Educationofficialsandindustryexpertsaredebatingthefutureofonlinelearning.ThediscussionisimportantbecausehundredsofuniversitiesintheUnitedStateshaverecentlymovedclassesonlinebecauseofthespreadofCOVID-19.
ForAshaChoksi,theriseofInternet-basedoronlinestudyprogramshasledtomajorimprovementsinhighereducation.“It’sactuallygivenalotmorepowertostudentsintermsofhow,whenandwheretheylearn,”theheadofresearchforPearsonEducationsaid.
Classesmeetonlinethroughvideoconferencing.Inthisway,studentsareabletocommunicatewitheachotherandtheirprofessorsevenwhentheyarefarawayfromschool.However,recentresearchsuggeststhemajorityofcollegestudentsandprofessorspreferin-personinstruction,becausetheyareconcernedthatcompaniessupervisingonlinelearningprogramsarenotclearaboutthepoliciestheyhavewiththeschoolstheyserve.
“Studentsseein-classlecturesasopportunitiestoengagewithinstructors,peers,andcontent.”theresearcherswrote.In-personlearningisespeciallyimportantinfieldslikehealthcareandteaching.Onlineeducationcanneverreallytakeitsplace,saidStephanieHall,afellowwiththeindependentpolicyresearchgroupTheCenturyFoundation.“Studentsneedtoexperience...whatthey’relearningabout,readingaboutorhearingaboutintheclassroom.AndIdon’tknowyetthedegreetowhichtechnologycanfacilitatethat.”
“Whenschoolsmakeagreementswithonlineprogrammanagerstoruntheironlineprograms,theyoftendonotmakeimportantinformationavailabletostudents,”Hallsaid.Thisincludeshowmuchcontrolthecompanyhasoverthedesignoftheprogramorwhetherthefacultyleadingtheclasseswasinvolvedintheirdesign.Inaddition,manycollegesanduniversitiesadvertiseonlineprogramsasalowcostopportunityforstudents.Butinsomecases,studentsattendingin-personclassesgetfinancialaidandonlinestudentsdonot.
【推荐1】Humanbrainsaresocialorgans—they’reneurobiologically(神经生物)wiredforconnection.Butjustasourstudents’brainscanbeunfavorablyaffectedbynegativementalityandmisfortunes,socantheirparents’brains,affectingrelationshipswithteachers.
Whatfeelshurtfulfromaparentcouldbeaworn-outbrain,onethatistryingtosurviveandsoisdefendingitselfandpayingcloseattentiontoexperiencesorrelationshipsthatmayfeelterrifyingorunsafe.
Therearetimeswhenwemayfeelharmedbyaparent,andwetoocanfireoffsharpwordsifwerefeelingmisunderstoodandangry.Wemayalsounintentionallyincreaseaconflictwhilemovingfartherawayfromcooperationandsolutions.Apoorlyregulatededucatorcannothelpapoorlyregulatedparent.
Imyselfhavebeenblamedformyson’supsettingbehaviorswhenhewasstrugglingemotionally.Elevenyearsago,whenAndrewbecameanewcomerinhighschool,theanxietyandangermaskingthefearhefeltalmostdestroyedourfamily.Wefelthelplessandoftenhopeless.
Inthemiddleofthisscarytime,IreceivedanemailfromAndrew’sSpanishteacher.
IwantedyoutoknowthatAndrewfinishedhisprojecttodayandhadasmileonhisface.Ijustwantedtosharethatwithyou.
PleaseletmeknowhowImayserveyouinthedaystocome.
Mr:Pickett
Thisemailchangedeverythingformeasamomandasaneducator.Ithelpedourfamilyexperienceabitofhopeandinspiration.AndrewworkedhardforMr.PickettthattermandendedwithanA.Hefailedmostofhisotherclasses,butbecauseoftheconnectionthisteachercreatedwithAndrew,hefeltheard,seen,andappreciated.
OnethingI’velearnedisthatImustregulatemyownbrainstatebeforeIinteractwithparents.Mr.Pickett’sefforttofosterapositiverelationshipwithmyfamilyandmysonhasshownmeawaytosupportbothstudentsandtheirparents.
