历届韩素音翻译大奖赛竞赛原文及译文

历届韩素音翻译大奖赛竞赛原文及译文

美(节选)...........................................................................................................3

超越生命[美]卡贝尔著............................................................................28

在义与利之外................................................................................................37

BeyondRighteousnessandInterests...............................................................37

TheBitter-SweetnessofReadingYangJiang.................................................40

ReminiscencesofTsinghuaWangZuoliang...................................................43

WhatGoethe'sLifeRevealsbyZongBaihua.................................................45

NanjingtheBelovedCity...............................................................................51

TheRosyCloudbyBingxin............................................................................53

老来乐金克木.............................................................................................55

DelightsinGrowingOldbyJinKemu...........................................................55

可贵的"他人意识"......................................................................................58

CallingforanAwarenessofOthers.................................................................58

教孩子相信....................................................................................................61

ToImplantInOurChildren’sYoungHeartsAnUndyingFaithInHumanity61

英译汉部分

Beauty(excerpt)

美(节选)

gintobeauty."Idon't

"butitfeelsthesame."

tmustbehappeninginefirsttimeDirac's⑴ngrelativity."They're

Oratleastontheway

knowifit'sthesamebeautyyouseeinthesunset,"afriendtellsme,

2014-11-2302:05:58

Thisfriendisaphysicist,whohasspentalongcareerdecipheringwhalawofnature自然法则

theinteriorofstars.Herecallsformethisthrillongraspingforthequationsdescribingquantummechanics,orthoseofEinsteindescribisobeautiful,"hesays,"youcanseeimmediatelytheyhavetobetrue.

towardtruth."Iaskhimwhatmakesatheorybeautiful,andhereplies,"Simplicity,symmetry,elegance,andpower."

我结识一些科学家(包括伊娃和露丝),也拜读过不少科学家的著作,从中我作出

推断:人们在探求自然规律的旅途中,须臾便会与美不期而遇。一个朋友对我说:"我不敢肯定这种美是否与日落之美异曲同工,但至少,两者带给我的感受别无二致。"我的这个朋友是一位物理学家,他大半辈子都在致力于破解群星内部的秘密。他向我讲述了当年邂逅科学之美时的狂喜:那是当他生平第一次顿悟狄拉克的量子力学方程式,或是洞彻爱因斯坦相对论的方程式时的感受。"那些方程式是如此动人,"他说道,"只消看一眼你就会明白,它们一定是正确的,或者说---至少,它们的指向是正确的。"我好奇一个"动人的"理论是个什么样,他的回答是:"简约、和谐、典雅,有力。"

Whynatureshouldconformtotheorieswefindbeautifulisfarfromobvious.Themostincomprehensiblethingabouttheuniverse,asEinsteinsaid,isthatit'scomprehensible.Howunlikely,thatashort-livedbipedonatwo-bitplanetshouldbeabletogaugethespeedoflight,laybarethestructureofanatom,orcalculatethegravitationaltugofablackhole.We'realongwayfromunderstandingeverything,butwedounderstandagreatdealabouthownature

behaves.Generationaftergeneration,wepuzzleoutformulas,testthem,andfind,toanastonishingdegree,thatnatureagrees.Anarchitectdrawsdesignsonflimsypaper,andherbuildingsstandupthroughearthquakes.

那些打动我们的理论,往往受到自然之母的肯定,其中奥妙不可言宣。诚如爱因斯

坦所言:这个世界最让人费解之处就在于:它是能够被了解的。想想这一切是多么地不可思议:在一个不起眼的星球上,生存着一种拥有短暂生命的两足生物,然而,正是这些微不足道的小生物,不但测量出了光速,而且把原子层层剥开,还计算出了黑洞的引力。人类虽然尚未全知全能,但是,关于大自然的脾性,我们所知道的确实不能算少。人类经过世世代代的努力,猜想出各种定理公式,并在实践中检验它们,然后惊讶地发现:大自然竟然与我们不谋而合。这就像一位建筑师在薄薄的图纸上绘制出设计方案,

依此建造的高楼大厦,竟能够经受住地震的洗礼考验,依然耸立。

Welaunchasatelliteintoorbitanduseittobouncemessagesfromcontinenttocontinent.ThemachineonwhichIwritethesewordsembodieshundredsofinsightsintotheworkingsofthematerialworld,insightsthatareconfirmedbyeveryburstoflettersonthescreen,andIstareatthatscreenthroughlensesthatobeythelawsofopticsfirstworkedoutindetailby

IsaacNewton⑵.

我们发射一枚人造卫星,它便帮助我们将讯息传遍世界各地。而我,正在一台机器上记录下这些文字,这台机器包涵着人类思想的精髓---对物质世界运作方式的真知灼见

---每一次敲打键盘,这些真知便化为字母跳入屏幕;当我注视着屏幕,架在鼻梁上的眼镜则是根据光学原理配制而成的,而对这一理论进行详细论证的开山始祖则是艾萨克·牛顿。

Bydiscerningpatternsintheuniverse,Newtonbelieved,hewastracingthehandofGod.ScientistsinourdayhavelargelyabandonedthenotionofaCreatorasanunnecessaryhypothesis,oratleastanuntestableone.WhiletheyshareNewton'sfaiththattheuniverseisruledeverywherebyacoherentsetofrules,theycannotsay,asscientists,howtheseparticularrulescametogovernthings.YoucandosciencewithoutbelievinginadivineLegislator,butnotwithoutbelievinginlaws.

通过对万物造化的深入观察,牛顿相信自己正追随着上帝的笔触。如今的科学家大

都摒弃了"造物主"一说,认为那是无稽的假设,即使不全盘否定,至少也认定那是不可能得到验证的假说。诚然,他们坚信牛顿的看法---世界受一套整合的法则所支配,但问题在于,发轫之始,这些法则是如何开始掌管世界的?对此,身为科学家的他们也无从知晓。在科学的疆界,我们可以拒绝相信上帝的存在,但我们不能否认万物之法的存在。

Ispentmyteenageyearsscramblingupthemountainofmathematics.Midwayuptheslope,however,Istaggeredtoahalt,gaspingintherarefiedair,wellbeforeIreachedtheheightswheretheequationsofEinsteinandDiracwouldhavemadesense.NowadaysIadd,subtract,multiply,anddolongdivisionwhennocalculatorishandy,andIcandoalgebraandgeometryandeventrigonometryinapinch,butthatisaboutallthatI'vekeptfromthelanguageofnumbers.Still,Irememberglimpsingpatternsinmathematicsthatseemedasboldandbeautifulasaskyfulofstars.

