1、学习必备欢迎下载微观经济名词解释CHAPTER1BriefingScarcity:thelimitednatureofsocietysresources.Economics:thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.Efficiency:thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources.Equity:thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprospe
2、rityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.Opportunitycost:whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.Rational:systematicallyandpurposefullydoingthebestyoucantoachieveyourobjectives.Marginalchanges:smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction.Incentive:something
3、thatinducesapersontoact.Marketeconomy:aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.Propertyrights:theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresour
4、ces.Marketfailure:asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.Externality:theimpactofonepersonsactionsonthewebeingofabystander.Marketpower:theabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfl
5、ueneeonmarketprices.Productivity:thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworkerstime.Inflation:anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy.Phillipscurve:acurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.Businessc
6、yclefluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduction.Circular-flowdiagram:avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms.Productionpossibilitiesfrontier:agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheec
7、onomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.Microeconomics:thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets.Macroeconomics:thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,une
8、mployment,andeconomicgrowth.Positivestatementsclaimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.Positivestatementsclaimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.InvisibalhandEconomicmanPerfectinformationMarketclearingCHAPTER2Supply-DemandEquilibriumQuantitydemanded:the
9、amountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase.Lawofdemand:theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises.Demandschedule:atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.
10、Demandcurve:agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.Normalgood:agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand.Inferiorgood:agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadsto
11、adecreaseindemand.Substitutes:twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofonegoodleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother.Complements:twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofonegoodleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother.quantitysupplied:theamount
12、ofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell.Lawofsupply:theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises.Supplyscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.Supplycurv
13、eagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.Equilibrium:asituationinwhichthepricehasreachedthelevelwherequantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded.Equilibriumprice:thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded.Equilibr
14、iumquantity:thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice.Surplus:asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded.Shortage:asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied.Lawofsupplyanddemand:theclai
15、mthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthesupplyanddemandforthatgoodintobalanee.Priceceilingalegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold.Pricefloor:alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold.Taxincidencethemannerinwhichtheburdenofataxiss
16、haredamongparticipantsinamarket.Elasticityameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants.Priceelasticityofdemand:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedas
17、thepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice.Totalrevenue:theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold.Incomelasticityofdemand:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedof
