.Evenwhenthecareandattentionof“It”wasminimalorunpredictable,ifwegotoutofchildhoodalive,somewherealongtheway“It”wasinvolved.
Freudcalledthisstageofearlylife"primarynarcissism"，whichisourinstinct(本能)forself-preservationandisanormalpayofourdevelopment.Whilemostofusgrowoutofit,westillholdasurvivalfear.whichmotivatestoescapedangerandtostayalive,andweallneedthisfearinhealthymeasure·
弗洛伊德将这一早期阶段称为“原始自恋”，这是我们自我保护的本能，也是我们发展的正常回报。虽然我们中的大多数人长大了，但我们仍然有生存的恐惧。我们都需要这种健康的恐惧。
Theproblemisthattoomanyofusmuchorthetime,areinaconstantstatethreat-andweoftendon’tknowit.Weimaginepeoplearetalkingaboutusbehindourbacks,thatwehavecancer,thatweareinadequate,andvulnerabletomorethanourshareofbadluck.Asourbrainhavegrowninsizeandcomplexity.sohasourabilitytoscareourselves.
Thiscausesmanyproblems,Forexample,ourstresslevelsincrease,ourdigestionisimpairedandourthinkingbecomesrestricted.Ourthreatresponsestopsanybodilyfunction,feeling,thoughtandbehaviorthatmight“waste”energyanddetractfromfightingorescapingdanger.Thus,wheninthreat,ouremotional,cognitiveandbehavioralrangeissignificantlyreduced.
这导致了许多问题，例如，我们的压力水平增加，我们的消化受损，我们的思维变得受限。我们的威胁反应会阻止任何可能浪费能量、减少对抗或逃避危险的身体功能、感觉、思想和行为。因此，当受到威胁时，我们的情绪、认知和行为范围会显著缩小。
Andinthisreducedstate,oneofoursolutionsistofindsomeonewhocansaveandcomfortus.Insteadofenablingustobeopen,directandmutual,fearandanxietyleadustowardsconversationsandchoicesinourrelationswithothersthatareorientatedtowardssurvivingnotthriving(茁壮成长).Threat-motivatedrelationshipsarecharacterizedbyneed,dependency,control,demand,dishonesty,andself-interest.
在这种简化的状态下，我们的解决办法之一就是找一个能拯救和安慰我们的人。恐惧和焦虑并没有使我们变得开放、直接和相互，而是引导我们在与他人的关系中进行对话和选择，以生存为导向，而不是发展壮大。威胁驱动的关系的特征是需要、依赖、控制、需求、不诚实和自我利益。
Wecannotformthe“I-Thou”relationshipsthatBuberspeaksofuntilwehavelearnedtonotice,comfort,andunderstandtheemotionsandpatternsofourthreatbrain.Wheninthreat,wetendtouseotherpeopleasobjectswhocansaveandprotectus,orwhowecanblameforourproblems.
在我们学会注意、安慰和理解威胁大脑的情绪和模式之前，我们无法形成布伯所说的“我-你”关系。当我们受到威胁时，我们倾向于把别人当作可以拯救和保护我们的东西，或者把我们的问题归咎于他们。
D
MoveOver,SelfishGene
让开，自私的基因
Evolutiontraditionallyhasaproblemwithnicepeople.Ifonlythefittestindividualssurvive,thenthosewhoarenicetoothersattheirownexpensewillsurelyheweededout.Yetcooperationiswidespreadinnature,fromplantsalertingeachothertodangertodolphinscooperatingtoroundupfish.
传统上，进化对好人来说是个问题。如果只有最适者生存，那么那些以自己为代价善待他人的人肯定会被淘汰。然而，合作在自然界中广泛存在，从植物相互警告危险，到海豚合作围捕鱼类。
Adecades-oldideacalledkinselectioncanexplainsomeofthis:iforganisms(生物)haveenoughDNAincommon,thentheycanfurthertheirownselfishgenesbyhelpingoneanother.Beesandantshaveasystemofreproductionwhichleavescolonymemberssocloselyrelatedthattheyactalmostasasinglesuper-organismAndamonganysexuallyreproducingspeciesparentalcarehelpsindividualspassontheirgenes.
一个几十年前被称为“亲缘选择”的想法可以部分解释这一现象:如如果生物体有足够多的共同DNA，那么他们可以通过帮助彼此来进一步发展自己自私的基因。蜜蜂和蚂蚁有一种生殖系统，使群体成员之间的联系如此紧密，以至于它们的行为几乎像一个单一的超级有机体。在任何有性繁殖的物种中，亲代抚育有助于个体传递其基因。
Butkinselectioncannotexplainwhyhumansaresonicetostrangers.Oneideaisthatwehaveevolvedtobesuper-cooperativebecause,overtime,morecooperativegroupshaveoutcompetedlesscooperativeones.Buttheregenerallyisn'tenoughgeneticvariationbetweengroupstoallownaturalselectiontofavormorecooperativeones.