少年时,我曾试图攀登数学之颠。可惜才到半山腰,便开始步履踉跄;空气稀薄,

使我气喘吁吁,不得不停下脚步,而爱因斯坦和狄拉克的方程式却仍旧远在高处。现在的我,若是手边没有计算器,便通过心算处理加减乘除;有必要时,我还能应付代数、

几何,甚至三角运算;但是话说回来,数字世界留给我的也就只有这些零星点滴了。不过,我至今仍然记得曾在数学王国里浅尝到的无穷变幻---大胆、迷人,犹如群星漫天。

⑵IsaacNewton:牛顿(1642-1727)英国物理学家、数学家。

I'mnevermoreawareofthelimitationsoflanguagethanwhenItrytodescribebeauty.Languagecancreateitsownloveliness,ofcourse,butitcannotdelivertoustheradianceweapprehendintheworld,anymorethanaphotographcancapturethestunningswiftnessofa

hawkorthewitheringpowerofasupernova⑶.Eva'sweddingalbumholdsonlyafaint

glimmeroftheweddingitself.Allthatpicturesorwordscandoisgesturebeyondthemselvestowardthefleetingglorythatstirsourhearts.SoIkeepgesturing.

每当我尝试着将美付诸于文字时,我便极为深刻地意识到:文字的力量是多么有限。

语言自有其灵动可人之处,可它却无法传达大千世界的绚烂。正如一方相片框不住一只鹰的迅捷,也再现不了一颗超新星毁灭时的壮丽。伊娃的婚礼相册仅仅留存了一丝微弱的光芒,以见证婚礼现场的光鲜夺目。相片和文字能够做到的最多只是描摹那些瞬息即逝的、那些让我们心潮涌动的光芒。于是,我一直都在努力描摹。

"Allnatureismeanttomakeusthinkofparadise,"ThomasMerton⑷observed.

BecausetheCreationputsonanonstopshow,beautyisfreeandinexhaustible,butweneedtraininginordertoperceivemorethanthemostobviouskinds.Even15billionyearsorso

aftertheBigBang⑸,echoesofthateventstilllingerintheformofbackgroundradiation⑹,onlyafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero⑺.Justso,Ibelieve,theexperienceofbeautyisan

echooftheorderandpowerthatpermeatetheuniverse.Tomeasurebackgroundradiation,weneedsubtleinstruments;tomeasurebeauty,weneedalertintelligenceandourfivekeensenses.

托马斯·梅尔顿说过,"世间造物之神奇无不令人联想到天堂乐土",因为创世纪本身就是一出永不落幕的表演;其间芳华之美悠游自在,无穷无尽。有些美显而易见,容

易为我们所捕捉,但另一些则不然:若要欣赏她们,我们得付出一点努力。宇宙大爆炸在一百五十多亿年后的今天仍余波未平,爆炸当时所释放的能量(即使这些能量看起来似乎微不足道)仍以背景辐射现象的形式存在着。由此,我得出一个观点:人类对美的体验中暗含着秩序和力量的影子,而这些秩序和力量充斥着整个宇宙空间。测量背景辐射,我们需要精密仪器;而衡量美,则需要动用我们的聪慧和所有敏锐的感官。

⑷ThomasMerton:默顿,托马斯1915-1968美国天主教教士和作家,其作品主要是关于当代宗教和世俗生活的,包括《七重山》(1948年)和《无人为孤岛》(1955年)。

⑸theBigBang:创世大爆炸按照大爆炸理论,标志宇宙形成的宇宙爆炸。

(6)backgroundradiation:背景辐射,又名3K宇宙背景辐射,是60年代天文学上的四大发现之一,它是由美国射电天文学家彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现的。该学说认为,大爆炸之初,宇宙的温度高得惊人。随着宇宙膨胀的进行,其温度不断降低,到现在平均只有绝对温度2.7度(相当于零下270.46摄氏度)左右。

(7)absolutezero:绝对零度在此温度下物质没有热能,相当于摄氏-273.15度或华氏

-459.67度。

Anyonewitheyescantakedelightinafaceoraflower.Youneedtraining,however,toperceivethebeautyinmathematicsorphysicsorchess,inthearchitectureofatree,thedesignofabird'swing,ortheshiverofbreaththroughaflute.Formostofhumanhistory,thetraininghascomefromelderswhotaughttheyounghowtopayattention.Bypayingattention,welearntosavorallsortsofpatterns,fromquantummechanicstopatchworkquilts.Thispredilectionbringswithitaclearevolutionaryadvantage,fortheabilitytorecognizepatternshelpedourancestorstoselectmates,findfood,avoidpredators.Butthesameadvantagewouldapplytoallspecies,andyetwealonecomposesymphoniesandcrosswordpuzzles,carvestoneintostatues,maptimeandspace.

任何人都能在一颦一笑,一花一草中体验快乐。但是,发现数学之美、物理之绝、象棋之妙的眼睛并不是与生俱来,而欣赏树木形态、鸟翼构造、或是悠扬笛声的心灵也

非浑然自成。我们需要点拨和引领。纵观历史传承,这样的点拨和引领往往来自长者,籍此,年轻人学会专注;因为专注,我们领略到万千形态的美,无论是量子力学中精妙的理论,还是棉被上漂亮的拼花图案。正是出于对美的强烈偏爱,才使得人类在物种进化的追逐比拼中处于上风。因为人类能够辨识出美的事物,而我们的祖先则因循这一标准选择伴侣,寻找食物,躲避敌人。如果自然界中所有的物种都拥有发现美的能力,那么它们都将在进化过程中称霸一方。然而,惟独人类在演变中独占鳌头:我们谱写交响曲,创造字谜游戏;在我们的手中,顽石诞生为雕像,时空归依为坐标。

HavewemerelycarriedouranimalneedforshrewdperceptionstoanabsurdextremeOrhavewestumbledontoadeepcongruencebetweenthestructureofourmindsandthestructureoftheuniverse

们不经意间摸索到了扎根于人类思想和苍茫万物间那深刻的一致性?

Iampersuadedthelatteristrue.Iamconvincedthere'smoretobeautythanbiology,morethanculturalconvention.Itflowsaroundandthroughusinsuchabundance,andinsuchmyriadforms,astoexceedbyawidemarginanymereevolutionaryneed.Whichisnottosaythatbeautyhasnothingtodowithsurvival:Ithinkithaseverythingtodowithsurvival.Beautyfeedsusfromthesamesourcethatcreatedus.

