1、Practisescenerysi:nrin.风景，景色soupsu:pn.汤shallowlua.浅(薄)的n.pl.浅滩，浅水处annoynivt.使恼怒，使烦恼thumbmn.拇指v.示意要求搭车insultinslt,insltvt.侮辱，辱骂n.侮辱，凌辱roastrustv.烤，炙，烘n.烤肉a.烤(烘)过的awkward:kwda.尴尬的，棘手的；难操纵的；笨拙的rubberrbn.橡胶；橡皮pl.胶鞋a.橡胶的ashn.灰，灰烬；pl.骨灰，遗骸dipdipvt&n.浸，蘸toweltauln.毛巾shaveei
2、vvt.剃，刮，刨，削polishplivt.磨光，擦亮；修改，润色mineralminrln.矿物，矿石，矿嘲质jawd:n.颌，颚下巴regretrigretn.懊悔，后悔，遗憾bowbun.弓，弓形物v.鞠躬，低头upsetpsetvt.心烦意乱；搅乱n.不安(适)a.心烦的rustrstn.铁锈v.(使)生锈sewsuv.缝(纫)thiefi:fn.贼，小偷ashamedeimda.惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的voyagevi-idvi.航海，航行，旅行panpnn.平底锅，盘子translationtrnsleinn.翻
3、译，译；译文，译本obeybeiv.服从，听从suckskv.吸，吮confidentknfidnta.确信的，肯定的；有信心的，自信的Christmaskrismsn.圣诞节feverfi:vn.发烧，热度；一时的狂热zerozirunum.零aunt:ntn.(姑，伯，婶，舅，姨)母urgent:dnta.急迫的，紧要的garagegr:n.车库；汽车修理行swallowswluvt.吞，咽；轻信vi.咽口水n.燕子3cautiousk:sa.十分小心的，谨慎的scrapeskreipv.刮，擦n.刮，擦，刮擦声thundernd
4、n.雷(声)；雷鸣般响声vi.打雷,吼buttonbtnn.钮扣；按钮vt.扣上，扣紧boasterbustn.自夸的人resignrizainvi.辞职fastenf:snvt.扎牢，系牢curtaink:tnn.窗帘，门帘；幕，帷幕steepsti:pa.陡的；过高的；急剧的needleni:dln.针，针状物classifyklsifaivt.把分类，bleedbli:dvi.出血，流血politeplaita.有礼貌的，客气的；有教养的towertaun.塔，高楼rewardriw:dn.报答，奖赏；报酬toetun.脚趾，足
5、尖(部)boundbaunda.一定的pitypitin.同情，怜悯；遗憾orangerindn.橙，柑，橘a.橙色的weavewi:vv.织，编robrbvt.抢劫，盗窃；(of)(非法)剥夺artificial:tifila.人工(造,为)的;假的qualificationkwlifikeinn.资格(证明)，合格证书vesselvesln.船，舰；容器；导管，血管bargainb:ginn.特价商品；协议，交易vi.讨价还价falsef:lsa.错误的；假的，伪造的；虚伪的awakeweika.醒着的vi.醒，觉醒，vt.唤醒，觉醒
6、pretendpritendv.假装，装作dismissdismisvt.不再考虑；解雇，开除；解散；驳回holidayhldin.假期，假日，节日reputationrepjuteinn.名气，名声，名誉lendlendvt.把借给，贷；提供，给予boilbilvi.沸腾，开，滚friendshipfrendipn.友谊，友好quarrelkwrln.争吵；失和的原因vi.争吵；反对，挑剔complicatedkmplikeitidn.复杂的；难懂的oweuvt.欠；应该把归功于hesitateheziteitv.犹豫，踌躇scratchsk
7、rtv./n.抓，搔，刮；抓(痕)，划(痕)insurancenr()nsn.保险；保险费；赔偿金cheapti:pa.廉价的；劣质的；卑鄙的，低级的anxiousksa.(令人)焦虑的cornk:nn.谷物，小麦；玉米disappointeddispintidadj.失望的，沮丧的；受挫折的merchantm:tntn.商人tonguetn.舌头whipwipn.鞭子v.鞭打strengthenstrenvt.加强，巩固crashkrvi.碰撞；垮台vt.撞击；冲n.坠毁；破裂声conscienceknnsn.良心根据词的形式、意义
8、及其在句中的功能将词分为若干类，叫做词类。1）名词2)介词3)代词4)感叹词5)冠词6)副词7)数词8)形容词9)连词10)动词名词普通名词专有名词可数名词不可数名词单数复数表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词(Noun)n.个体名词集合名词物质名词抽象名词个体n.:dog,book,pen,watch集合n.：class，family，audienceMyfamilyislarge.Myfamilyareallearlyrisers.物质n.：glass,paper,wood,sand,fruit,tea,iron,steel,cotton,meat,mi
9、lk.数字+容器（度量衡）+of+物名aloaf/sliceofbreadacupofcoffeeasheet/pieceofpaperaspoonfulofsugaralittlericeplentyofchicken（鸡）鸡肉抽象n.：beauty,happiness,music,life专有n.：个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物John,April,London,theYellowRiver,theUSA,theUnitedNationstheGreatWall,首字母大写，没有单复数，不能加不定冠词a,an名词