【推荐2】Everymorning,BenMumfordstartshisschooldaywithmath.Attheageoften,heisalreadyworkingatGCSElevel,buthedoesnotalwaysbothertogetoutofhispajamas(睡衣裤)intimefortheclass.Hereadsmorebooksthanmostofhisfriends,studiesscienceonthebeach,andrecentlybuiltago-kart(卡丁车)inatechnologylesson.Benishappyandfulfilled,all,hismotherbelieves,thankstohomeschooling.
Homeschoolingisnotwhatitusedtobe.Whatemergedinthe1970sasawayforCatholic(信天主教的)parentstoinfuse(灌输)religionintotheirkids’educationisnowprobablythefastest-growingformofeducationintheU.K.Thenumberofhomeschooledchildrenhasrisenbyabout40percentoverthreeyears.Hereareahandfulofreasonswhyhomeschoolingmakessenseinthe21stcentury.
Contrarytothename,homeschoolingtakesplaceinanactualhomeonlyasmallpartoftime.Agreatdealofinstructionhappensinlibraries,museumsandcommunitycolleges.Theseexperienceshavetheeffectofhelpingkidsmaturemuchmorequicklyanddevelopingatraitofopen-mindedness.
Thekeyideaofhomeschoolingisthatkidsneedtolearnatthespeed,andinthestyle,mostappropriateforthem.Withoutformalcurriculumtoguidetheireducation,homeschoolersgetthechancetoexplorearangeoftopicsthatmightnotbenormallyoffereduntilhighschoolorcollege.Theycanstudypsychologyinthefourthgrade,orfinanceintheeighthgrade.
Themostcommonmisunderstandingabouthomeschoolersisthattheylacksocialskills.However,socialmediamakesitconvenientforhomeschoolersoftodaytohavejustasmuchopportunitytomakefriendsaskidsstudyingintraditionalschools.Meanwhile,theydonotneedtodealwiththepotentialproblemsofbeingaroundkidsinaschoolenvironment,includingbullying,whichmightresultinanxietyanddepression.
Formostpeople,schoolisreallygood,anditworksforthembecausetheylearninthewaythatschoolteaches.However,therearesomanydifferentwaysoflearningandprocessing(处理)informationandknowledge.Itdoesnotnecessarilyworkforeveryone.
【推荐3】AroundtheworldCOVID-19hasmessedupchildren’seducation.Theybegantobeshutoutofclassrooms.Evenincountrieswhereschoolshavestayedopen,lessonsandtestshavebeeninterrupted.Somecountriespressedaheadwithnationalexamsthisyear.Afewothers,includingBritain,FranceandIreland,cancelledthemall.Theycameupwithnewwaysofawardinggradesinstead.Thefactthatbigexamshaveprovedsovulnerabletointerruptionhasledtonewquestionsabouttheirusefulness.Aretherebetterwaysofmeasuringwhatchildrenhavelearned
Examshaveplentyofproblems.Theyareoftenunreliable;astudyinIsraelfoundthattest-takers’performancecanbeaffectedbysmog.Manychildrenfindthemstressful.Plentyofplacesrunthembadly.Poorlywrittentestpapersindevelopingcountriesleadtowildswingsinpassrates.Countries,includingAlgeriaandEthiopia,haveshutdowntheInternetatexamtimetopreventcheating.
Yetmostoftheworld’sbest-performingschoolsystemskeepsomekindofimportanttests,andforgoodreason.Otherkindsofassessmentsarerarelybetterandmanyareworse.Forexample,ifteachersareresponsibleforassessingtheirpupils,theymaystrengthentheirownbiases.Studieshavecaughtthemgivinglowergradestostudentsfromethnicminorityorthosewhoarefat.Givingupexamsdoesnotalwayseasepupils’anxiety.Somewouldratherbetestedattheendoftheircoursethanhavetheirworkconstantlyassessed.Courseworkcanwastestudents’effortsbyencouragingthemtomakeslightchangestoafewprojectsendlessly.Thatleaveslesstimeforotherkindsoflearning.
Governmentsmayneedtoadjustnextyear’stests.Thatcouldmeancuttingtheamountofmaterialtobetested.Examboardsmayalsohavetoincreasethegradesofpupilswhohavespentthemosttimeoutoftheclassroom.Manypupilshavestudiedharderthroughoutthisdifficultyear.Theyshouldhavethechancetositexamstoearnthegradestheydeserve.
【推荐1】WhyaresomanypeoplesoafraidoffailureQuitesimplybecausenoonetellsushowtofailsothatfailurebecomesanexperiencethatwillleadtogrowth.Weforgetthatfailureispartofthehumanconditionandthateverypersonhastherighttofail.
