北京化工大学《机器学习导论》20212022学年第一学期期末试卷

1、自觉遵守考场纪律如考试作弊此答卷无效密封线北京化工大学机器学习导论2021-2022学年第一学期期末试卷院(系)_班级_学号_姓名_题号一二三四总分得分一、单选题(本大题共20个小题,每小题1分,共20分在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的)1、假设要对一个复杂的数据集进行降维,以便于可视化和后续分析。以下哪种降维方法可能是最有效的?()A.主成分分析(PCA),寻找数据的主要方向,但可能丢失一些局部信息B.线性判别分析(LDA),考虑类别信息,但对非线性结构不敏感C.t-分布随机邻域嵌入(t-SNE),能够保持数据的局部结构,但计算复杂度高D.以上方法结合使用,

2、根据数据特点和分析目的选择合适的降维策略2、机器学习中,批量归一化(BatchNormalization)通常应用于()A.输入层B.隐藏层C.输出层D.以上都可以3、在一个异常检测问题中,例如检测网络中的异常流量,数据通常呈现出正常样本远远多于异常样本的情况。如果使用传统的监督学习算法,可能会因为数据不平衡而导致模型对异常样本的检测能力不足。以下哪种方法更适合解决这类异常检测问题?()A.构建一个二分类模型,将数据分为正常和异常两类B.使用无监督学习算法,如基于密度的聚类算法,识别异常点C.对数据进行平衡处理,如复制异常样本,使正常和异常样本数量相等D.以上方法都不适合

3、,异常检测问题无法通过机器学习解决4、在自然语言处理中,词嵌入(WordEmbedding)的作用是()A.将单词转换为向量B.进行词性标注C.提取文本特征D.以上都是5、在强化学习中,智能体通过与环境进行交互来学习最优策略。假设一个机器人需要在复杂的环境中找到通往目标的最佳路径,并且在途中会遇到各种障碍和奖励。在这种情况下,以下哪种强化学习算法可能更适合解决这个问题?()A.Q-learning算法,通过估计状态-动作值函数来选择动作B.SARSA算法,基于当前策略进行策略评估和改进C.策略梯度算法,直接优化策略的参数D.以上算法都不适合,需要使用专门的路径规

5、可行,多标签分类问题无法通过机器学习解决8、在机器学习中,模型评估是非常重要的环节。以下关于模型评估的说法中,错误的是:常用的模型评估指标有准确率、精确率、召回率、F1值等。可以通过交叉验证等方法来评估模型的性能。那么,下列关于模型评估的说法错误的是()A.准确率是指模型正确预测的样本数占总样本数的比例B.精确率是指模型预测为正类的样本中真正为正类的比例C.召回率是指真正为正类的样本中被模型预测为正类的比例D.模型的评估指标越高越好,不需要考虑具体的应用场景9、在机器学习中,强化学习是一种通过与环境交互来学习最优策略的方法。假设一个机器人要通过强化学习来学习如何在复杂的环境中行走。

6、以下关于强化学习的描述,哪一项是不正确的?()A.强化学习中的智能体根据环境的反馈(奖励或惩罚)来调整自己的行为策略B.Q-learning是一种基于值函数的强化学习算法,通过估计状态-动作值来选择最优动作C.策略梯度算法直接优化策略函数,通过计算策略的梯度来更新策略参数D.强化学习不需要对环境进行建模,只需要不断尝试不同的动作就能找到最优策略10、在一个图像分类任务中,模型在训练集上表现良好,但在测试集上性能显著下降。这种现象可能是由于什么原因导致的?()A.过拟合B.欠拟合C.数据不平衡D.特征选择不当11、过拟合是机器学习中常见的问题之一。以下关于过拟合的说法中,错

8、。如果数据具有稀疏性和冷启动问题,以下哪种方法可以帮助改善推荐效果?()A.基于内容的推荐B.协同过滤推荐C.混合推荐D.以上方法都可以尝试14、在使用随机森林算法进行分类任务时,以下关于随机森林特点的描述,哪一项是不准确的?()A.随机森林是由多个决策树组成的集成模型,通过投票来决定最终的分类结果B.随机森林在训练过程中对特征进行随机抽样,增加了模型的随机性和多样性C.随机森林对于处理高维度数据和缺失值具有较好的鲁棒性D.随机森林的训练速度比单个决策树慢,因为需要构建多个决策树15、在机器学习中,交叉验证是一种常用的评估模型性能和选择超参数的方法。假设我们正在使用K折