10、复数形式的构成复数形式的不规则变化由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：fish鱼，deer鹿，sheep绵羊，works（工厂），means手段，Swiss瑞士人，Chinese中国人，news新闻，goods商品有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-children,ox-oxen有一些名词则只有复数形式：trousers/trauzz裤子，pants裤子，shorts短裤glasses眼镜，compasses/kmpsis/圆规，s
11、cales/skeilz/天平，pliers/plaiz/钳子，scissors/sizz/剪刀“某国人”的复数有三种类型：（1）Chinese/taini:z/,Japanese/dpni:z,Swiss单数复数同形，不需加s；（2）Englishman,Frenchman,Dutchman荷兰人复数要把man变为men；（3）其他各国人以an,-ian收尾的均直接加s。Americans,Australians,Indians等。practisepeach_2.zoo_3.glass_4.fox_5.lady_6.policewom
12、an_7.house_8.photo_9.monkey_10.wife_11.rose_12.Japanese_13.judge_14.map_peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenhousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosesJapanesejudgesmaps名词所有格表达所属关系，译为“.的.”1一般形式单数名词名词stheboyshands/Joansboss/peoplesbenefits复数名词-名词sThesestudentsteacher字尾不是s的复名名词sThese
14、nalds.(restaurant)指代其他事物的词代词主格：Iweyousheheitthey宾格：形容词性物主代词：名词性物主代词：第一人称第二人称第三人称后面不需要接名词mineoursyourshershisitstheirsmyouryourherhisitstheirmeusyouherhimitthem主格+动词Helikesplayingbasketball.所有格+名词Hisfriends/hermother/myskirt一般动词+宾格Thegirlloveshimsomuch.You
15、hurtme._(他)ismybrother.2.Ihadaletterfrom_(她).3.Itsallright;itsonly_(我).4.Today_(我们)wentin_(我们的)car;tomorrow_(我们)aregoingin_(他们的).5._(我)lend_(我的)booksgladlyto_(我的)friendsandto_(你的).6.Canyouhelp_(我)with_(我的)English.7.When_(你)gotosee_(你的)father,pl
16、easetakethesebooksto_(他).8._(他们)found_(它)difficulttolearnGerman.HehermeweourwetheirsImymyyoursmemyyouyourhimTheyitusTommyislookingat_inthemirror.(he)Ourhouseisthesamesizeas_.(you)Wemustnotonlythinkof_butalsoothers.(we)Make_athome,Tom.(you)MissWangoftenhel
17、ps_with_English.(we)yoursourselvesyourselfhimselfour反身代词：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves相互代词：eachother，oneanother.指示代词：this，that，these，those疑问代词：who，whom，whose，which，what.关系代词（定语从句）：who，whom，whose，which，that.不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词some/sm/一些(可数或不可数)so
18、mebody某人someone某人something某物，某事any/eni/一些，任何(可数或不可数)anybody任何人anyone任何人anything任何事物no无(可数或不可数)nobody无人noone无一人nothing无物all全体，全部Both/bu/两个neither没有人或物(指两个当中)none/nn/没有人或物(指两个以上)either任何一个(指两个当中)Each/i:t每个every/evri/每个everybody每人，大家，人人everyone每人everything每一个事物，一切other/(s)另一个(些)another/n/另外一个，又