我相信后者是正确的。我坚信美不仅仅存在于生物学和文化习俗中。美我们身边流

淌,充盈、润泽着我们的心田;而其量之充沛,形态之多变已经远远超越了进化本身的需要。我这样说并不意味着美和生存毫无干系;恰恰相反,我相信美和生存之间有着千丝万缕的联系。如果说是自然造就了我们,那么,是美通过自然滋养了我们。

Itremindsusoftheshapingpowerthatreachesthroughtheflowerstemandthroughourownhands.Itrestoresourfaithinthegenerosityofnature.BygivingusatasteofthekinshipbetweenourownsmallmindsandthegreatMindoftheCosmos,beautyreassuresusthatweareexactlyandwonderfullymadeforlifeonthisgloriousplanet,inthismagnificentuniverse.Ifindinthataffinityaprofoundsourceofmeaningandhope.Auniversesoprodigalofbeautymayactuallyneedustonoticeandrespond,mayneedoursharpeyesandbrimmingheartsandteemingminds,inordertoclosethecircuitofCreation.

无论是一朵花或是一双手,都让我们联想到美的创造力量。美让我们重拾信念---相信自然对于我们的无私恩惠与慷慨。美在人类渺小的心灵和宇宙伟大的精魂之间,化

身为一座沟通的桥梁,并以此让我们不再怀疑:在这片恢宏的宇宙中,在这颗璀璨的星球上,人类的存在实为天工之作,神明之意。宇宙和人类对于美的共识,给予我生存的意义与希望。我们的宇宙中,美无处不在;她等待着我们敏锐的眼睛、充实的心灵,和泉涌般的智慧,去发现美,去回应美,由此成全造物的圆满。

译者注:

(编辑:李吉琴)

TheLiteratureofKnowledgeandtheLiteratureofPowerbyThomasDeQuincey

知识文学与力量文学托马斯·昆西

我们所说的"文学"是什么呢?人们,尤其是对此欠考虑者,普遍会认为:文学包括印在书本中的一切。可这种定义无需多少理由便可被推翻。最缺乏思考的人也很容易明白,"文学"这一概念中有个基本要素,即文学或多或少都与人类普遍而共同的兴趣有关;因此,那些仅适用于某一局部、某一行业或仅仅处于个人兴趣的作品,即便以书的形式面世,也不该属于"文学"。就此而论,文学之定义很容易变窄,而它同样也不难拓宽。因为不仅有许多跻身于书卷之列的文字并非文学作品,而且与之相反,不少真正的文学著作却未曾付梓成书。譬如基督教世界每星期的布道,这种篇什浩繁且对民众精神影响极广的讲坛文学,这种对世人起告戒、鼓励、振奋、安抚或警示作用的布道文学,最终能进入经楼书馆的尚不及其万分之一。此外还有戏剧,如英国莎士比亚最优秀的剧作,以及雅典戏剧艺术鼎盛时期的全部主流剧作,都曾作为文学作品对公众产生过影响。这些作品在作为读物出版之前,已通过观看其演出的观众而"出版"了(这正是"出版"一词最严格的意义)。在抄写或印刷都非常昂贵的年代,通过舞台形式"出版"这些剧作远比将它们出版成书效果更佳。

Books,therefore,donotsuggestanideacoextensiveandinterchangeablewiththeideaofLiterature;sincemuchliterature,scenic,forensic,ordidactic(asfromlecturersandpublic

anyknowledge,ofwhicha

millionseparateitemsarestillbutamillionofadvancingstepsonthesameearthlylevel;whatyouoweispower—thatis,exerciseandexpansiontoyourownlatentcapacityofsympathywiththeinfinite,whereeverypulseandeachseparateinfluxisastepupwards,astepascendingasuponaJacob'sladderfromearthtomysteriousaltitudesabovetheearth.Allthestepsofknowledge,fromfirsttolast,carryyoufurtheronthesameplane,butcouldneverraiseyouonefootaboveyourancientlevelofearth:whereastheveryfirststepinpowerisaflight—isanascendingmovementintoanotherelementwhereearthisforgotten.

由此可见,书之概念与"文学"之概念不可相提并论,互相替换,因为许多文学作品,

每一次脉动和心跳都是上升的一步,犹如沿雅各的天梯从地面攀向远离凡尘的神秘高处。知识的步伐,自始至终都让你在同一层面行进,但绝不可能使你从古老的人间尘世上升一步;而力量迈出的第一步就是飞升——升入另一种境界,一种使你忘却凡尘的境界。(集体讨论曹明伦、吴刚执笔)

AnExperienceofAestheticsbyRobertGinsberg

审美的体验罗伯特·金斯伯格

IclimbedtheheightsaboveYosemiteValley,Californiainordertoseethesplendidgranitemountain,HalfDome,initsfullestview.ApproachingtheedgethroughthewoodsIwasfilledwithheightenedexpectation.Isawtheruinofacabinandmyapproachcausedthealignmentofthechimneyonthissideofthevalleywiththeshornmountainacrossthevalley.Istopped.Somethinghappened.Thestoneverticalscorresponded,onehuman-shaped,theothernatural.Thehumansitewasstillengagedinsightseeing.Iwasonitsside.Isawthefamoussightthroughtheeyesoftheruin.Ihadcomeexpectingbeauty;Idiscoveredanunexpecteddimensiontothebeautyofthescene/seen.

为了饱览壮丽的花岗岩山峰半穹顶的全景,我登上了加州约塞米蒂谷的高地。穿过树林,走近山沿,心中充满美的期盼。远远望见一处小屋的废墟,走到近前,只见山谷这边的

烟囱与横穿山谷的陡峭山崖恰好连成一线。我停下脚步,奇观出现了:两道石壁遥相呼应,一边人工打造,一边浑然天成。人造景观这边仍供观光游览,我此时就身临其境。透过小屋的废墟,我看到了著名的景观。我怀着对美的期盼而来,不经意间却发现了美的另一番天地。

InthisexperienceIhadbeenseekingtheaesthetic.IknewIwouldfindit,forIhadseenpostcardsinadvanceandwasfollowingthetrailmap.Theseekingtookconsiderableeffortandtime.Itwasaheavyinvestment.Iwasnotgoingforthescientificpurposeofstudyingrockformation,norwasitfortherecreationalpurposeofexercisingmylimbsinthefreshair,thoughthatexertionaddedintensitytotheexperienceandwasitscontext.Primarily,Iwasgoingforthescenicwonders.NowonderthatIwouldtakedelightinseeingHalfDome.Theexpectationelicitedtheoutcome.Iwassuitablyprepared.Nodistractionsofpracticalconsideration—ortheoretic—detractedfrommyconcentratedexpectancy.Indeed,theworldallaroundmeontheclimbcontributedtothecontextformygoal.IwasontheterrainofNatureinanationalpark,followingthetrailtoaviewpointuponacelebratednaturalformation.Eachstepintheclimbnotonlybroughtmecloserbutobligedmetosensethealtitude.Movingthroughthethickwoodswasinanticipatorycontrasttothegreatgapofthevalleyandthestarknessofthetreelessgraniteboulder.