Someresearchersthinkthesolutionliesinanideacalledculturalgroupselection.Forgetsharedgenes,theyargue.Selectioncanfavorcooperativegroupsifthepeoplewithinthemshareenoughculture.Theideaiscontroversialbecausetoworkitrequiresthatgroupsremainculturallydistinct,Ascriticspointout,peopletendtomigrate(迁移)betweengroups,whichshouldhomogenize(同质化)ideasandcustoms.Thosewhobacktheconceptcounterthatgroupshavewaystomaintaintheirdistinctculture,includingaprocesscallednom(准则)enforcement.Putsimply,ifsomeonemigratesintoanewculturalgroup,theyarepressuredintofollowingthelocalrulesbecausefailingtodosoleadstopunishment.
一些研究人员认为解决办法在于一种叫做文化群体选择的想法。他们认为，忘记共享基因吧。如果群体内部的人共享足够多的文化，选择就会有利于合作群体。这个观点是有争议的，因为它要求各个群体保持文化差异，正如批评者指出的那样，人们倾向于在不同群体之间迁移，这应该使思想和习俗均质化。支持这一概念的人反驳说，各个团体都有办法保持自己独特的文化，包括一个被称为nom（准则）强制执行的过程。简而言之，如果一个人迁移到一个新的文化群体，他们会被迫遵守当地的规则，因为不这样做会导致惩罚。
Earlierthisyear,MathewandHandleyatArizonaStateUniversitypublishedastudytestingtheidea.Theysampled759peoplefromfourethnicgroupsinKenyawhocompeteintensivelyforland,waterandlivestock.Thepairestimatedthatgeneticdifferencesbetweenindividualsfromdifferentgroupswasgenerallylessthan15%.Culturalpracticesandbeliefsvariedmuchmore,by107to20%.Peoplecooperatedmostwithmembersoftheirowngroup,asculturalgroupselectionpredicts,andtoalesserextentwithmembersofothergroupswhosenormsmostcloselymatchedtheirown.Thatmakessenseifcultureratherthangeneticsiswhatmatters.“Ithinkthisisoneofthemostexplicittestsofculturalgroupselectiontheorysofar,”saysMathew.
今年早些时候，亚利桑那州立大学的Mathew和Handley发表了一项研究来验证这个想法。他们抽样了来自肯尼亚四个民族的759人，这些民族对土地、水和牲畜的争夺非常激烈。两人估计，来自不同群体的个体之间的遗传差异一般小于15%。文化习俗和信仰的差异要大得多，从107到20%不等。正如文化群体选择预测的那样，人们与自己群体中的成员合作最多，与其他群体中规范与自己最接近的成员合作较少。如果重要的是文化而不是基因，那就说得通了。我认为这是迄今为止对文化群体选择理论最明确的测试之一，马修说。
Noteveryoneispersuaded.KrasnowatHarvardUniversityseesnotheoreticalflawwiththeidea,butsaysthatsomeofhisresearchunderminesit.Hehasfoundthatpeopledon'tjustenforcetheruleswithintheirgroup,butalsopunishpeoplefromothergroupswhofailtofollowtheirowngroup’snorms.Mathewcountersthatitisreasonabletoenforcethenormsonoutsidersasasteptowardsincorporating(并入)themintoyourculturalgroup.“Thisisoftenhowempiresexpand,”shesays.
并不是每个人都被说服了。哈佛大学的Krasnow认为这个想法在理论上没有缺陷，但他说他的一些研究削弱了它。他发现，人们不仅在自己的群体中强制执行规则，而且还惩罚其他群体中不遵守自己群体规范的人。马修反驳说，对外来者实施这些规范是合理的，这是将他们融入你的文化群体的一个步骤。她说，这就是帝国扩张的方式。
第二节（共5小题：每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填人空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
TheChangingLandscapeoftheMusicBusiness
音乐行业不断变化的格局
Themusicindustryisintheprocessofagreatchange.Inthepastdecades,artistsmademoneythroughphysicalsalesofrecords,CDs,andcassettes,Whileinrecentyears,downloadingsongsfromservicessuchasAmazonoriTuneshasbecomethemostcommonwayforpeopletopurchasemusic,andthewholeideaofbuyingmusictoownmaybefallingTotakeitsplaceareInternetappsthatStreammusicdirectlytoleanersontheirsmartphones,labels.ocomputers.音乐产业正处于一个巨大的变化过程中。在过去的几十年里，艺术家通过身体赚钱的销售记录，cd，磁带，而近年来，从服务，如亚马逊或者iTunes下载歌曲已成为最常见的为人们购买音乐，和购买音乐的整体思想的可能降至取而代之是互联网应用，智能手机上直接下载音乐学习者，标签。电脑。35Whilethisisgreatforfanswhonowhaveaces10millionsofsongsatheflickofatouchscreen,ithasshatteredthetraditionalmodelofhowanartistmanageshisorhercareer.