20、hecanlookafterherself.Hehimselfisateacher.Thepoorgirlisherself.疑问代词WhowontheraceWhathappenedWhoseisitWhichdoyoulikebetter？不定代词指代非特定名词的代词1some,any单数、复数可数名词和不可数名词some肯定句any否定句疑问句条件句Thereissomewaterinthebottle.Idonthaveanymoney.Doyouhaveany当问句表示一种邀请或请求，或期
21、待一个肯定的回答时用some.Wouldyoulikesomecoffee2表示可数名词的多与少用many和few不可数muchlittleIhavemanypensandafewpencils.Shehasmuchmoney.Thereislittletimeleft.Hurryup!3One可指人指物DoyouhaveabooklikethisYes,Ihaveone.4another泛指众多中的一个，+单数名词theother两个中的一个，+oneHedislikesthisone,s
22、howhimanother.Ihavetwopens,oneisblueandtheotherisred.5either两者中的任意一个neither两者中没有一个全部否定Neitherofthefilmsisgood.Eitherofthefilmsisgood.none和no都可以用于否定的意思none常和of连用no常用来做定语Noneofthemlikeit.Nomanisbornwise.相互代词表示相互关系的代词Newandoldworkerslearnfromeachother.互相
23、学习JohnandTomhelpedeachother.互相帮助Weareinterestedinoneanotherswork.我们关心彼此的工作。1EverywinterSimonand_gettogethertolookateachothersdrawings.A.weB.ourC.usD.ours2Itsgoingtorain.Take_umbrellawith_.A.you,youB.your,yourC.your,youD.you,your3Theywereallvery
24、tired,but_ofthemwouldstoptohavearest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither4Isthere_intodaysnewspaperA.importantanythingB.anythingimportantC.importantsomethingD.somethingimportant5Thebicycledoesntbelongto_.Maybeits_.A.me,hisB.mine,himC.I,heD.my,his6Letmeint
25、roduce_toyoumeB.myselfC.ID.my7Pleasetell_aboutitif_doesntknow.her,herselfB.she,sheC.her,sheD.hers,her8_dancedtogetherattheEnglishparty.A.I,youandheB.You,heandIC.He,youandID.I,heandyouACCBABCC1.It+be+adj.+ofsb.+不定式sb.+be+adj.+不定式It
26、isverykindofyoutohelpus.(=Youarekindtohelpus.)Itscruelofhimtokillthatanimal.SentencesWith“It”(It句型的归纳)clever,bright,foolish,stupid,silly,wise,careful,careless,rude,impolite,nice,right,wrong,silly,good,brave,honest,etc.2.It+be+adj.+forsb.+todoI
28、metofindtheelephant.sb.+spend+sometime+(in)doingHespentsometime(in)findingtheelephant.4.Itcosts+sb.+somemoney+todosth.cost+sb.+somemoneysb.spend+somemoney+on+sth.sb.pay+somemoney+forsth.sb.buy+sth.+for+somemoney5.Itis+nouse+动名词Itisno
29、useregrettingyourpastmistakes.Itisnousecryingoversplitmilk.ItisnogoodlearningEnglishwithoutspeakingEnglish.能以动名词作主语的这类句子并不多，主要在以nogood,nouse,useless,worthwhile,等词作表语的句子中用。6.It+be+adj./n.+that-clauseItisveryclearthathestalllikeatree.Itisapitythatsheh
30、asmadesuchamistake.Adj:obvious,necessary，right，strange，natural,trueN:afact,ashame,anhonor,nowonder7.It+be+过去分词+that-clauseItissaidthathehasbeenillforyears.适用于这种句型的动词有report,announce,decide,learn,expect,arrange,suggest,etc.Heissaidtohavebeenillforyears.8.