18、agoodrespondstoachangeinconsumersincome,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome.Crosspriceelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,compu
19、tedasthepercentagechangeinthequantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood.Priceelasticityofsupplyameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagecha
20、ngeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice.Arcelasticity弧弹性EngelsCoefficientCHAPTER3UtilityTheoryCardinalutilitytheoryOrdinalutilitytheoryConsumerspreferenceConsumersequilibriumOptimizationBudgetconstraintsmarginalutility边际效用isthechangeinutili
21、tyanindividualenjoysfromconsuminganadditionalunitofagood.TotalutilityUtilityfunctionanindifferencecurverepresentsallcombinationsoftwogoodsthatmaketheconsumerequallywelloff.thelawofdiminishingmarginalreturns边际收益递减规律statesthataswecontinuetoaddmore
22、ofanyoneinput,itsmarginalproductwilleventuallydecline.ConsumerSurplusEconomicWell-BeingMarginalRateofSubstitution（MRS（y）LawofDiminishingMarginalRateofSubstitutionPrice-consumptioncurveIncome-consumptioncurveSubstitution&IncomeEffectsCompensatedBudgetLinePerfec
23、tsubstitutesPerfectcomplementsEngelcurveCHAPTER4ProductionTheoryProductionfunction:therelationshipbetweenquantityofinputsusedtomakeagoodandthequantityofoutputofthatgood.Marginalproduct:theincreaseinoutputthatarisesfromanadditionalunitofinput.Totalproduct
24、AverageproductDiminishingmarginalproduct:thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases.Isoquantscurves:showingallpossiblecombinationsofinputsthatyieldthesameoutputMRTS:Itistherateatwhichafirmiswillingtotradeone
25、factorforanother.LawofDiminishingMarginalRateofTechnicalSubstitutionIsocostlineProducerEquilibrium:atthepointwherethehighestisoquantcurveandtheisocostcurvearetangent.ReturnstoScaleConstantreturnstoscaledenoteacasewhereachangeinallinputsleadstoaproport
26、ionalchangeinoutput.Increasingreturnstoscalearisewhenanincreaseinallinputsleadstoamore-than-proportionalincreaseinthelevelofoutput.Decreasingreturnstoscaleoccurwhenabalancedincreaseofallinputsleadstoaless-than-proportionalincreaseintotaloutput.CHAPTER5C
27、ostTheoryTotalrevenuetheamountafirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutput.Totalcostthemarketvalueoftheinputsafirmusesinproduction.Profit:totalrevenueminustotalcost.Economicprofittotalrevenueminustotalcost,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcosts.Accountingprofi
28、ttotalrevenueminustotalexplicitcost.Explicitcostsinputcoststhatrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm.Implicitcostsinputcoststhatdonotrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm.conomiccost:Accountingcost:OpportunitycostSunkcostacostthathasbeencommittedandcannotbe
29、recovered.Shortruncost/Longruncost:Totalcost:Fixedcosts:coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproduced.Variablecosts:coststhatdovarywiththequantityofoutputproduced.Averagetotalcost:totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput.Averagefixedcost:fixedcosts
30、dividedbythequantityofoutput.Averagevariablecost:variablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutput.Marginalcost:theincreaseintotalcostthatarisesfromanextraunitofproduction.Efficientscale:thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcost.Economiesofscale:theprope
31、rtywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreases.Diseconomiesofscale:thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreases.Constantreturnstoscale:thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequan
32、tityofoutputchanges.CHAPTER6PerfectlycompetitivemarketCompetitivemarket:amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker.Averagerevenue:totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold.Marginalrevenue:thechangeintotalr
33、evenuefromanadditionalunitsold.AR、MR、DcoincideMR=MCmaximizeprofitBreakEvenPointShutdownPointProducersurplusConstantCostIndustryIncreasingCostIndustryDecreasingCostIndustryCHAPTER7ImperfectlycompetitivemarketsMonopoly:afirmthatisthesolesellerofaproductwitho
