Peopleoftencomplain(grumble被替换)thatplasticsaretoodurable.【1】Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhere(ubiquitous被替换)anddon'tbreakdowneasily.【2】Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.【3】Theycrackandfrizzle.【4】They“weep"outadditives.【5】Theymeltintosludge.【6】Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.【7】Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,thefirstartificialheart.【8】
S1中,表示“抱怨”这个动词,《科学》杂志用的是grumble,小声地表示不满、抱怨或发牢骚。grumble也可作名词指“抱怨、牢骚”。
Invisibletothenakedeye,theyareubiquitous.(剑桥雅思16)
Weareprobablyallfamiliarwithbackgroundmusicinfilms,whichhasbecomesoubiquitousastobenoticeableinitsabsence.(剑桥雅思11-T4)
AubiquitouswoodlandmixoflawngrassesandtreeshasfounditswaythroughoutEuropeandtheUnitedStates,andit'snowspreadtoothercitiesaroundtheworld.(2015专八-P4)
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin____
[A]maintainingtheirplasticitems.
[B]obtainingdurableplasticartifacts.
[C]handlingoutdatedplasticexhibits.
[D]classifyingtheirplasticcollections.
定位到S7,preserveculturallyimportantobjects,保护重要文物,preserve就是保护的意思,如preservetheforest(保护森林)、preserveoldbuildings(保护老房子)。所以21题,博物馆面临的困难就是在保护上,maintain就有此义。而obtain是“获得”的意思、handle是“处理”、classify是“分类”。
Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn'talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands.【9】“It'slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,"shesays.【10】“Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.’’【11】
22.VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare_____
[A]immunetodecay.
[B]improperilyshaped.
[C]inherentlyflawed.
[D]complexinstructure.
S9:didn'talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly
VanOosten不知道如何正确地混合成分
S10:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong
如果没有准确的量,蛋糕就坏了
S11:Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb
这个东西就像定时炸弹
所以,S9、10、11都是在讲它内在缺陷的问题
译:聚合物化学家TheavanOosten说,某些手工艺品特别容易受到损害,因为塑料艺术的一些先驱者并不知道如何正确地混合成分。她在荷兰文化遗产局工作数十年,直到几年前方退休。曾形容到:“这就像烤蛋糕:如果你没有准确的量,就会错。”你做的东西已经是定时炸弹了。”
Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPicroGilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.【12】Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets”---largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.【13】Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets-whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.【14】
S12:not是转折句,这并非艺术家的过错,双重否定表肯定,所以有时候也是正确的。
译:有时候,这并非艺术家的过错。20世纪60年代,意大利艺术家PicroGilardi开始创作数百件色彩鲜艳的泡沫作品。这些作品包括小玫瑰花床和其他物品,以及几十个“天然地毯”——一个大长方形装饰着泡沫南瓜,卷心菜和西瓜。他希望观众在地毯上走来走去——这意味着地毯必须耐用。
Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.【15】It'sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.【16】Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.【17】
Unfortunately(不幸的是),un表否定,所以S15是转折句,怎么不幸了,是因为这个塑料成分不稳定。S15具体解释了S12,它没有错,因为是化学构成不稳定。
译:遗憾的是,他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本质上是不稳定的。其特别容易因光线照射损伤,到20世纪90年代中期,Gilardi的南瓜、玫瑰和其他作品都开始分裂和崩解。博物馆把它们中的一些锁在黑暗中。
SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi'ssculptures.Theyinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.【18】VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens"becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.【19】Sheisproudthatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.【20】
译:因此,vanOosten和她的同事们尽全力保护Gilardi的雕塑。他们给一些雕塑注入了稳定和巩固作用的化学物质。VanOosten称这些化学物质为“防晒霜”,因为它们的目标是防止进一步的光线造成损伤,并重建磨损的聚合物纤维。她引以为豪的是,一些雕塑可以再次展览,尽管有时需要在保护壳下。
《Science》杂志原文:SovanOostenandcolleaguesatRCEbegantostudywaystoprotectpolyurethane.First,theytookfoamsamplessimilartothenaturecarpetsandinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicalsthatmodernmanufacturersoftenuse.VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens"becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Thentheteamusedxenonlampstoartificiallyagebothtreatedanduntreatedsamples,andexaminedthemunderhigh-poweredmicroscopes...........VanOostenisproudthatseveralhaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.
23.MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi'sartworksto____
[A]keepthemfromhurtingvisitors.
[B]duplicatethemforfuturedisplay.
[C]havetheiringredientsanalyzed.
[D]preventthemfromfurtherdamage.
此题直接定位到S19,theirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.其目的是防止光线造成进一步的损伤
DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten's,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.【21】Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.【22】Worse,biodegradableplasticsdesignedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.【23】Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.【24】JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory---StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon---afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.【25】Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,"andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve....willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen."【26】
Despite表转折,S21:preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.塑料的保存变得愈加困难。
24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis___
[A]costly
[B]unworthy
[C]unpopular
[D]challenging
解1:作者的观点或态度往往是正面的,且偏抽象,ABC带着负面,故排除
主题句S12:这并非艺术家的过错
主题句S15:因为塑料成分不稳定,所以不幸
主题句S21:塑料的保护变得愈加困难。
从S3、S12、S15到S21,可见保护之艰难,充满挑战
25.InFerreira'sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts___.
[A]willinspirefuturescientificresearch.
[B]hasprofoundhistoricalsignificance.
[C]willhelpusseparatethematerialages.
[D]hasanimpactontoday'sculturallife.
opinion观点题应该具有深刻和抽象性,又放在最后问,还需具备结果导向。B的significance(重要性)和D的impact(影响)包含高度的概括性,而AC都是在表述具体,一个是激励科学研究、另一个是区分物质时代,故排除AC。
我们再定位到S25:notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory---StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon---afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.
Ferreira指出,考古学家定义了人类历史上的伟大物质时代,这一切都归功于博物馆在保护塑料制品的功劳。
S26:willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.她提到了影响,但是没有具体涉及是文化的影响,还是其他政治、经济的影响。所以排除D。
D的选项,正是《Science》原文最后一段作者本人的观点,不是Ferreira的观点。作者认为todaycanbeculturallymeaningful-andevencherished
译:尽管有像vanOosten这样的成功故事,但塑料的保存依然困难。旧的物品不停得变质。更糟糕的是,可降解塑料的微生物越来越普遍。这种风险比单个物体更大。NOVA科技学院的保护和修复助理教授JoanaLiaFerreira指出,考古学家在检查了博物馆中的文物后,首先确定了人类历史上的伟大物质时代——石器时代、铁器时代等等。我们如今生活在一个塑料的时代,她说,“我们今天决定收集什么,我们决定保存什么……这将对未来我们的前景产生强烈的影响。”