31、It+looksasif/seems+that-clauseItseemsthattheyaretalking.用于这种句型的动词happen,turnout,appears等Ithappenedthatshewasnotathome.ItturnedoutthathewasBushsfather.Itlooksasifheisill.9.Itisthefirst(second.)timethat.该句型中的that从句用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在
32、时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态，ItisthefirsttimeIhavebeenhere.=ThisisthefirsttimeIhavebeenhere.ItwasthefirsttimeIhadbeenhere.10.It+be+time+forIt+be+time+(forsb.)+todoIt+be+time+that表示“该做某事了”Itistimeforsupper.Itistime(forus)tohave
33、supper.Itistimethatwehadsupper.that从句中要用虚拟语气Itstimethatthisproblemwas/shouldbesolved冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词the单数名词单、复数名词不可数名词零冠词名词前可不用冠词发音a/an/n/以aeiou开头或元音发音anapple/umbrella/oldman/Englishteacherausefulbook/auniversityanhonestboy/anhourthe//i/以aeiou开头或元音发
34、音1)指一个人、动物或一件事物属于某一类。如：Hisfatherisaminer.他的父亲是矿工。(而不是其他工种)Givemeaballpen,please.请给我一支圆珠笔。(而不是钢笔或其他种类)2)指任何一个人、动物或一件事物。如：Asteelworkermakessteel.钢铁工人炼钢。(意即任何一个钢铁工人都炼钢)Atrianglehasthreeangles.三角形有三个角。(意即任何一个三角形都有三个角)不定冠词用法3)指事物的单位，如每日、每斤等。Butteris4yuanakilo.黄油四元钱一公斤。Hedrovethe
35、carat18milesanhour.他行车速度为每小时十八英里。Wehavelessontwiceaweek.我们每星期上两次课。Thedoctortoldhimtotakethemedicinethreetimesaday.医生叫他一天吃三次药。4）在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。Whataprettygirl!多么漂亮的一个女孩啊5）一些常用短语中。haveagoodtime玩的开心halfanhour半小时haveaheadache头痛定冠词的用法：用来表示“独一无二”的意思。Thesunri
36、sesintheeastandsetsinthewest.2.表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。Thereisaboatintheriver.Theboatismadeofwood.3.用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。theletterfromAmerica,thefourteenthofApril4.用在泛指的乐器名词前。Heplaysthepiano/theviolin/thedrum5.在姓名复数形式前，指一家人。如：TheLiushavemovedtoTianjin.刘家已经搬到天津去了，T
37、heGreenscametoChinaforavisitlastyear.格林一家去年来中国访问过。the+形容词使形容词名词化，代表某一类人或物。therich/theold/theyoungthewounded伤员，thesick病号，thebeautiful美丽的事物7.表示阶级、党派的名词前theChineseCommunistParty中国共产党theworkingclass工人阶级thebourgeoisie资产阶级theLabourParty(英国)工党8.在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前Shanghaiis
38、thebiggestcityinChina.上海是中国最大的城市。Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.元月是一年中的第一个月份。Thesunrisesintheeast.日出东方。9.下面一些说法中习惯上须用定冠词theinthemorning在早上或上午intheafternoon在下午intheevening在晚上togotothetheatre(cinema)到剧院(电影院)去看戏(电影)零冠词的用法名词前有了物主代词、指示代词、不定代词和“”所有格时。.e.g.Ourbooksthos
39、eapplesJimspen附复数名词在表示一类人或者事物时。e.g.Theyareteachers.他们是老师。在专有名词前e.g.ChinaEngland在星期、月份、节日前e.g.onSundayinAugustonChildrensDay不使用冠词的情况零冠词的用法在球类运动前及三餐名词前。5.6.e.g.playfootball/basketballhavesupper在一些固定搭配中e.g.atnightgotoschoolattablebybikeatworkgotobedatschoolathome