34、utclosesubstitutes.Naturalmonopoly:amonopolythatarisesbecauseasinglefirmcansupplyagoodorservicetoanentiremarketatasmallercostthancouldtwoormorefirms.Government-createdmonopolyBecauseamonopolyfirmisthesoleproducerinitsmarket,itfacesthedownward-slop
35、ingmarketdemandcurvePricediscriminationthebusinesspracticeofsellingthesamegoodatdifferentpricestodifferentcustomers.Monopolisticcompetition:amarketstructureinwhichmanyfirmssellproductsthataresimilarbutnotidentical.Oligopoly:amarketstructureinwhichonly
36、afewsellersoffersimilaroridenticalproducts.DuopolyCollusion:anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge.Carte:agroupoffirmsactinginunison.Nashequilibrium:asituationinwhicheconomicactorsinteractingwithoneanothereachchooset
37、heirbeststrategygiventhestrategiesthatalltheotheractorshavechosen.Gametheory:thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituations.Prisonersdilemma:aparticulargamebetweentwocapturedprisonersthatillustrateswhycooperationisdifficulttomaintainevenwhenitismutuall
38、ybeneficial.Dominantstrategy:astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayers.CHAPTER8ThefactorsofproductionmarketsVMP=MPXPPEPCHAPTER9GeneralequilibriumParetoefficientWelfareeconomicsthestudyofhowtheallocationofre
39、sourcesaffectseconomicwell-being.Willingnesstopaythemaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood.Consumersurplusabuyerswillingnesstopayminustheanidhebuyeractuallypays.Producersurplustheamountasellerispaidforagoodminusthesellerscost.Eficiencythepropertyo
40、faresourceallocationofmaximizingthetotalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsociety.Equity:fairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthemembersofsociety.CHAPTER10MarketfailureandMacroeconomicpoliciesMarketfailure:Deadweightlossthefallintotalsurplusthatresultsfr
41、omamarketdistortion,suchasatax.Externality:theuncompensatedimpactofonepersonsactionsonthbeingofabystander.Internalizinganexternality:alteringincentivessothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions.Coasetheorem:thepropositionthatifprivatepa
42、rtiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown.Transactioncoststhecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingandfollowingthroughonabargain.Excludabilitythepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbe
43、preventedfromusingit.susediminishesotherpeopleRivalryinconsumptionthepropertyofagoodwherebyonepersonPrivategoods:goodsthatarebothexcludableandrival.Publicgoodsgoodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrival.Commonresourcesgoodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludable.Fre
44、erider:apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit.Cost-benefitanalysisastudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood.Tragedyofthecommonsaparablethatillustrateswhycommonresourcesgetusedmorethanisdesirablefrom
45、thestandpointofsocietyasawhole.asymmetryinformationadverseselectionmoralhazard稀缺性：有限的社会资源的性质。经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。效率:社会的财产得到最能从它的稀缺资源。公平:经济繁荣相当的财产分配的社会成员。机会成本：无论必须放弃获得一些项目。理性:系统地，有目的地做最好的你可以实现你的目标。边际变化:小增量调整行动计划。激励:东西诱发一个人采取行动。市场经济：经济分配资源通过分散决策的许多企业和家庭在市场上相互作用对商品和服务。产权:个体拥有
46、的能力和运动控制稀缺资源。市场失灵:情况:市场本身不能有效地分配资源边际效用边际效用从消费效用的改变一个人享受一个额外的单位好。总效用效用函数一个无差异曲线表示两种商品的所有组合,使消费者同样。边际收益递减规律边际收益递减规律指出，随着我们继续任何一个输入的增加，其边际产品最终将下降。竞争市场：市场上许多买家和卖家交易相同的产品，每一个买方和卖方都是价格接受者。平均收入：总收入除以数量出售。边际收益：总收入的变化从一个额外的单位出售。规模回报规模收益不变表示，所有输入的变化会导致输出的比例变化。规模收益递增时出现所有输入的增加导致more-than-proporti
48、研究家庭和企业在市场决策，以及他们如何相互作用。宏观经济学：整体经济现象的研究，包括通货膨胀，失业和经济增长。均衡数量:数量提供均衡价格和数量要求。盈余:情况供给数量大于需求数量。不足:情况需求数量大于供给数量。供求定律:声称任何好的价格调整带来的供需平衡。价格上限:法律最大的价格可以卖。价格下限:法定最低的价格可以卖。税收归宿：税收负担的方式在市场参与者之间共享。弹性:测量响应的需求数量或数量提供给它的决定因素之一。需求的价格弹性：衡量有多少的需求量对价格的变化作出反应，好，计算作为需求量变化的百分比除以价格变化的百分比。总收入：收到的金额支付的买家和卖家的好，计算的
49、价格好的时候数量出售。收入截面失效的需求：衡量有多少好的响应变化的需求数量在消费者的收入，计算需求量变化的百分比除以收入的百分比变化。Crossprice需求弹性:衡量一个好的响应变化的需求数量价格的另一个好，计算的百分比变化的数量要求第一个好除以价格变化百分比的第二个好。供给的价格弹性：衡量有多少好的响应变化的供给数量的价格好，计算是需求量变动的百分比除以价格变化的百分比。总收入：一个公司出售其输出接收。总成本：输入一个公司的市场价值在生产中使用。利润:总收益减去总成本。经济利润：总收入减去总成本，包括显性和隐性的成本。会计利润：总收入减去总显性成本。明确成本:投入成本需要支出的钱的公司。隐性成本:投入成本，不需要花费钱的公司。经济成本：会计成本：机会成本沉没成本:成本已提交，不能恢复。长期短期成本/费用：总成本：固定成本:成本不随产量的数量生产。可变