这次旅程中我一直在捕捉一种美感。我知道会如愿以偿,因为我事先看过一些有关的风

景明信片,循着山路示意图一路找来。这样的寻找费时费力,投入颇大。我此行的目的既不是出于对科学的动机来研究岩石的结构,也不是出于娱乐消遣的考虑在清新的空气中舒展肢体——尽管这次跋涉加深了我对美的体验,而且是这番体验的不可或缺的环节。我来这主要是为了览胜,因此见到半穹顶自然欣喜不已。有什么样的期盼就有什么样的结果。我有备而来,心无旁骛,一心期盼着美景,不受任何实际或假设因素的干扰。真的,在攀登过程中,我周围的一切都为寻美营造了氛围。我登上了国家公园的天然山地,循着山道前来观赏闻名遐迩的大自然的鬼斧神工。攀登中的每一步不仅使我距目标越来越近,也使我感受到海拔越来越高。不出所料,穿行在茂密的树林中,登上大峡谷寸草不生的花岗岩巨石,两种不同境界给人以强烈的反差。

Myspiritandmysenseswereheightened.Iwaskeenlyawareoftheworld,eagertoexperienceit.Mysenseswerewillingtobegratifiedbytheirfullestexercise.Hencemyeyewassharp,butsowasmyearandmynose,Iwasopentoexperiencingaesthetically.AndonthewayIdidtakeminorpleasureinabird'ssong,atree'ssway,andacloud'scontortion.Iwasintheworldconsideredaspotentialaestheticrealm.Anypleasingfeaturethatappearedwouldbewelcomed.Andthatwelcomingmodedrewforthpleasingfeatures.Atonicsubjectiveat-homenesswiththeworldpervadedmyfeelings.IwasintherightmoodtoenjoyNature.

我精神抖擞,感官敏锐。我真切地感受到周围的一切,急于体验这一切,渴望在最充分的感官体验中得到最大满足。因此我不但目光敏锐,听觉和嗅觉也十分灵敏——我敞开

心扉,尽情地体验着美的滋味。沿途所见所闻,哪怕是一点小小的愉悦,鸟雀鸣唱、树影婆娑、云卷云舒,都着实让我动情。置身于这样一个处处蕴含着美的王国,我随时准备接纳任何不期而至的景色。这样一种心态更促生了令人赏心悦目的景致,一种心旷神怡的回归自然之情在我心中油然而生。这样一种心情最适于欣赏自然美景不过了。

Thentheunexpectedhappened.Ihadnothoughtinreachingthenaturalheightsthatahumanstructurewouldbepresent.Normally,IwouldhaveavoidedanysuchstructureasIdirectedmystepstowardthenaturalview.Inretrospectitmakessensethataservicebuildingbepresentatthetrailend.Itmayhavehadfacilitiesforvisitorsandplayedaninterpretiverole.ButthebuildingwasnotpresentwhenIarrived.Itwasabsentthoughitsruinwaspresent.AndthatruinspoketomyexperienceasrelatedtowhatIhadcometosee.IfIhadbeentrudgingoninadulledstate,passingthetimeinsurroundings—likethoseoftherailwaystation—thatdidnotdrawinterest,Imightwellhavemissedthechimney,walkedpastitasifitwereanothertreeonthewaytothegoal.Theheightenedintensityofmysensibilityallowedthechimneytobeintegratedintotheexperiencingaesthetically.Readinesswasall.Theextraterrestrialaestheticianwouldexplainthatthecreatureitwasobservingonthetrailwasaspecimenofanaestheticbeingwhoseexperiencingapparatusfortheaestheticwason

fullalert.Theindividualwascompletelygivenovertotheenjoymentofitsexperience.Andwhileheadedinthedirectionofananticipatedgoalitwasnonethelessopentoenjoyinganythingthatcameitsway.Somethingquiteunexpectedcameitsway,anditwasreadytoattendtoit,gettingthemaximumaestheticvalueoutoftheencounter.Thecreaturewasembarkedonanadventureinexperience.Giventhewiderangeofaccessiblenaturalwondersinthenationalpark,theindividualintherightmoodwasboundtomakegratifyingdiscoveries.

接着,出乎意料的景观出现了。我怎么也不曾想到,在抵达天然高地时竟然会出现一处

人工建筑。在通常情况下,我要是徒步参观某处自然景点,一定会绕开这类建筑。回想起来,在山路尽头有一座服务性建筑也全在情理之中。这小屋也许曾为游客提供过方便,起过导游讲解作用。可我来到高地时,小屋不见了。虽有断垣残壁,房屋却荡然无存。而正是这片废墟使我体验到此行览胜的真正含义。如果我当时兴致索然地一路跋涉,比如像在火车站那样的地方消磨时光,周围的事物一点也不引人注意,那么我很可能会错过烟囱,只当它是沿途路过的又一棵树罢了。而现在,我的感悟力增强了,烟囱作为一道景观融入了审美体验的始终。一切取决于心态。如果一个天外美学家看到我这模样,可能会认为,它观察到的路上这个怪人准是个充满审美细胞的动物,其审美感官正处于极度警觉的状态。他已完全沉浸在审美体验所带来的愉悦之中。他朝着既定的目标行进,同时又不放过闯入视野的任何景致。奇观乍现,立即映入眼帘,他便从中发掘出最大的审美价值。此人正在经历一次美的历险。有国家公园这般天地,随处可见自然奇现,心境舒畅的游人必定会获得心满意足的发现。

WhatarethecontentsoftheaestheticdiscoveryFormalpropertiesofbeautymaybepointedtoinwhatIsaw:theverticalsasdistinctivelyshapedandgatheringspaceaboutthem,andtheinterplaybetweenthetwokindsofverticalshapesovertheenormousinterveningspace.Thepleasureofperspectiveentered,forthoughthechimneyisminisculecomparedtoHalfDome,myapproachingitfromthetrailmadeitassumevisualandspatialdignityequaltothemountain.Complexityofhumanmeaningisencounteredwithpoignantirony.Thechimneyisanenduringmarkerofthehumanvalueplacedonthemountainvisiblefromthispoint.Herehumanhandsraisedstonestoshelteranexperienceofpurestone.SoIhavecometotherightplace;Iamathome.Butthehumanoccupationhasbeenlifted;ourpresencehasturnedtostone.Naturehasreclaimeditselements.HalfDomepresidesoverthepetrifactionoftheworld.ChimneyandmountainareindialogueasIsensetheswitchingbetweentheirperspectives.Iampresentinruinandinunity.

