Cyberleagle:HarmVersion3.0:thedraftOnlineSafetyBill

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GrahamSmith'sblogonlaw,IT,theinternetandonlinemedia

ThatissueoverlapswithaquestionthathasdoggedtheOnlineHarmsprojectfromtheoutset:whatdoesitmeanbysafetyandharmTheanswershapesthepotentialimpactofthelegislationonfreedomofexpression.Thebroaderandvaguerthenotionofharm,thegreaterthesubjectivityinvolvedincomplyingwiththedutyofcare,andthegreatertheconsequentdangersforonlineusers'legitimatespeech.

ThedraftBillrepresentsthegovernment'sthirdattemptatdefiningharm(ifweincludetheWhitePaper,whichsetnolimit).Thescopeofharmproposedinitssecondversion(theFullResponse)hasnowbeensignificantlywidened.

Moderationandfilteringduties

Section9(3)imposes:

(a)minimisethepresenceofpriorityillegalcontent;

(b)minimisethelengthoftimeforwhichpriorityillegalcontentispresent;

(c)minimisethedisseminationofpriorityillegalcontent;

SinceSection9(3)andtheotherdutiesmakenosensewithoutthevariouskindsofprioritycontentfirstbeingdesignated,regulationswouldpresumablyhavetobemadebeforethelegislationcancomeintoforce.ThebreadthoftheSecretaryofState'sdiscretionindesignatingprioritycontentisdiscussedbelow.

Ifsecondarylegislationisalayerofdetailappliedtothepreliminarydrawingafurtherlayer,yetmoredetailed,willconsistofcodesofpractice,guidanceandriskprofilesfordifferentkindsofservice,allissuedbyOfcom.

Thisregulatoryvesselwouldbepointedinthegovernment'sdesireddirectionbyastatementofstrategiconlinesafetyprioritiesissuedbytheSecretaryofState,towhichOfcomwouldberequiredtohaveregard.Thestatementcouldsetoutparticularoutcomes.TheSecretaryofStatewouldfirsthavetoconsultwithOfcom,thenlaythedraftbeforeParliamentsoastogiveeitherHousetheopportunitytovetoit.

Collateraldamagetolegitimatespeech

Againstthesecriteria,howdoesthedraftBillscoreonthecollateraldamageindex

ProofthresholdS.41definesillegalcontentascontentwheretheserviceproviderhasreasonablegroundstobelievethatuseordisseminationofthecontentamountstoarelevantcriminaloffence.Illegalcontentdoesnothavetobedefinitelyillegalinorderforthesection9(3)dutiestoapply.

ThescaleoftherequiredmoderationandfilteringisapparentfromtheImpactAssessment.

BythetimeofitsFullConsultationResponseinDecember2020thegovernmenthadcomeroundtotheideathattheproposeddutyofcareshouldrelateonlytodefinedkindsofharm,whethertheyarosefromillegalusercontentorusercontentthatwaslegalbutharmful[FullResponse2.24].

Version3.0ThedraftBillstatesasageneraldefinitionthat"harm"means"physicalorpsychologicalharm".ThisisanattenuatedversionofthegeneraldefinitionproposedintheFullResponse.However,thedraftBilldoesnotstipulatethat'harmful'shouldbeunderstoodinthesamelimitedway.Theresultofthatomission,combinedwithotherdefinitions,couldbetogivetheSecretaryofStateregulation-makingpowersforlegalbutharmfulcontentthatare,onthefaceofthem,notlimitedtophysicalorpsychologicalharm.

TheSecretaryofStatehasaparallelpowertodesignatepriorityillegalcontent(whichunderpinsthesection9(3)dutiesabove)bysecondarylegislation.Hecannotincludeoffencesrelatingto:

-Infringementofintellectualpropertyrights

-Safetyorqualityofgoods(asopposedtowhatkindofgoodstheyare)

-Performanceofaservicebyapersonnotqualifiedtoperformit

InconsideringwhethertodesignateanoffencetheSecretaryofStatedoeshavetotakeintoaccount,amongotherthings,thelevelofriskofharmbeingcausedtoindividualsintheUKbythepresenceofcontentthatamountstotheoffence,andtheseverityofthatharm.Harmheredoesmeanphysicalorpsychologicalharm.

ThefirstroundofsecondarylegislationdesignatingcategoriesofpriorityillegalandharmfulcontentwouldrequireaffirmativeresolutionsofeachHouseofParliament.SubsequentregulationswouldbesubjecttonegativeresolutionofeitherHouse.

Internalcontradictions

However,sincetheverydutiesimposedbythedraftBillcreateariskofcollateraldamagetolegitimatespeech,aconflictbetweendutiesisinevitable.Thepotentialforconflictincreaseswiththescopeofthedutiesandthebreadthandsubjectivityoftheirsubjectmatter.

ThegovernmenthasacknowledgedtheriskofcollateraldamageinthecontextofCategory1services,whichwouldbesubjecttodutiesinrelationtolawfulcontentharmfultoadultsinadditiontothedutiesapplicabletoordinaryproviders.

Noobligationtoconductafreedomofexpressionriskassessmentcouldremovetheriskofcollateraldamagebyover-removal.Thatsmacksoffaithintheexistenceofatechmagicwand.Moreover,itdoesnotreflecttheuncertaintyandsubjectivejudgementinherentinevaluatingusercontent,howevergreattheresourcesthrownatit.

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