40、watchTV不使用冠词的情况零冠词的用法：1)专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前Canada加拿大，Japanese日语，love爱，hatred恨，glass玻璃，water水.2)名词前已有作定语用的this，that，my，your，whose，some，any，no，each，every等代词Thatismycap.那是我的帽子。Ienjoyedeveryminuteofit.我自始至终都玩得痛快。Iwantthisbook,notthatone.我要这本书，不要那本书。3)季节、月份、星期几等名称前Springhascome.春天来了。Winter
41、isthebesttimeforskating.冬天是溜冰的最好季节。HerlittledaughterwasborninApril1987.WehavemathematicsonMonday.我们星期一有数学课。注季节前有时也用冠词。如inthespring在春季。当然也可以说inspring。4)复数名词表示某一类人或事物时Booksaremybestfriends.书是我最好的朋友。5)称呼语前面不用冠词，表示头衔和职务Whatdoesthiswordmean,Father这个词是什么意思，爸爸Mrs.Johnsonisd
42、irectoroftheoffice.约翰逊太太是办公室主任。6)在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词byair乘飞机，atnight夜间，infact事实上，indanger在危险中，afterschool放学后，athome在家中，intown在城里，gotoschool上学去,gotobed去睡觉，gotoclass去上课，fromdoortodoor挨门挨户，frommorningtillnight从早到晚7)三餐饭的名称前Haveyouhadbreakfast你吃过早饭了吗Afterlunchweusuallyh
45、Hermotheris_universityteacher.Sheis_honestwoman.4.Shestudiesat_No.3MiddleSchool.Shegoesto_schoolby_buseveryday.5.Haveyouhad_dinnerathethe/aan/数词112的基数词：one/wn/,two/tu:/,three/ri:/,four/f:/,five/faiv/,six/siks/,seven/sevn/,eight/eit/,nine/nain/,ten/ten/,ele
46、ven/ilevn/,twelve/twelv/1319的基数词：-teenthirteen/:ti:n/,fourteen,fifteen/fifti:n/,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen2090的基数词：-tytwenty,thirty/:ti/,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety2129的基数：十位数和个位数之间加上连字符号twenty-one.twenty-nine2.百位数：onehundred,twohundred586fivehundredand
47、eighty-six,699sixhundredandninety-nine,708sevenhundredandeight,801eighthundredandone3.千位数：onethousand,seventhousandonehundredandfive7105百位数和十位数之间加and。英语中没有“万”这个单位，所以常用thousand来表示。30,000thirtythousand,fifteenthousandonehundred,fivehundredandonethousandfourhundreda
48、ndthirty-two501,432注意。thousand不存在复数但只有hundred和thousand在词组中形容“成千上万”是，才有复数hundredsof数以百计的thousandsofmillionsof英语序数词第1-19除了first,second与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数词加后缀-th构成。注意：first/f:st/,second/seknd/,third/:d/,forth/f:/,fifth/fif/,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,twelfth/twelf/2.十位数的序数词的构成
49、方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty中的y变为i，然后加后缀-eth,如：twentytwentieth,fortyfortieth3.十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间用“-”连字符。如：twenty-fourth,ninety-fifth4.百、千、万等的序数词由hundred,thousand,million等加-th,前面加有关的基数词构成。如：onehundredth,onethousandth注意：序数词前的one不能用a代替。onehundredandtwenty-first表示法读法章节，课程theF
50、irstChaptertpt/ChapterOne第一章theSecondSectionsekn/SectionTwo第二节theThirdLesson/LessonThree第三课页数第65页Pagesixty-five第408页pagefouroeight第2653页pagetwenty-sixfifty-three房间门牌号Roomfiveoeight长安街63号sixty-threeChangAnStreet20422441)分数(fraction)分子为基数词，分母为序数词并有复数。12onehalf；13one-