这次审美体验的发现是什么?我所目睹的景致或许可以说明美的外在特征:悬崖峭壁,

造型奇特,给人以强烈的空间感,两道石壁形状迥异,广袤交错,凌空矗立。此外,还有透视效果带来的愉悦:虽然与半穹顶相比石烟囱显得非常渺小,但我从山道这边靠近,

看上去无论在视觉上还是空间上其气势都一点儿不亚于半穹顶。人类的复杂意图受到了辛辣的讽刺。从这一视点看过去,那烟囱是人的价值置于大山上的一道永久性标记。人类在那里垒石筑屋,以观苍石。这样看来,我来对了地方,我找到了归宿。不过人类对自然的占据被消除掉了,我们的存在与石头融为一体。大自然索回了自己的要素,半穹顶主宰着石头的世界。我感受到两种不同景致的交替,仿佛听见烟囱在和大山对话。我站在小屋废墟上,也置身于和谐统一中。

(集体讨论许建平执笔)

APersonWhoApologizesHastheMoralBallinHisCourtbyPaulJohnson

谁给别人道歉,谁就在道义上掌握了主动保罗·约翰逊

IhavesympathyforthebutlerinTheBigSleep.Marlowedetectshiminacontradictionandaskshimaggressively,"Youmadeamistake,didn'tyou"Towhichthemanreplies,sadlyandsweetly,"Imakemanymistakes,sir."AndsodoI.Iam,byinstinctandtraining,averyspecificwriter,andsomyerrorsarenumerous.RecentonesincludemisspellingGeoffreyMadan'sname—Iphonedtheprinterswithacorrectionbutmypagehadalreadygonetopress—andcreditingRichardTauberwithDonaldPeers'ssignature-tune,"Byababblingbrook"(Tauber's,ofcourse,was"Youaremyheart'sdelight").Iapologiseforthesemistakes,andforothersinthepast,andforthosetocome.

我同情《长眠》这部影片中的男管家。马洛探长发现了他讲话前后有矛盾,就逼问道:

Disraelithoughtthat,inpolitics,apologiesdon'twork.Iseewhy.Suchbeingthenatureofparliamentaryconflict,anapologyinpoliticsmerelyleadstofreshaccusationsandfurtherdemandsforembarrassingdetails.IoncesaidtoHaroldWilsonwhenhewasprimeminister,"Itwouldbeagoodidea,Harold,toadmitthegovernment'smistakesoccasionally,andapologise."Hereplied,"That'sashrewdsuggestion,Paul,andIentirelyagreewithit."(HaroldbeingHarold,Iknewanuntruthwascoming.)"Thetroubleis,though,Ican'tactuallythinkofanymistakes,andsothere'snothingtoapologisefor."WhichwastomakeDisraeli'spoint,thoughinaWilsonianway.

迪斯累里首相认为在政治问题上,给别人道歉行不通。我明白个中的缘由。议会斗争的

本质就是如此,在政治问题上,道歉只会招致新的诘责和进一步要求交待让你左右为难的详情。还是哈罗德·威尔逊担任首相的时候,有一次我向他进言:"哈罗德,偶尔承认一下政府的错误,并且道个歉,不失为一个好主意吧。"他答道:"你这个建议高,保罗,本人完全赞同。"(哈罗德毕竟是哈罗德,我知道一句言不由衷的话就要脱口而出了。)"然而难办的是我实在想不出有哪些错误,因此,也就没有甚么好道歉的喽。"这正是以威尔逊的方式表达出了迪斯累里的意思。

Apologiseisoneofthosewordswhichhaseffectivelyreverseditsoriginalmeaning.Itsorigin,intheGreeklawcourts,wasjurisprudential:itsignifiedthespeechforthedefenceinwhichtheprosecution'scasewasansweredpointbypoint.Itretaineditsoriginalmeaninguntilatleastthe16thcentury.ThusSirThomasMore,afterresigningfromoffice,drewuphis"ApologieofSyrThomasMore,Knyght;madebyhim,afterhehadgeuenouertheofficeofLordChancellorofEnglande".Todaywewouldsayvindication.Onlygraduallydidthewordacquiretheconnotationofexcuse,withdrawal,admissionoffaultandpleaforforbearance.Itstillboreitsoriginalmeaningintheology:Newman'sApologiaproVitaSuawasnotanapologyatallbutavigorousrebuttalofCharlesKingsley'scharges.Dickens'sunfortunatestatementabouthisreasonsforsplittingupwithhiswife,whichhisfriendsbeggedhimnottopublish,wasself-destructivepreciselybecauseitwashalfwaybetweenthetwomeanings:halfdefiantvindication,halfadmissionofguilt.

有那么一些词儿,已经彻底演变得与本义完全相反,"Apologise"即是其中之一。该词的本义,在希腊法庭上,具有法理学意义:该词即指辩护词,在辩护过程中,对于诉讼

方的指控,逐一予以回答。其原义至少到了16世纪还一直保留着。托马斯·莫尔爵士在挂印辞官之后,就是这样撰写了他的"托马斯·莫尔爵士之辩护词;辞去英格兰大法官之职后所作。"今天我们会使用"Vindication"(辩白,辩护)一词。只是渐渐地"Apologise"这个词才获得了"原谅、撤回所说的话、承认错误并请求宽恕"之含义。在神学中该词仍保留原来的意义:纽曼的《为吾生辩》(ApologiaproVitaSua)根本就不是什么道歉,而是对查尔士·金斯菜的指控所作的强硬辩驳。讲狄更斯与其妻分手理由的那篇倒霉的陈词(其友人求他不要发表),就是自毁其身,恰恰是它介于两个意义之间:一半是倔强的辩白,一半是承认有愧。

Nodoubteveryonehastoapologiseforhislife,soonerorlater.WhenweappearattheLastJudgmentandtheRecordingAngelreadsoutalistofoursins,wewillpresumablybegivenanopportunitytoapologise,intheoldsenseofrebuttal,andinthenewsensetoo,bywayofconfessionandpleaofrepentance.Inthislife,itiswelltoapologise(inthenewsense),butpromptly,voluntarily,fullyandsincerely.Iftheerrorisamatterofopinionandunpunishable,somuchthebetter—anapologythenbecomesagraciousandcreditableoccasion,andanexampletoall.Anenforcedapologyisamiserableaffair.

毋庸置疑,任何人都要为自己的一生辩护,不管是今生还是来世。当我们出席最后的审判时,记录天使诵读出所罗列的我们的罪孽,我们作了忏悔并请求宽恕,这样大概会被给予辩白(这个词的老义)和表示歉意(它的新义)的机会。在今生中,道歉(新义)是桩对的事,但是要做到及时、要心甘情愿、要完完全全、要诚心诚意。如果过错是看法上的事,并且错不当罚,那最好不过——说一声"对不起"就成了一个显示大度的机会,可赞可叹,众人之楷模也。而被迫去道歉,那可就难受了。

Newspaperapologiesnearlyalwaysseeminadequate.ThemostaudaciousoneIknowwasbroughtbackfromAmericabytheartistEdwardBurne-JonestoshowhisfriendLadyHomerofMells.Itread:"Insteadofbeingarrestedaswestated,forkickinghiswifedownaflightofstairs,andhurlingalightedkerosenelampafterher,theRevd.JamesP.Wellmandiedunmarriedfouryearsago."Thissentenceisremarkablefortheenormityoftheerrorandthesuccinctnessofthecorrection—not,beitnoted,anapology,forthelawoflibel,intheUnitedStatesasinEngland,offersnoredresstoadeadperson.IsuspecttheextractisfromtheNewYorkWorldwhenitwasasensationalpaperownedbyPulitzer.Forreasonswhicharecentbiographyofhimdoesnotclarify,hehadaparticularhatredforclergymenofalldenominations,andfrequentlyexaggeratedorinventeddiscreditablenewsitemsaboutthem.Healsodiscoveredthatsuchitemsinvariablyputoncirculation.