9、交叉验证来评估一个分类模型。以下关于交叉验证的描述,哪一项是不准确的?()A.将数据集随机分成K个大小相等的子集,依次选择其中一个子集作为测试集,其余子集作为训练集B.通过计算K次实验的平均准确率等指标来评估模型的性能C.可以在交叉验证过程中同时调整多个超参数,找到最优的超参数组合D.交叉验证只适用于小数据集,对于大数据集计算成本过高,不适用16、在一个金融风险预测的项目中,需要根据客户的信用记录、收入水平、负债情况等多种因素来预测其违约的可能性。同时,要求模型能够适应不断变化的市场环境和新的数据特征。以下哪种模型架构和训练策略可能是最恰当的?()A.构建一个线性回归模型

10、,简单直观,易于解释和更新,但可能无法处理复杂的非线性关系B.选择逻辑回归模型,结合正则化技术防止过拟合,能够处理二分类问题,但对于多因素的复杂关系表达能力有限C.建立多层感知机神经网络,通过调整隐藏层的数量和节点数来捕捉复杂关系,但训练难度较大,容易过拟合D.采用基于随机森林的集成学习方法,结合特征选择和超参数调优,能够处理多因素和非线性关系,且具有较好的稳定性和泛化能力17、当使用支持向量机(SVM)进行分类任务时,如果数据不是线性可分的,通常会采用以下哪种方法()A.增加样本数量B.降低维度C.使用核函数将数据映射到高维空间D.更换分类算法18、在机器学习中,对于一个分类

11、问题,我们需要选择合适的算法来提高预测准确性。假设数据集具有高维度、大量特征且存在非线性关系,同时样本数量相对较少。在这种情况下,以下哪种算法可能是一个较好的选择?()A.逻辑回归B.决策树C.支持向量机D.朴素贝叶斯19、某研究团队正在开发一个用于医疗图像诊断的机器学习模型,需要提高模型对小病变的检测能力。以下哪种方法可以尝试?()A.增加数据增强的强度B.使用更复杂的模型架构C.引入注意力机制D.以上方法都可以20、假设要开发一个疾病诊断的辅助系统,能够根据患者的医学影像(如X光、CT等)和临床数据做出诊断建议。以下哪种模型融合策略可能是最有效的?()A.简单

12、平均多个模型的预测结果,计算简单,但可能无法充分利用各个模型的优势B.基于加权平均的融合,根据模型的性能或重要性分配权重,但权重的确定可能具有主观性C.采用堆叠(Stacking)方法,将多个模型的输出作为新的特征输入到一个元模型中进行融合,但可能存在过拟合风险D.基于注意力机制的融合,动态地根据输入数据为不同模型分配权重,能够更好地适应不同情况,但实现较复杂二、简答题(本大题共5个小题,共25分)1、(本题5分)解释机器学习在妇产科学中的应用。2、(本题5分)机器学习在疼痛医学中的研究进展如何?3、(本题5分)谈谈在气象预测中,机器学习的应用。4、(本题5分)机器学习在法学中的应用场景

13、是什么?5、(本题5分)说明机器学习在生物多样性研究中的数据分析。三、应用题(本大题共5个小题,共25分)1、(本题5分)通过生态遗传学数据研究生物与环境的相互作用。2、(本题5分)借助运动医学数据评估运动损伤和制定康复计划。3、(本题5分)利用宗教研究数据了解宗教信仰和文化传播。4、(本题5分)通过神经网络模型对脑电图(EEG)中的异常进行检测。5、(本题5分)借助美容美发行业数据为客户提供个性化造型建议。四、论述题(本大题共3个小题,共30分)1、(本题10分)探讨机器学习在智能交通流量预测中的方法与挑战。智能交通流量预测对于交通管理至关重要,分析机器学习在其中的方法和面临的挑战。2、(本题10分)论述在机器学习模型训练中,早停法(EarlyStopping)的原理和应用策略。研究如何根据验证集的性能确定早停的时机。3、(本题10分)分析机器学习在智能交通流量预测中的应用。论述机器学习算法如何用于预测交通流量,提高交通管理效率。讨论面临的挑战及未来发展趋势。第7页,共7页

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