12月18日外媒科学网站摘要:阅读如何重塑大脑新浪财经

12月18日(星期三)消息,国外知名科学网站的主要内容如下:

《自然》网站(www.nature.com)

基因编辑疗法在治疗癌症和血液疾病方面展现显著效果

研究人员表示,Casgevy对患者的整体健康,包括身体、情感、社交和功能健康等方面,都带来了明显的改善。他补充道,这种疗法具备“一次性功能性治愈”的潜力。

β-地中海贫血和镰状细胞病均源于血红蛋白基因突变。虽然胎儿血红蛋白可以缓解这些突变的影响,但其产生通常在出生后不久便停止。Casgevy利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,通过禁用基因“开关”,使胎儿血红蛋白重新产生,从而缓解疾病。

《科学通讯》网站(www.sciencenews.org)

耳垢检测揭示健康状况:耳垢分析可判断羊是否食用有毒植物

研究人员在《毒素》(Toxicon)杂志最新一期中报告称,如果羊食用了有毒植物棋盘花(deathcamas),几天后就能在羊的耳垢中检测到该植物的毒素。这一发现进一步证实,耳垢可用作牲畜健康状况的简单检测工具,同时也可能对人类健康研究提供启发。

在牧场上,牲畜因误食有毒植物死亡的情况并不少见。然而,确定导致中毒的具体植物一直是复杂的工作,通常需要对牧场植物进行检测或采集活牲畜的血液样本,这些方法既费时又需要专业设备。为此,美国农业部有毒植物研究实验室的研究团队探讨了耳垢作为检测样本的可行性,表明其能够简便地反映动物是否接触到有毒植物。

研究团队以棋盘花为目标植物,这种植物广泛生长于美国西部地区,是百合的近亲。吃了足够多的这种植物的牲畜会受到两种化合物的毒性作用,即棋盘花辛(zygacine)和棋盘花碱(zygadenine)。研究人员向羊注射了适量棋盘花提取物,并从第三天开始定期采集耳垢样本,持续一个月。此外,他们还从在满是棋盘花的牧场上放牧三天的羊身上采集了样本。

结果显示,来自不同有毒植物的毒素可以出现在动物的耳垢中。这为牧场主提供了一种新的工具,通过分析耳垢快速识别有毒植物,甚至精确定位到特定牧场区域,从而更好地保护牲畜安全。

《每日科学》网站(www.sciencedaily.com)

1、新型血液检测方法可快速评估纳米药物治疗效果

澳大利亚皇家墨尔本理工大学(RMITUniversity)与多尔蒂研究所(DohertyInstitute)的科学家开发了一种新型血液检测技术,旨在帮助筛选癌症患者,从而使治疗更加安全和高效。

这种测试仅需从白血病患者身上提取一滴血,就能快速评估不同聚乙二醇(PEG)纳米药物在杀死癌细胞和减少副作用方面的效果。

在研究中,研究人员从15名白血病患者的血液中测试了三种不同的PEG纳米药物。他们将这些纳米药物分别添加到血液样本中,并在37摄氏度下孵育一小时,随后评估这些药物对血液中癌细胞和健康细胞的作用效果。通过这种方式,他们可以确定哪种疗法最适合不同患者。

研究还探讨了患者免疫系统的差异如何影响纳米药物疗效。他们发现,患者血液中抗PEG抗体的水平会显著影响治疗效果:抗体水平越高,药物杀死癌细胞的效果越差,且对健康细胞的毒性越大。

这一研究成果发表在纳米科技领域权威期刊《ACSNano》上。

2、科学家现在可预测气候变化如何影响植物生长周期

天气模式决定了季节的开始与结束,但植物和动物对这些模式的响应,即物候学,同样至关重要。尽管气象学家可以提前几个月准确预测气温,但预测某种树木在其分布范围内何时开始长出叶子,通常更具挑战性。

当气候变化等复杂因素介入时,预测植物物候变得更加困难。

这项突破性研究源于一份19世纪的旧报告,该报告包含了美国东部数千份动植物物候观察记录。这些记录由美国史密森学会(SmithsonianInstitution)发起,通过志愿者收集,成为美国最早的公民科学项目之一,用于监测生物季节性变化。

1、阅读如何重塑大脑并提高认知能力

如今,为了娱乐而阅读的人越来越少。据调查,50%的英国成年人表示他们不经常阅读,而这一比例在2015年为42%。在16至24岁的年轻人中,近四分之一的人表示从未定期阅读。

这对我们的大脑有何影响?从文字到视频的转变是否改变了大脑的功能,甚至影响了人类的进化?瑞典隆德大学(LundUniversity)发表在《神经影像》(Neuroimage)杂志上的一项新研究对此进行了探讨。

通过分析1000多名参与者的开源数据,研究人员发现,不同阅读能力的人大脑结构存在差异。具体而言,熟练读者的大脑左半球两个关键区域在语言处理方面表现出独特特征。

其中一个区域是颞叶的前部,负责帮助联想和分类不同类型的有意义信息。另一个是颞横回(Heschl’sgyrus),位于颞叶上部,是听觉皮层的所在地。研究显示,阅读能力较强的人,其左半球颞叶前部的体积通常比右半球更大。

2、研究人员证实控制金属薄膜热流关键原理,助力计算机芯片升级

美国弗吉尼亚大学(UVA)的研究人员成功验证了控制金属薄膜热流的关键原理,为提升计算机芯片效率取得了重要突破。这一研究发表在《自然通讯》(NatureCommunications)杂志上,为下一代高效电子设备的发展奠定了基础,使未来的芯片能够更加快速、紧凑且节能。

铜因其卓越的导电性而广泛应用于电子设备。然而,当器件尺寸缩小至纳米级时,即便是铜这样的优秀材料也面临热量增加带来的性能下降问题。这种现象在铜中尤为明显,导致导电性和效率的显著降低。

为了解决这一难题,UVA团队将研究重点放在热科学中的马西森规则上。该规则用于预测不同散射过程对电子流的影响,但在纳米级材料中一直未得到全面验证。这次研究首次在超薄铜膜中成功验证了这一规则的适用性。

研究小组采用了一种新方法——稳态热反射(SSTR),测量了铜的导热性,并将结果与电阻率数据进行对比分析。他们发现,当使用特定参数时,马西森规则能够可靠地描述纳米级铜膜中的热量传播方式。

通过结合实验测量和先进建模,研究团队为开发能够在降低能耗的同时提高效率的材料铺平了道路。在温度管理至关重要的领域,这一发现为更冷、更快、更可持续的电子技术的未来迈出了重要一步。(刘春)

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