报社的道歉几乎从来是不到位的。据我所知,最为厚颜的一次是艺术家爱德华·伯恩—琼斯从美国带回来,让他的友人麦尔斯庄园的洪纳夫人看的,曰:"詹姆士·P.维尔曼神甫没有像我们所述说的那样,因为将妻子一脚踹下了楼梯,随后又将一支点燃的煤油灯朝她掷去而被逮捕,而是于四年之前过世,从未婚娶。"对于如此之大的错误,而更正又如此之简短,这一句话可谓妙矣也哉——请注意,这算不上是"赔礼道歉",因为在美国(正如在英国一样),根据诽谤法,是不给死人纠错的。我猜想这条剪报取自《纽约世界报》,曾是一家轰动的报纸,由普利策拥有。不知何故(最近有关普氏的传记并未澄清)他尤其痛恨各个教派的教士们,经常将一些诋毁他们的新闻段子加以渲染,或

是编造出一些这样的段子。他还发现此类新闻段子总是会使发行量剧增。

Themostfamousapologyinhistorywasmadetoamuchmaligned,thoughfarfrominnocent,cleric:Hildebrand,PopeGregoryVII.HehadbecomeinvolvedinwhatisknownastheInvestitureDispute,afierceChurch-StateKulturkampf,revolvingroundtheappointmentofbishops.Hischiefopponent,theHolyRomanEmperorHenryIV—notanicemanbutnotamonstereither—hadcalledhimanimpostor,anantipope,anAntichristandIknownotwhat,buthadgottheworstofitinthearmedstrugglethatfollowed.Henrydecidedtopurgehisexcommunicationandgettheinterdictonhisterritorieswithdrawnbyapologisinganddoingpenance.ThePopehadsoughttheprotectionofCountessMatildaofTuscany,thentheworld'srichestwoman,andprincessofstartlingbeauty,tasteandwisdom.Hewasshelteringather

stupendousmountainstrongholdofCanossa,notfarfromModena,andtheEmperorhadtoclimbtherebarefoot,inthedepthsofwinter,tomakehiskowtow.WhyhasthisamazingstorynotbeenthesubjectofagreatoperaPerhapsithas.Needlesstosay,theapologywasinsincereandthetragicstoryendedintearsonbothsides,thePope'sbitterlastwordsbeing:"Ihavelovedjusticeandhatediniquity:thereforeIdieinexile."ButthefactthattheChurchwasslowtocanonisethisremarkablemansuggeststhattobeginwithitdidnotaccepthisversionofevents.Acenturylater.HenryIIofEnglandwaslockedinmortalstruggleoverthesameissuewithBecket,andalsoapologisedafterhecausedthearchbishop'smurder.This,too,wasinsomedegreeinsincere,andtroublebrokeoutafreshsoonafterHenryhaddonnedsackcloth.BecketwasatleastasintemperateasHildebrand,buthenotonlygothishalobutdidsointhefastesttimeonrecord.Butthenhewasamartyr,andtheyalwaysmovetocanonisationfasterthananyothercategoryofsaint.

历史上最为有名的"道歉"是向一位神职人士所致:此公乃是希尔得布兰德,即教皇格

WhenIwasaneditor,Ialwayspreferredtoapologisepromptly,whateverthemeritsofthecase,ratherthanfacetheexpenseand,moreimportantly,thetime-consumingcomplexitiesanddebilitatingworryoflitigation,libelbeingoneoftheleastsatisfactorybranchesofthelaw.WhenwetookacrackatDrBodkinAdams,believinghimtobedead,andhisjoyfullawyer

phonedmethenextmorningtotellmehewasverymuchalive,Isettledthematterthereandthenforthesum(ifIremembercorrectly)of£450andanapology.Somyadvicetoeditorsis,getshotofclaimsquickly,unlesstheplaintiff'sdemandsaremanifestlyunreasonable.我还是

编辑的时候,无论情况如何,我总是选择立马道歉,而不是去面对诉讼过程中所发生的

费用,更为重要的是,去面对费时耗神的诉讼过程中产生的复杂情况。诽谤法是法律当中最不尽人意的部分。我们曾拿鲍德金·亚当姆斯医生开涮,还以为他已经死了;莅日

Besides,thereissomethingdistinguishedaboutareadyapology.Itisthemarkofagentleman,moreparticularlyifitisnotnecessary.Itistheoppositeofrevenge.Baconwrote,"Inseekingrevenge,amanisbutequalwithhisenemy,butinforgivinghim,heissuperior,foritisaprinces'parttopardon."So,thepersonwhoapologisesfreelyhasthemoralballinhiscourt.

此外,随时准备好一句道歉的话,是一种高尚行为,特别是在没有必要道歉时而道歉,

更显示出一个绅士的特质。道歉与报复相对。培根有云:"夫图报复焉,汝与汝仇等:苟汝恕之,则汝优於汝仇焉;盖宽恕也,王者之风也。"由是,谁把"对不起"常挂在嘴边,谁就在道义上掌握了主动。(集体讨论范守义执笔)

OnGoingHomebyJoanDidion

回家琼·狄迪恩

ondrunk-drivingcharges.Nordoesheunderstandthatwhenwetalkaboutsale-leasebacksandright-of-waycondemnationswearetalkingincodeaboutthethingswelikebest,theyellowfieldsandthecottonwoodsandtheriversrisingandfallingandthemountainroadsclosingwhentheheavysnowcomesin.Wemisseachother'spoints,haveanotherdrinkandregardthefire.Mybrotherreferstomyhusband,inhispresence,as"Joan'shusband."Marriageistheclassicbetrayal.

