Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestanswer,andthenmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWEKSHEET.
PassageOne
Antisocialandcriminalbehaviortendstoruninfamilies,butnoonewassurewhetherthiswasduemostlytosocial-environmentalfactorsorbiologicalones.Itturnsoutbothareimportant,buttheeffectismostdramaticwhentheyacttogether.Thishasbeenillustratedinseveralstudiesoverthepastsixyearswhichfoundthatmalevictimsofchildabuseareseveraltimesaslikelytobecomecriminalsandabusersthemselvesiftheywerebornwithaless-activeversionofagenefortheenzymemonoamineoxidaseA(MAO-A),whichbreaksdownneurotransmitterscrucialtotheregulationofaggression.
NooneissuggestingtestingallboystoseewhichvariantoftheMAO-Agenetheyhave,butwhatthescienceistellingusisthatweshouldredoubleeffortstotackleabusiveupbringing,andevensimpleneglect.Thiswillhelpanychild,butespeciallythosewhosebiologymakesthemvulnerable.ThankfullythereisalreadyconsiderableenthusiasminboththeUSandtheUKforconvertingthelatestinbehavioralscienceintoparentingandsocialskills:bothgovernmentshaveschemesinplacetoimproveparentinginfamilieswherechildrenareatriskofreceivingpoorcare.
Somepeopleareuncomfortablewiththeideaofearlyinterventionbecauseitimpliesourbehaviorbecomes"set"aswegrowup,compromisingtheideaoffreewill.Thatviewisunderstandable,butitwouldbenegligenttoignorewhatthestudiesaretellingus.Indeed,thecosttosocietyoffailingtointervene-intermsofcriminaldamage,dealingwithoffendersandhelpingvictimsofcrime-isboundtobegreaterthanthecostofimprovingparenting.Thevaluetothechildrenisimmeasurable.
61.Itseemsthatresearcherstrytoexplainviolentbehavior______.
A.intermsofphysicalenvironment
B.fromabiologicalperspective
C.basedontheempiricaldata
D.inastrictlystatisticalway
62.Whenwesaythatantisocialandcriminalbehaviortendstoruninfamilies,wemeanthat______.
A.aparticulargenemaybepassedoninfamilies
B.childabusewillleadtodomesticviolence
C.themalevictimsofchildabusewillpassonthetendency
D.theviolentpredispositioniscloselyrelatedtochildabuse
63.Basedontherecentobservation,whatshouldbedonetocheckthedevelopmentofantisocialandcriminalbehavior
A.Boysshouldbescreenedforthebiologicalpredisposition.
B.High-riskkidsshouldbebroughtupinkindergarten.
C.Genesfortheriskfactorsshouldbeaccuratelydetermined.
D.Activemeasuresoughttobetakenatanearlyage.
64.Whatdoestheauthoremphasizeindefendingearlyintervention
A.Theimmeasurablevalueoffurtheringthecurrentresearch.
B.Theconsequencesofcompromisingdemocracy.
C.Therelativelyeasysolutiontoimprovingparentingskills.
D.Thegreatercostoffailingtotackletheknownissue.
65.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage
A.ParentingStrategiesforKids.
B.TheMakingofaCriminal.
C.TheImportanceofParentalEducation.
D.AbusiveParentsandCriminalChildren.
PassageTwo
Aloomingdoctorshortagethreatenstocreateanationalhealthcarecrisisbyfurtherlimitingaccesstophysicians,jeopardizingqualityandacceleratingcostincreases.
"Peoplearewaitingweeksforappointments;emergencydepartmentshavelinesoutthedoor,"saidaspokesmanforanationalphysiciansearchfirm."Doctorsareworkinglongerhoursthantheywant.Theyarehavingahardtimetakingvacations,ahardtimegettingtheirpatientsintospecialists."
Expertssaythesearesymptomsofawiderproblem:Demandfordoctorsisacceleratingmorerapidlythansupply.
Thenumberofmedicalschoolgraduateshasremainedvirtuallyflatforaquarter-century,becausetheschoolslimitedenrollmentoutofconcernthatthenationwasproducingtoomanydoctors.