Mostparentsworkhardateitherpreventingfailureorprotectingtheirchildrenfromtheknowledgethattheyhavefailed.Onewayistolowerstandards.Amotherdescribesherchild’shasty-madetableas“Perfect!”eventhoughitdoesn’tstandstill.Anotherwayistoshiftblame.IfJohnfailsscience,histeacherisunfairorstupid.
Thetroublewithfailure-preventiondevicesisthattheyleaveachildunequippedforlifeintherealworld.Theyoungneedtolearnthatnoonecanbebestateverything,noonecanwinallthetime---andthatit’spossibletoenjoyagameevenwhenwedon’twin.Achildwho’snotinvitedtoabirthdayparty,whodoesn’tmakethehonorrollonthebaseballteam,feelsterrible,ofcourse.Butparentsshouldnotofferaquickconsolation,prizeorsay,“Itdoesn’tmatter.”becauseitdoes.Theyoungshouldbeallowedtoexperiencedisappointment—andbehelpedtomasterit.
Failureisneverpleasurable.Ithurtsgrown-upsandchildrenalike.Butitcanmakeapositivecontributiontoyourlifeonceyoulearntouseit.Steponeistoask“WhydidIfail”
Don’tblamesomeoneelse.Askyourselfwhatyoudidwrong,howyoucanimprove.Ifsomeoneelsecanhelp,don’tbeshyaboutinquiring.Success,whichencouragesrepetitionofoldbehavior,isnotnearlyasgoodateacherasfailure.Youcanlearnfromabadpartyhowtogiveagoodone,fromanill-chosenfirsthousewhattolookforinasecond.Evenafailurethatseemsdefinitivecanpromptfreshthinking,achangeofdirection.After12yearsofstudyingballet,afriendofmineauditionedforaprofessionalcompany.Shewasturneddown.“Wouldfurthertraininghelp”sheasked.Theballetmastershookhishead.“Youwillneverbeadancer”,hesaid,“Youhaven’tthebodyforit.”
Insuchcases,thewaytousefailureistotakestock(估量)ofthesituationbravelyasking,“WhathaveIleftWhatelsecanIdo”Myfriendputawayhershoesandmovedintodancetreatmentcenter,afieldwhereshe’sbothableanduseful.Failurefreesonetotakerisksbecausethere’slesstolose.Oftenthereisrecoveryofenergy—awaytofindnewpossibilities.
【推荐2】AnewstudypublishedintheJournalofMarriageandFamilyclaimsthatallthattimeyouspendparentingjustdoesn'tmatter.Butit'saclaimthat,despitetheenthusiasticandwidespreadcoveragebythemedia,doesnotholdwater.
Theresearchsuggeststhatchildren'soutcomes(includingbehaviorproblems,emotionalproblems,andacademicperformance)arebarelyconnectedwiththetimethatparentsspendwiththeirchildren.Theresearchersexaminedthetimediariesof1,600children,lookingatparentingtimeandoutcomeswhenthekidswereaged3to11in1997,andagainin2002,whentheywerebetween8and16.Atimediaryisadetailedreportshowingyouwhereyourtimeisspenteachday.
Thisresearchlargelyreflectsthefailureoftheauthorstocorrectlymeasureparentalinput(投入).Itjustlookedattimediariesfromtwoparticulardays─oneaweekdayandtheotheraweekendday.
Tryingtogetasenseofthetimeyouspendparentingfromasingleday'sdiaryisabitliketryingtomeasureyourincomefromasingleday.Ifyesterdaywaspayday,youwouldlookrich,butifit'snot,youwouldbereportedasthepoor.Yougetaclearerpictureonlybylookingatyourincome-oryourparentingtime-overamoremeaningfulperiod.
Whatyoudidyesterdayshouldnotbetakenasarepresentativeofwhatyoudidlastyear.Thisiswhymosthigh-qualitystudiesofparentingtimefocusonhowoftenparentsreadtotheirchildren,playwiththemorhelpthemwithdifferentapproachestoparenting.
Asanexhaustedparentwhodoesn'tgetenoughtimetoworkout,andwhohasn'tseenamovieformonths,Iunderstandwhysomanyofusmightseizeonstudiessuggestingthatweshouldtakemoretimeforourselves.Perhapsweshould.ButIagreewithArielKalil,adevelopmentalpsychologist,onthesuggestionthat"whenparentsspendhigh-qualitytimewiththeirchildren,theirchildrenaremorelikelytosucceed".