Withmusicloversincreasinglymovingawayfrommakingone-timepurchasestowardsanall-you-can-listen-toservice,whatisahard-workingartisttodoThemainproblemfacingmanymusiciansisthatpayments-per-streamofasongaremuchlowerthanwhatanartistwouldreceivefromadownload,36InNovemberof2014,award-winningmusicianTaylorSwiftpulledherentiremusiccatalogfromSpottily,apopularstreamingapp,claimingthattheirbusinessmodelsuggeststhatmusicdoesnotholdmuchworth.
37Theyclaimthatitofferssmallerartistsachancefortheirmusictogetheardbyawideraudience.BrianMessage,managerofthebandRadiohead,hascomeoutinsupportofstreamingservices.Heseesthemasawayformusiciansandfanstointeract.
Regardlessofwhatartistsmaythinkaboutthischangeinthemusicindustry,there'snoarguingthattheyneedtoadaptinordertomakemoney38.
Corporatesponsorshipcanbeariskyoptionformusicians.Abandcanmakemuchmoneybyagreeingtopromoteaproductorlicenseitsmusicforuseinadvertisements-buttherearemarrywaysthatthiscanbackfire.Whenhandsworkwithbusinesses.theymaylosetheimageheyhaveworkedtocreate.39Artistsmustdevelopanimagethatappealstotheirfarmsinordertoremainuniqueandauthentic,ortheyriskstrikingthewrongchord,whichcouldleavethemstrugglingtosustaincareerisminthisnewbusinesslandscape.
A.Othershavewelcomedtheideaofstreamingmusic.
B.However,thoseformsofmediaarequicklyfadingaway.
C.Somebig-nameartistshavecalledattentiontotheissue.
D.Themulescouldbedifferentforsmallerbandsjuststartingout.
E.Maintainingafineimagewhileworkingonacareeriscertainlytricky.
F.Onemajorshiftisthegrowthinpartnershipbetweenartistsandbusinesses.
G.Theseappsareavailableeitherasfreeversionsorasmonthlysubscriptionservices
第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）
第一节阅读表达（共4小题：第40、41小题各2分，第42小题3分，第43小题5分，共12分）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Theincreaseinonlineeducationhasallowedanewtypeofteachertoemerge-anartificialone.Butjusthowacceptingstudentsareofanartificialinstructorremainstobeseen.That’swhyresearchersattheUniversityofCentralFlorida'sNicholsonSchoolofCommunicationandMediaareworkingtoexaminestudentperceptionsofA-basedteachers,Someoftheirfindings.publishedrecentlyintheInternationalJournalofHuman-ComputerInteractionindicatethatforstudentstoacceptanAIteachingassistantitneedstobeeffectiveandeasytotalkto.
AccordingtoJihyunKim.theleadauthorofthestudy,thehopeisthatbyunderstandinghowstudentsrelatetoAI-teachers,engineersandcomputerscientistscandesignthemtoeasilyintegrateintotheeducationexperience.
金智贤(ji-hyunKim)说。该研究的第一作者希望，通过了解学生与人工智能的关系，教师、工程师和计算机科学家可以设计它们，方便地整合到教育体验中。
“Tousemachineteacherseffectivelyweneedtounderstandstudents’viewsonmachineteacherstheirleaningexperienceswiththemandmore,”Kimsays.“Thislineofresearchisneededtodesigneffectivemachineteachersthatcanactuallyfacilitatepositivelearningexperiences.
金说，为了有效地使用机器教师，我们需要了解学生对机器教师的看法，了解他们与机器教师一起学习的经验，甚至更多。要想设计出有效的机器教师，从而促进积极的学习体验，就需要进行这方面的研究。
AIteachingassistantscanhelpeaseateacher’sworkload,suchasbyrespondingtocommonlyaskedquestionsbystudents.Thesequestions.whichoftenpeareachsemesterandbecomenumerousinonlineclasseswithhundredsofstudents,canbecomealargetaskforateacher.Thequickdeliveryofanswersalsohelpsstudents.
人工智能助教可以帮助减轻老师的工作量，比如回答学生常见的问题。这些问题。这些课程通常在每个学期都出现，在数百名学生的网络课堂中变得不计其数，这对老师来说是一项艰巨的任务。答案的快速传递也对学生有帮助。
AnexampleofanAIteachingassistantisonenamedJillWatsonthatwascreatedbyaresearcherattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.Jillwasfedthethousandsofquestionsandanswerscommonlyaskedintheresearcher'sonlineclassthathe'dtaughtovertheyears.Withsomeadditionallearningandadjustments,Jillwaseventuallyabletoanswerthestudents'commonlyaskedquestionsaccuratelywithoutanyhumanassistanceasifshewasoneoftheresearchershumanteachingassistants.