Overthenext15years,agingbabyboomerswillpushurologists,geriatriciansandotherphysiciansintooverdrive.Theircloudyeyesalone,onestudyfound,couldboostthedemandforcataractsurgeryby47%.
By2025,physiciansareexpectedtohanguptheirstethoscopesatarateof22,000ayear,upfrom9,000in2005.Thatisonlyslightlylessthanthenumberofdoctorswhocompletedtheirtraininglastyear.
Atthesametime,youngermalephysiciansandwomen-whoconstitutehalfofallmedicalstudents-arelessinclinedtoworktheslavishhoursthatlongtypifiedtheprofession.
66.Thepassagebeginsbysayingthatadoctorshortage______.
B.isanationalproblemthathasbeenthereforsometime
C.issoseriousthathealthcarequalityhassuffered
D.hasexpresseditselfgraduallyinseveralstates
67.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacauseoftheproblem
A.Thereisnowabiggerpopulationthanbefore.
B.Thegenerallyfavorableeconomicsituationhaspushedtheneeds.
C.Therehasbeenahugecutinthehealthcarefunding.
D.Therearemanynewproceduresthatdidnotexistbefore.
A.Therewerealreadytoomanydoctorsjustafewyearsago.
B.Themedicalschoolslackthecapacitytodoso.
C.Interestinthemedicalprofessionhasdeclined.
D.Theincreasedneedswerenotexpected.
69.Theimbalancebetweensupplyanddemandwillbeworsenedbecause________.
A.residencytrainingmaytakelongertocomplete
B.old-agemedicalproblemswillboosttheneedsdramatically
C.manydoctorsmayfindithardtomasterthenewtechnologies
D.manydoctorswhoremainactivehavepassedtheretirementage
70.Thepassageimpliesthat________.
A.doctorsoftheoldergenerationtypicallyworkharder
B.youngdoctorsworkmoreefficientlythantheolderdoctors
C.femaledoctorscanhardlydothesameworkasthemaledoctors
D.newdoctorsemphasizeproductivityratherthanthehourstheyputin
PassageThree
Archaeologycantellusplentyabouthowhumanslookedandthewaytheylivedtensofthousandsofyearsago.ButwhataboutthedeeperquestionsCouldearlyhumansspeak,weretheycapableofself-consciousreflection,didtheybelieveinanything
Suchquestionsmightseemtobebeyondthescopeofscience.Notso.Answeringthemisthefocusofaburgeoningfieldthatbringstogetherarchaeologyandneuroscience.Itaimstochartthedevelopmentofhumancognitivepowers.Thisisnoteasytodo.Askullgivesnoindicationofwhetheritsownerwascapableofspeech,forexample.Thetaskthenistofindproxies(替代物)forkeytraitsandbehaviorsthathavestayedintactovermillennia.
Perhapsthemostintriguingaspectofthisendeavoristeasingouttheroleofcultureasaforceintheevolutionofourmentalskills.Fordecades,developmentofthebrainhasbeenseenasexclusivelybiological.Butincreasingly,thatisbeingchallenged.
Hisansweristhatthesoftware-theculture-tookalongtimetodevelop.Inparticular,theinterveningtimesawhumansattachmeaningtoobjectsandsymbols.Thosemeaningsweredevelopedbysocialinteractionoversuccessivegenerations,passedonthroughteaching,andintheneuronalconnectionsofchildren.
Culturealsochangesbiologybymodifyingnaturalselection,sometimesinsurprisingways.Howisit,forexample,thatahumangeneformakingessentialvitaminCbecameblockedbyjunkDNAOneansweristhatourancestorsstartedeatingfruit,sothepressuretomakevitaminC"relaxed"andthegenebecameunnecessary.Bythisreasoning,earlyhumansthenbecameaddictedtofruit,andanygenethathelpedthemtofinditwasselectedfor.