【推荐3】Thismonth,sciencefictionmagazineLightspeedchangeditsnormalpublishingscheduletobringreadersaspecialissue:“WomenDestroyScienceFiction!”
It’smorethanjustacollectionofstoriesentirelyeditedandwrittenbywomen.It’sanexhibitionofallthewaysinwhichwomenarewriting—andhavewritten.
However,itisalsotruethattheauthorsaremorefocusedontherelationsbetweenpeople,orbetweenpeopleandsociety,orchangingculturalandgenderroles.Therearestoriesthatrefusetostayfirmlywithinsciencefictionborders.Forexample,JamesTiptreeJr.’sLoveIsthePlanandthePlanIsDeathisamixtureofhorror,mysteryandevenlove,somethingnotcommonlyseeninsciencefiction.
Soarewomendestroyingsciencefiction
IfyourideaofsciencefictionislimitedtotheconceptformedbyworkslikeIsaacAsimov’sNightFallandArthurCharlesClarke’sChildhood’sEnd,thenmanyofthestorieswithinthesepagesmaywellseemlikedevastation.
“Butthestorieswereadandthestorieswetellshapewhoweare,”PatMurphyoncesaidinafamousspeechbackin1991.“Theyalsoshapetheculturethey’reborninto.Thus,ifwomenkeepwritingsuchkindofsciencefiction,andkeepcallingitsciencefiction,theroomforsciencefictionwillexpand.Theywillexistnicelybesideotherkindsofsciencefiction.”
Icannotagreemore.Womenhavetherighttocreateaspaceforthemselveswithinsciencefiction.onefilledwiththeirdreams,experiencesandrealities.
Exerciseplaysaveryimportantroleinahealthylifestyle.Butyoumaynothavetimeormoneytogotoagymonaregularbasis.Thegoodnewsisthattoday’stechnologyletsyouaccessfitnessclassesfromthecomfortofyourhome.
AquickInternetsearchwillturnupthousandsofonlinefitnessclasses.Theseclassesletyoulistentoinstructionsandwatchtrainersdemonstratehowtodoexercises.Youcanwatchvideosonyourphone,computerortabletanddotheexercisesrightwhereyouare.AllyouneedisanInternetconnectionandaspacelargeenoughtomovearoundin.
Onlinefitnessclassestakeawidevarietyofforms.Somefocusonstretchesandslowmovements.Otherclassesinvolvefastaerobicactivity,whileothersbuildmusclestrength.Somerequireequipmentsuchasweights,butothersuseonlyyourbody.Thismeansthatyoucanchoosetheclassyoulike.Andyoucantryadifferentonewheneveryoulike.
Somevirtualfitnessclassesrequireamembershipfee,butsomearecompletelyfree.AnyonecanpostafitnessvideoontheInternet.Noteveryoneknowswhattheyaredoing.Soitisimportanttothinkaboutwhoisteachingtheclass.Trytofindtrainerswhoarecertifiedbyanorganizationwithagoodreputation.
Itriedsomevirtualfitnessclassesseveralyearsago.Thereasonwassimple:convenience.Icoulddoafitnessclassatanytimeofday.Ididn’tneedtotraveltoagymandback,whichsavedmealotoftime.ButbeingabletoworkoutanytimemeantIkeptputtingitoff.I’ddoeverythingelsefirstandthenthedaywouldbeover.I’dneveractuallygetaroundtoexercising.HavingtoexerciseatadefinitetimemeansIhavetoputitonmyschedule.Soforme,scheduledclassessuchasthoseatagymarehelpful.
【推荐2】JENNIFERSALLS—AhighschoolmathteacherinSparks,Nevada
Itispossibletoconstructgoodonlinecoursesthatwouldsupportmathematicslearningwithmiddleandhighschoolstudents.However,thesecourseswouldnotlooklikemostcurrentonlinecourses.
Whenweimagineanonlinecourse,wethinkofasolitary(孤立的)processinwhichastudentisholedupwithhisorhercomputer,watchingPowerPoints,pagingthroughscreensoftextandsolvingawholebunchofproblems.Whilelearningmaybeoccurring,Isuspectthatit'sshort-termwithlittlerealunderstandingofmathematics.Therearesomestudentswholearnwellunderthesecircumstances,butthisisnottrueforthemajorityofstudents.