我回家给女儿过周岁生日。我所说的"家",并非指丈夫,我和小宝宝在洛杉矶的家,

ThatIamtrappedinthisparticularirrelevancyisnevermoreapparenttomethanwhenIamhome.Paralyzedbytheneuroticlassitudeengenderedbymeetingone'spastateveryturn,aroundeverycorner,insideeverycupboard,Igoaimlesslyfromroomtoroom.Idecidetomeetithead-onandcleanoutadrawer,andIspreadthecontentsonthebed.AbathingsuitIworethesummerIwasseventeen.AletterofrejectionfromTheNation,anaerialphotographofthesiteforashoppingcentermyfatherdidnotbuildin1954.Threeteacupshand-paintedwithcabbagerosesandsigned"E.M.,"mygrandmother'sinitials.ThereisnofinalsolutionforlettersofrejectionfromTheNationandteacupshand-paintedin1900.Noristhereanyanswertosnapshotsofone'sgrandfatherasayoungmanonskis,surveyingaroundDonnerPassintheyear1910.Ismoothoutthesnapshotandlookintohisface,anddoanddonotseemyown.Iclosethedrawer,andhaveanothercupofcoffeewithmymother.Wegetalongverywell,veteransofaguerrillawarweneverunderstood.

这个不相干的问题困扰着我,在我返回老家后尤为明显。走过每个角落,打开每个食橱,

转身驻足间,我一次次地面对过去,思绪不宁,及至疲乏不堪,我还是漫无目的地逐个房间走着。我决意正视过去,清理出一个抽屉,把东西摊在床上。一件我十七岁那年夏天穿的泳衣;一封《民族》周刊的退稿信;一张从空中拍摄的选址照片,1954年父亲曾打算在那里建购物中心;还有三只茶杯,上面有手绘的百叶蔷薇,并签有祖母名字的两个首字母E.M.。我不知道该如何处理1900年手绘的茶杯和《民族》周刊的退稿信,也不知道该如何处理祖父1910年的几张快照。照片里的祖父青春年少,踩着滑雪板,在察看唐纳山口。我抚平照片,注视着祖父的脸,依稀看到自己的影子,又似乎没有。我关上抽屉,陪母亲又喝了一杯咖啡。我们现在相处得很好,就像打过游击战的老兵一样,真不明白过去为何有龃龉。

Dayspass.Iseenoone.Icometodreadmyhusband'seveningcall,notonlybecauseheisfullofnewsofwhatbynowseemstomeourremotelifeinLosAngeles,peoplehehasseen,

letterswhichrequireattention,butbecauseheaskswhatIhavebeendoing,suggestsuneasilythatIgetout,drivetoSanFranciscoorBerkeley.InsteadIdriveacrosstherivertoafamilygraveyard.Ithasbeenvandalizedsincemylastvisitandthemonumentsarebroken,overturnedinthedrygrass.BecauseIoncesawarattlesnakeinthegrassIstayinthecarandlistentoacountry-and-Westernstation.LaterIdrivewithmyfathertoaranchhehasinthefoothills.Themanwhorunshiscattleonitasksustotheroundup,aweekfromSunday,andalthoughIknowthatIwillbeinLosAngelesIsay,intheobliquewaymyfamilytalks,thatIwillcome.OncehomeImentionthebrokenmonumentsinthegraveyard.Mymothershrugs.

了,墓碑断裂,翻倒在枯草丛里。以前我曾在草丛里见到一条响尾蛇,所以这次我待在车上,收听乡村与西部音乐台的广播。后来我同父亲开车去了他在山麓小丘上的农场。为他放牛的人请我们下周日来看他赶拢牛群。尽管我明明知道那时我已回到洛杉矶了,但我还是以家里人绕弯子的方式说要来。一回到家里,我就提起了墓地里的断碑。母亲耸了耸肩。

Igotovisitmygreat-aunts.AfewofthemthinknowthatIammycousin,ortheirdaughterwhodiedyoung.Werecallananecdoteaboutarelativelastseenin1948,andtheyaskifIstilllikelivinginNewYorkCity.IhavelivedinLosAngelesforthreeyears,butIsaythatIdo.Thebabyisofferedahorehounddrop,andIamslippedadollarbill"tobuyatreat."Questionstrailoff,answersareabandoned,thebabyplayswiththedustmotesinashaftofafternoonsun.

我去看望姑婆们。其中几位把我当成了我的堂妹,或她们早逝的女儿,我们回忆起一位

亲戚的轶事,上次相见是在1948年。她们问我是否还喜欢住在纽约市。其实我在洛杉矶已经住了三年,但我还是说喜欢纽约。她们给我女儿带苦味的薄荷糖吃,还塞给我一块钱"再买点好吃的。"慢慢地,问题少了,回答也就省了。女儿在午后的一缕阳光里,欢快地抓弄着尘埃。

Itistimeforthebaby'sbirthdayparty:awhitecake,strawberry-marshmallowicecream,abottleofchampagnesavedfromanotherparty.Intheevening,aftershehasgonetosleep,Ikneelbesidethecribandtouchherface,whereitispressedagainsttheslats,withmine.Sheisanopenandtrustingchild,unpreparedforandunaccustomedtotheambushesoffamilylife,andperhapsitisjustaswellthatIcanofferherlittleofthatlife.Iwouldliketogivehermore.Iwouldliketopromiseherthatshewillgrowupwithasenseofhercousinsandofriversandofhergreat-grandmother'steacups,wouldliketopledgeherapicniconariverwithfried

chickenandherhairuncombed,wouldliketogiveherhomeforherbirthday,butwelivedifferentlynowandIcanpromisehernothinglikethat.IgiveheraxylophoneandasundressfromMadeira,andpromisetotellherafunnystory.

女儿的生日聚会开始了——有白蛋糕,草莓蜜饯冰激凌,和一瓶从别的聚会上留下来的

香槟。晚上,女儿睡着后,我跪在小床边,面颊贴着她那紧挨着床栏的小脸蛋。女儿性情开朗,相信别人,对于家庭生活的陷阱既不知晓,也无防范。也许,我还是让她少过这种生活吧。我倒是愿意给与她更多别的东西。我倒愿意许诺让堂兄弟姊妹的手足之情、潺潺流淌的小河、以及外曾祖母的茶杯伴着她成长;愿意答应带她去河边野炊,认她披散着头发,啃炸鸡;愿意给她一个真正的家作为生日礼物。但是,我们的生活不同了啊,我无法许诺给予她这一切!我只给了她一把木琴和来自马德里的背心裙,还答应给她讲个有趣的故事。

(集体讨论方开瑞执笔)

TheMakingofAshenden(Excerpt)byStanleyElkin

艾兴登其人(节选)斯坦利·埃尔金

I'vebeensparedalot,oneoftheblessedoftheearth,atleastoneofitslucky,thatprivilegedhandfulofthedramaticallyprospering,thesortwhosesecretsareasked,likethehundred-year-oldman.Thereisnosecret,ofcourse;mostofwhathappenstousissimpleaccident.Highishbirthandasmoothnetworkofappropriateconnectionlikeateaservicewrittenintothewill.Butsurelysomethinginthebloodtoo,lockedintogoodfortune'sdominantgeneslikeablastripeninginatimebomb.Settogooff,mygoodlooksandintelligence,yetexceptionalstill,takeawaymymouthfulofsilverspoonandlapfulofluxury.Somethingmyown,notpassedonorhandeddown,somethingseized,wrested—mygoodcharacter,hopefully,mytasteperhaps.What'smine,what'smineSaytaste—thesoul'sharmlessappetite.