Ourunderstandingofhumancognitivedevelopmentisstillfragmentedandconfused.Wehavelotsofproposedcausesandeffects,andhypothesestoexplainthem.Yetthepotentialpay-offmakesanswersworthsearchingfor.Ifweknowwherethehumanmindcamefromandwhatchangedit,perhapswecangaugewhereitisgoing.Findingthoseanswerswilltakealltheingenuitythemodernhumanmindcanmuster.
71.Thequestionspresentedinthefirstparagraph________.
A.areraisedtoexploretheevolutionofhumanappearance
B.havenopossiblescientificanswerswhatever
C.arenotscientificenoughtobeansweredhere
D.areintendedtodigforancienthumanminds
72.Accordingtothepassage,wheredosomescientiststrytofindtheforceinthedevelopmentofmentalpower
A.Theintriguingroleofculture.
B.Theconitinuouspassageoftime.
C.Thefascinatingstructureofaskull.
D.Theevolutionaryforceinherentinthebrain.
73.AccordingtoRenfrew,thetransitionofthehumanmentalskillsfrom60,000to10,000yearsagosuggeststhat________.
A.humancivilizationwouldcomesoonerorlater
B.ittookalongtimefortheculturetoplayitsrole
C.thehumanbrainremainedbiologicallystaticearlyon
D.theinteractionbetweengeneandenvironmentwasslowbutsure
74.Fromtheexampleillustratingtherelationbetweencultureandbiology,wemightconcludethat________.
A.thementaldevelopmenthasnotbeenexclusivelybiological
B.naturalselectionismostlyindependentofhumanbehavior
C.thebrainandculturehavenotdevelopedatthesamepace
D.vitaminCcontributestothedevelopmentofthebrain
75.Speakingofthehumanmind,theauthorwouldsaythat________.
A.Itscognitivedevelopmentisextremelyslow
B.toknowitspastistounderstanditsfuture
C.itsbiologicalevolutionishardtopredict
D.asthebraindevelops,sodoesthemind
PassageFour
Ms.Smith,22,wasfoundtohaveasevereformoffood-borneillnesscausedbyE.coli,whichMinnesotaofficialstracedtothehamburgerthathermotherhadgrilledfortheirSundayfamilyparty,Inthesimplestterms,sheranoutofluckinafood-safetygameofchancewhoserulesandrisksarenotwidelyknown.
MeatcompaniesandgrocershavebeenbarredfromsellinggroundbeeftaintedbythevirulentstrainofE.coliknownas0157:H7since1994.Yettensofthousandsofpeoplearestillsickenedannuallybythispathogen,withhamburgerbeingthebiggestculprit.Groundbeefhasbeenblamedfor16outbreaksinthelastthreeyearsalone.Thissummer,contaminationledtotherecallofbeeffromnearly3,000grocersin41states.
Groundbeefisusuallynotsimplyachunkofmeatrunthroughagrinder.Instead,asingleportionofhamburgermeatisoftenanamalgamofvariousgradesofmeatfromdifferentpartsofcowsandevenfromdifferentslaughterhouses.Thislowersthecosts,butmakeshamburgermeatvulnerabletoE.colicontamination.Despitethis,thereisnofederalrequirementforgrinderstotesttheiringredientsforthepathogen.
Thoseingredientsincludecutsfromareasofthecowthataremorelikelytohavehadcontactwithfeces,whichcarriesE.coli.Yetmostmeatcompaniesrelyontheirsupplierstocheckforthebacteriaanddotheirowntestingonlyaftertheingredientsaregroundtogether.
Unwrittenagreementsbetweensomecompaniesappeartostandinthewayofingredienttesting.ManybigslaughterhouseswillsellonlytogrinderswhoagreenottotesttheirshipmentsforE.coliforfearofarecallofingredientstheysoldtoothers.
"Groundbeefisnotacompletelysafeproduct,"healthofficialssay."Whileoutbreakshadbeenonthedecline,unfortunatelyitlookslikewearegoingabitintheoppositedirection."
76.Whatdoesthedescriptioninthefirstparagraphtellus
A.Hersufferingoriginatedfromastomachvirus.
B.Herdamagednervoussystemmadeherunabletowalk.
C.Shelostthecontroloftheleftsideofthebodycompletely.