Agoodonlinecoursewouldtakeadvantageofthemanyinteractiveresources.Forexample,ifstudentswerelearningtosolveequations,theywouldbedirectedtosolveacarefullyarrangedsetofproblemsusinganinteractiveprogram.Theywouldreflectontheinteractionandsharetheirobservationswithotherstakingthecourse.
Eventually,thelessonwouldmovestudentstowardsolvingequations,usingtheirexperienceswiththeinteractiveprogramasthejumping-offpoint.Studentscouldexperiencereal-worldproblemsthroughvideoandsimulationsanduseavarietyofcomputer-basedtoolstosolvetheseproblems.Noticethatacourselikethisisnotsolitary,buthighlyinteractive,anditbuildsbothproblem-solvingskillsandconceptualknowledge.
BRIGIDBARRON—ApsychologistatStanfordUniversity'sSchoolofEducation
Whetherornotanycomputingtoolusedintheclassroomwillinterferewithorenergizelearningdependsonhowtheteacherorganizesitsuse.
Whenonlinecoursesarewelldesigned,theyofferlearnersandteacherswonderfulopportunities.Hybridmodelsthatcombineclassroominteractionwithtoolslikeblogs,podcasts,socialnetworksanddiscussionforumscanengagestudentsinwaysthattraditionalenvironmentsdonot.Whenstudentsaregivenchallengingmaterial,askedtocarryoutresearchandtocreatewaystosharewhattheyarelearningwithstudentsfromallovertheworld,engagementgoesup.
Thereareotherbenefits.Assessmentofstudentlearningcanbepartlyautomatedanddesignedtoprovidecontinuousfeedback.Whenstudentsneedassistance,theycanbedirectedtoactivitiesthatwillhelpthemlearn.Perhapsmostimportantly,onlinecoursescanhelpbridgegapsincourseofferingswithinaschooldistrict.Manyeconomicallychallengedschoolsdon'thavetheresourcestoprovidespecializedoradvancedcourses,butthosecoursescouldbeofferedonline.
Manystudentsarealreadyusingtechnologyintheirowntimetolearnandcreate,fortheirownpurposesorforschoolassignments(作业).Iftheyknowwheretolook,theycanaccessonlinecommunitiesthatfostertheirimaginationandofferinformalmentorship.
Insteadofwonderingwhetherteenagersaretooeasilydistractedbycomputers,weshouldbefiguringouthowwecanusedigitalmediatosustainteenagers'interestandtheirdesiretolearn.
【推荐3】Youwon'thaveanyexcusetoskipclassanymore.FrenchstartupOpenClassroomsisofferingthefirststate-recognizedbachelordegreeinFrancethatusesonlyMOOCs(massiveopenonlinecourses).ThestartuppartneredwithIESAMultimediatocreatethisprogram.
Therearethreelearningpathsinengineering,designandmarketing.Studentswillhavetocompleteallthecoursesandrequiredprojectsinordertogettheirdegree.1IESAisalreadyworkingon40differentMOOCSforthisprogram.
Onaverage,itwilltakeayearofhardworkinordertocompletealltheclasses.Asalways,it'shardtokeepgoingwhenyousignupforaMOOC.2
Thiskindofdegreehasmanykeyadvantages.ForIESA,itgivestheschoolmorestudents.IESAisaprivateschool,anditsendgoalistomakeasmuchmoneyaspossible.SowiththesenewMoocstudents,IESAwillbeabletogetmoremoneyperteacheronaverage.
3Thestartupalreadyoffersacoursefore20permonth,butyouneedtopayE300permonthforthePremiumPlusofferingtousethestate-recognizedprogram.it'sunclearhowmuchOpenClassroomswillkeep,butitshouldbemorethan€20permonth.
Forstudents,it'sacheaperwaytogetadegree.Maybeyoucan'taffordtostudyforthreeyearsatIESAandpay€6,950peryear.4Sure,it'sprobablyalessenjoyableexperiencethangoingtoyourschoolandspendingtimewithotherstudentsandteachers,butitmakessenseforsomestudents.
It'saninterestingnewdirectionforOpenClassrooms,andIcan'twaittoseewhetherotherschoolswillstartworkingwiththestartuptoprovideonlinecourses.Itwillbeinterestingtoseewhetherthefirststudentsaresatisfiedwiththiskindofdegreeaswell.
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