51、third；23two-thirds；14one-fourth或onequarterkw:t；34three-fourths或threequarters；2又3/5twoandthree-fifths.2)小数(decimal)0.5zero5ziErEupointfive；1.25onepointtwofive；3.458threepointfourfiveeight.年、月、日表示法1)年代前用in。如：(in)1961读作(in)nineteensixty-one(nineteenhundredandsixt
52、y-one)(in)1905读作(in)nineteenandfive(in)1800读作(in)eighteenhundred2)月份开头第一个字母须大写，表示在某月时，月份前面用介词in。(in)January/dnjuri/Jan.一月/(in)February/februri/Feb.二月(in)March/ma:t/Mar.三月/(in)April/eiprl/Apr.四月(in)May五月/(in)June/du:n/六月/(in)July/du:lai/七月(in)August/:gst/Aug.八月/(in)Septembe
53、r/septemb/Sept.九月(in)October/ktub/Oct.十月December/disemb/Dec.十一月/November/nvemb/Nov.十二月3)日期用序数词(前面须用the)表示；在某日，前面用介词on。如：(on)thefirst一日(on)theeighteenth十八日(on)thethirty=first三十一日4)某年某月某日inSeptember1954(读作inSeptembernineteenfiftyfour)1954年9月OnMay17，1960(读作onMay(the)sevente
54、enthnineteenSis-ty)，OnOctober1,1949(读作OnOctober(the)first，nineteenfortynine)注意thetwenties，thethirties等可用来表示几十年代。如intheninetiesofthelastcentury(在上一世纪的九十年代)。时刻表示法1)英语表时刻其前用at。如：Wegetupatsix(或atsixoclock).Theybeginworkateight.2)几点几分，则用下列方法表示：a)表示几点过几分，用介词past，但分数须在半小时以内(
55、包括半小时在内)。elevenpastseven七点过十一分/aquarterpasteight八点一刻halfpastnine九点半b)表示几点差几分，用介词to，但分数须在半小时以上(不包括半小时在内)。twotoseven七点差两分/aquartertoeight八点差一刻eighteentonine九点差十八分日常生活中讲时刻也可用这样的说法。如：7：15读作sevenfifteen11：30读作eleventhirty9：20读作ninetwenty3：53读作threefifty-threepractise1.Thereare_da
56、ysinayear.A.threehundredssixty-fiveB.threehundredsandsixty-fiveC.threehundredandsixty-fiveD.threehundredandsixtyfive2._peoplevisitthismuseumeveryday.A.HundredB.HundredsC.HundredofD.Hundredsof3.Therearetwo_peopleinthemeetingroom.A.hundredB.hundredsC.h
57、undredsofD.hundredof4._treeshavebeenplantedinourschoolinthepast10years.A.ThousandsofB.TwothousandsC.ThousandofD.Twothousandof5.Mysonisin_.A.ThreeClass,OneGradeB.ClassThree,GradeOneC.GradeOne,ClassThreeD.classthree,gradeone6.Wecansaythenumbe
58、r78,645inEnglishlikethis_.A.seventy-eightthousandandsixhundredandforty-fiveB.seventy-eightthousandsixhundredandfortyfiveC.seventy-eightthousandsixhundredandforty-fiveD.seventyeightthousandsixhundredandforty-fiveCDAABC1.Theyear1999shouldbereadTheyear_.A.
59、nineteenandninety-nineB.nineteenninety-nineC.onethousandninehundredandninety-nineD.nineteenhundredandninety-nine2.Hewillcomehere_tomorrowmorning.A.atfifthB.attenC.ontwoD.tilltenth3.Everydayhebeginstodohishomework_.A.attenpastsevenB.atsevenpassten
60、C.ontenpastseventhD.untilten4.Thereare_monthsinayear.Decemberisthe_monthoftheyear.A.twelve;twelveB.twelve;twelfthC.twelfth;twelveD.twelve;twelveth5.During_century,theworldpopulationhasalreadyreached6billion.A.twentyB.thetwentiethC.twentiethD.thetw