D.Herbloodydiarrhealedtokidneyfailureandunconsciousness.
77.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat_______.
A.foodpoisoningthrougheatingcontaminatedhamburgersisuncommon
B.beefcontaminationissoseriousthatithasbeenfoundin41states
C.sofartherehavebeen16reportsofE.colicontaminationofbeef
D.differentindividualsmayreactto0157:H7differently
78.Thereasonbehindthewaysgroundbeefisproducedcanbefoundin________.
B.theconsiderationformakingmoreprofits
C.theaimofcheckingE.colicontamination
D.thestrictrequirementofthefederalgovernment
79.Wecaninferthatmanybigslaughterhouses________.
A.dotheirowntestingcarefullytoavoidpossiblerecalloftheirproducts
B.actuallyknowthepossibilityoftheirgroundbeefbeingcontaminated
C.takespecialmeasurestoensurethesafetyoftheirbeefproducts
D.areprobablyignorantoftheproblemofE.colicontamination
A.Inthesimplestterms,sheranoutofluckinafood-safetygameofchancewhoserulesandrisksarenotwidelyknown.
B.Thissummer,contaminationledtotherecallofbeeffromnearly3,000grocersin41states.
C.Neitherthesystemmeanttomakethemeatsafe,northemeatitself,iswhatconsumershavebeenledtobelieve.
D.Despitethis,thereisnofederalrequirementforgrinderstotesttheiringredientsforthepathogen.
PassageFive
Intheearly1970s,itbecamecommonpracticeforAmericanblackstoundergogeneticscreeningtestsforsickle-cellanemia.Whilethisenabledphysicianstodetectandtreatmanypreviouslyoverlookedcasesoftheblooddisease,italsobroughtwithitasubtlesocialcost.Thetestsrevealedcarriers(withnodiseasesymptoms)aswellasthosewithfull-blownanemia.Thisgavepatientsnewinformationforseekingtreatmentandmakingreproductivedecisions,butonthebasisofthetestresults,someemployersandinsurancecompaniesdeniedpeoplejobsandcheappremiums.
Consider,then,therecentrevolutioningenetictechniquesandournew-foundabilitytomaphumangenes,findmarkersforspecificdiseases,andscreenunbornfetuses,children,andadultsforvariousgeneticconditions.Thereisgreatenthusiasminmanyquartersoverthepotentialthesetechniquespresentforstudyingthegeneticrootsofmanydiseases.Geneticistscanalreadylocategeneticmarkersformorethan400diseases,andwiththeHumanGenomeProjectthatlistwillgrowquickly.Forsomepeople,however,thesocialcostsof"readingourgenes"lookhighindeed.
Drawingparallelswithsickle-cellanemia,somebioethicistsfearthatinsurancecompaniesandemployerswillrequirein-depthgeneticscreeningfornewCustomersorjobseekersandwillturnawaypeopleiftheyhavegenesthatmerelyraisethepossibilityofsomedaydevelopingheartdiseasecancer,orotherconditions.Someactivistsworryfurtherthatindustrialfirmswillselectfortheabilitytowithstandoccupationalexposuresratherthancleaninguptheirfactories.Andsomesocialandreligiousgroupsareconcernedthatdetailedfetalscreeningwillresultinmoreabortionssincemostgeneticdefectscannotpresentlybecorrectedor,insomecases,eventreatedeffectively.
Someobserversoftherevolutioningeneticscreeninghaveproposedthecreationofnewpanel,laws,andrules.These,theysay,shouldgovernandprobablyrestrictthespeedandextenttowhichinsurancecompanies,employers,andindividualscouldmakeuseofdetailedgeneticinformation.Somegeneticists,however,believethatexistingbodies,suchastheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeoftheNationalInstitutesofHealth,arealreadysufficienttomeettheethicalandlegalconcernsposedbytherapidexpansionofgeneticscreening.
Peopleonallsidesoftheissueseemtoagreethatwidespreadpublicawarenessoftheissuesisessential.