人工智能教学助手的一个例子是吉尔·沃森(JillWatson)，它是由乔治亚理工学院(GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology)的一名研究员发明的。吉尔收到了数千个问题和答案，这些问题和答案都是在这位研究员多年来教授的在线课程中经常问到的。通过一些额外的学习和调整，吉尔最终能够准确地回答学生们经常问的问题，而不需要任何人类的帮助，就好像她是研究人员的人类助教一样。
“IhopeourresearchfindingshelpusfindaneffectivewaytoincorporateAIagentsintoeducation,Kimsays.“ByadoptinganAIagentasanassistantforasimpleandrepetitivetask,teacherswouldbeabletohavemorethingsscheduledsuchasmeetingwithstudentsanddevelopingteachingstrategies·”
金说:“我希望我们的研究成果能帮助我们找到一种有效的方法，将人工智能融入教育。”通过采用人工智能代理作为一个简单和重复的任务的助手，教师将能够安排更多的事情，如与学生见面和制定教学策略。
40.WhatkindofAIteachingassistantscanstudentseasilyaccept
41.WhatdoresearchersneedtodotodesigneffectiveAIteachingassistants
42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.WiththehelpofAI-basedteachingassistants,humanteacherscannotonlyberelievedfromheavyworkbutalsohavemoretimetoanswercommonlyaskedquestionsbystudents.
43.ExplainhowAItechnologycanbeusedinadifferentfieldinourlife.(about40words)
第二节（20分）
1.表示理解；
2.你的建议及理由。
注意：1.词数100左右；2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
DearJim,
Yours
LiHua
第二节：Onepossibleversion参考范文：
Iamsorrytoknowyouaretroubledbycellphoneoveruse.Asaheavycellphoneusermyself,Itotallyunderstandthestressandfrustrationyouarefeeling.
Fortunately,wecandoafewthingsaboutit.Forinstance,wecansetcertainhoursofthedayas“cellphonetime”andonlypickupthephoneduringthosehours.Bydoingso,wecanreduceourscreentime.Wemayalsoparticipateingroupactivitieswherewemeetpeoplefacetofaceandthusdon’tneedtorelyonthephoneallthetimetocontactothers.
IhopemysuggestionscanhelpandI’msureyouwillgetthroughthis.LetmeknowifIcanhelpinanyway.
Yours,
海淀区2021年下学期期中练习
参考答案高三英语
第一部分知识运用
第一节完形填空
1.B2.D3.A4.C5.A6.B7.D8.B9.C10.C
第二节语法填空
11.creatures12.wastaking13.awareness14.havepublished15.between
16.that/which17.signaling/signaling18.tofight19.why20.willreduce
第二部分阅读理解
第一节
21.C22.A23.B24.A25.B26.D27.A28.B29.D30.C31.D32.D33.C34.A
第二节
35.G36.C37.A38.F39.E
第三部分书面表达
40.Onesthatareeffectiveandeasytotalkto.
41.Theyneedtounderstandstudents’viewsonmachineteachers,theirlearningexperienceswiththemandmore.
42.WiththehelpofAI-basedteachingassistants,humanteacherscannotonlyberelievedfromheavyworkbutalsohavemoretimetoanswercommonlyaskedquestionsbystudents.
Accordingtothepassage,itistheAI-basedteachingassistantsratherthanteachersthatcananswercommonlyaskedquestionsbystudents.
43.AIiswidelyusedinthefieldoftransportation.UsingAI,thenavigationsystemsincarsandoncellphonesareabletorecommendthebestroutesbasedonrealtimetrafficdata.Also,AIcanbeusedtomakeself-drivingvehiclesmoreconvenientandmuchsafer.
刘凯老师介绍
刘凯，男，蒙古族，黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系，硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习；2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者；2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修；2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者；2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学交流学习；GRE托福考试全球高分获得者；荣获长江商学院EMBA。
教育部课题研究员，参与国家十二五课题计划，并作出突出贡献，参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制，多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师，所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖；将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础，课堂上善于寓教于乐，信息量大，内容丰富，使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。
2009-2012年期间，多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目，学术功底深厚，兼具偶像派与实力派特点，教风亲切洒脱，诙谐幽默，思维开阔，屡有奇思妙想，善于引导学生学以致用，对高考动向把握极其准确，深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。
资深考研培训讲师；
英语四六级考试天团高级讲师；
雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师；
六级考试阅卷组成员；
深谙命题规律和解题套路，对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。
呼吁国人学习英语的态度：
重复是记忆之母。
用听，用看，用心去触摸每个单词，你便会有更好的记忆。
中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。
上课特点：课堂从不需点名，却无人缺席
教学理念：英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门