81.WhichofthefollowingisNOTclearlystatedinthefirstparagraph
A.Sickle-cellanemiaisageneticdiseaseaffectingmainlyAmericanblacks.
B.Sickle-cellanemiaisadiseasethatisoftenoverlookeduntilitisfull-blown.
C.Genetictestsforsickle-cellanemiahavebothpositiveandnegativeimpacts.
D.Sickle-cellanemiamaybecomeanobstacletosomepeoplegettingemployed.
82.Accordingtothepassage,whyisitthatsomepeoplearenotenthusiasticaboutgenetictests
A.Thenewgenetictechniquesareslowincoming.
B.Geneticmarkersarehardtolocateanddifferentiate.
C.Geneticproblemsmaybeeasytodetectbuthardtotackle.
D.Developmentsingenetictechnologymaycausesocialproblems.
83.Whendrawingparallelswithsickle-cellanemia,peopleare________.
A.makingacomparison
B.underliningaconcern
C.presentinganexample
D.lookingforconnections
84.Whatseemstobetherealconcernintermsofgenetictechnology
A.Atendencyinoveremphasizingitspositiveside
B.Apatternintheinappropriateuseofgenetictechnology
C.Thehugebenefitthatcanbereapedbysomespecialsocialgroups.
D.Unbearablecostsinvolvedinprovidinggenetictestswithuncertainresults.
85.Whatisthepurposetheauthorintendstoachieveinwritingthispassage
A.Raisingawarenessofapotentialproblemamongthepublic.
B.Publicizingtherapiddevelopmentofnewgenetictechnology.
C.Introducinglegalconsiderationinthediscussionofabioethicalissue.
D.Summingupvariousviewsinapublicdebatefromdeferentperspectives.
PassageSix
Recently,morethan1,000highschoolandcollegestudentsintheU.S.haveparticipatedintheBodyProject,whichworksbygettinggirlstounderstandhowtheyhavebeenbuyingintothenotionthatyouhavetobethintobehappyorsuccessful.Aftercritiquingtheso-calledthinidealbywritingessaysandrole-playingwiththeirpeers,participantsaredirectedtocomeupwithandexecutesmall,nonviolentacts.Theyincludeslippingnotessaying"Loveyourbodythewayitis"intodietingbooksandwritingletterstomakersoftheimpossiblyproportionedBarbiedoll.
86.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingexpressestheessenceof“bodyactivism”
A."Iknowbestwhatisgoodformybody."
B."Ishouldactivelykeepmybodybeautiful."
C."Iwilldecidehowtoexerciseformyhealth."
D."Ishouldtakeapositiveapproachtowardmybody."
87.WhatdopsychologistswhosupporttheBodyProjectbelieve
A.Theidealbodyofagirlcanonlyresultfromhealthyeatinghabits.
B.Eatingdisorderaffectingthebodyweightofagirlshouldbetreated.
C.ThestereotypicalbodyimageonTVandmediamayleadtoeatingdisorder.
D.TVandothermediaarenotactiveenoughinpromotinghealthyeatinghabits.
88.WhichofthefollowingisanexampleofnonviolentactsusedbytheBodyProjectparticipants
A.TheycallonpeopletorejectthesellingofBarbiedoll.
B.Theydissuadeothergirlsfrombecomingextremelythin.
C.Theydebateopenlywithpeerswhohaveunhealthynotions.
D.Theyadoptsomeunconventionalmethodstoexpresstheirbelief.
89.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheBodyProjectparticipants
A.Theyarenowmoreconfidentabouttheirself-image.
B.Theyaremoreimmunetopublicityaftercompletingtheprogram.
C.Theynowseeklonger-termeffectsinimprovingtheirbodyimages.
D.Theynowrealizethecommercialmotivebehindthecurrentnotionofbeauty.
A.BodyProjectisonlyagoodstartandshouldgoonadvocatingitsideals.
B.Manypeoplestillfailtorealizetherealeffectofenvironmentalfactors.
C.BodyProjectneedstohavemorescientificevidencetobackitsclaims.
D.Environmentalfactorsdonotexplainallthatareinvolvedintheissue.