我一直活得无忧无虑,深得上帝垂爱,至少算个幸运儿,少数人才享有的尊荣富贵,我

垂手得之。就像百岁人瑞总有人讨教,我的秘诀也总有人探询。当然,秘诀谈不上,人间之事大多纯属偶然。高贵的出身、顺畅的关系网有如凭遗嘱继承的茶具,随我所用。当然,我的幸运也有某种与生俱来的因素,一种血液里固有的强势基因;它像定时炸弹,到时就会爆炸。一旦爆炸,我出类拔萃的相貌和智慧将会使口衔银匙、满堂金玉的身世完全微不足道。我的成功源自我自己特有的东西,不是祖传的福荫,是某种我拼命抓住、努力得到的东西——我良好的性格或品味。那么,究竟什么才是我自己特有的东西是什么呢是品味吧一一那种无害的心灵欲求。

I'vemoney,I'mrich.Theheirtofourfortunes.GrandfatheronMother'ssidewasaNewpert.ThefamilyheldsomegoodrealestateinRhodeIslanduntiltheysolditformanytimeswhat

theygaveforit.GrandmotheronFather'ssidewasaSalts,whosebottledmineralwater,onceavailableonlythroughprescriptionandbelievedindispensableinthecureofallfevers,wasthefirstproductevertobereviewedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration,afamousandcontroversialcase.Thegovernmentfoundittocontainnothingthatwasactuallydetrimentaltohumanbeings,anditwentpublic,sotospeak.Availablenowoverthecounter,theSaltsmademoremoneyfromitthanever.

我有钱,我富足,我继承了四笔遗产。外公姓纽波特,纽家在罗得岛坐拥不菲房产,后

来以高出原价好多倍出手。奶奶姓索尔茨。她的家族生产的瓶装矿泉水,一度只能凭医生处方才能买到,据说是治各种发热症所必需,是联邦食品药品管理局有史以来审查的第一宗产品。那个案例名噪一时、颇具争议。政府发现它没有对人体有害的东西,也就上市了。现在谁都可以在商店买到,索尔茨家族因此赚得钵满盆满。

MotherwasanOh.Hermotherwasthechemicalengineerwhofirstdiscoveredafeasiblewaytostoreoxygenintanks.AndFatherwasNoelAshenden,whothoughhedidnotactuallyinventthematch-book,wentintothefieldwhenitwasstillanotveryflourishingnovelty,andwhoseslogan,almostapoem,"CloseCoverBeforeStriking"(asimplestroke,asFatherlikedtosay),obviousonlyaftersomeoneelsehasalreadythoughtofit(thePatentOfficerefusedtoissueapatentonwhatitclaimedwasmerelyaninstruction,butFather'scompanyhadthemessageonitsmatchbooksbeforehiscompetitorsevenknewwhatwashappening),removedthehazardfrombookmatchesandturnedtheindustryandFather'sfirmparticularlyintoaflamingsuccessovernight—Father'sjoke,notmine.Later,whentheinroadsofRonsonandZippothreatenedthebusiness,Fatherwentintoseclusionforsixmonthsandwhenhereturnedtoushehadproducedanotherslogan:"ForOurMatchlessFriends."ItsavedtheindustryasecondtimeandwasthesecondandlastpieceofworkinFather'slife.

家母随外婆姓欧。外婆是化学工程师,成功开发了罐装氧气。家父是诺尔艾兴登。尽

Therearepeoplewhogatherinthespasandwateringplacesofthisworldwhopooh-poohourfortune.Aprèsski,cozyintheirwools,handsomebeforetheiropenhearths,theyscandalizeamongstthemselvesinwhispers."Imagine,"theysay,"savedfromruinbecauseofsome

cornballsentimentavailableineverybarandgrillandtruckstopinthecountry.It'snot,not..."那些整日泡在温泉浴场、休闲胜地的人对我们的财富嗤之以鼻。他们滑雪回来,换上温暖舒适的羊毛衫,神气活现地坐在壁炉前嘀嘀咕咕嚼舌头:"想想看,"他们说,"他没有完蛋,还不是因为郊野的酒吧、烧烤店、卡车场总有些人对纸板火柴恋恋不合。不是因为"

NotwhatSnobs!PhooeyontheFirstFamilies.Onrailroad,steelmill,automotive,publicutility,bankingandshippingfortunes,onallhermeticlegacy,morganaticandblockbusterblood-linesthatchangethemapsandlandscapesandalterthemobilitypatterns,yourjunglewheelinganddowntowndealingastone'sthrowfromwarfare.Icomeofgoodstock—realestate,mineralwater,oxygen,matchbooks:earth,water,airandfire,theoldelementalsofthematerialuniverse,abellybuttoneconomics,alinchpinone.

不是因为什么?这帮势利眼!呸!什么第一家族!什么铁路、钢厂、汽车、公共设施、

银行和航运方面的财富!什么秘密遗产!什么贵贱婚配!什么豪门世家!你们改变了地图、地貌、甚至改变了社会流动的格局,可你们弱肉强食,巧取豪夺,跟战争相差无几。我这才叫来路正宗——房地产、矿泉水、氧气、火柴:土、水、气、火,物质世界古老的四大元素。这才是核心经济,这才是关键经济。

在我看来,我出身完美。如果这个国家有一千人百余次买卖我的股票——跟你同住一城的人可能会这么做;有远见的人,跟着感觉走的人,我祝福他们!当每股还只有八分钱

ThiswillgiveyousomeideaofwhatI'mlike:

简单给您说说我的为人:

OnHavinganAccountinaSwissBank:Ineverhadone,andsuggestyoustayawayfromthemtoo.Oh,themysteryandromanceisallverywell,butneverforgetthatyourSwissbankoffersnopremiums,whereasforopeningasavingsaccountfor5,000ormoreatFirstNationalCityBankofNewYorkorotherfineinstitutionsyougetwonderfulpremiums—picnichampers,Scotchcoolers,Polaroidcameras,Hudson'sBayblanketsfromL.

L.Bean,electricshavers,evenlawnfurniture.Mymanagersalwaysleavemeamillionorsotoplaywith,andthisishowIdoit.IsupposeI'vereceivedhundredsofsuchbonuses.UsuallyIgivethemtofriendsorasgiftsatChristmastodoormenandotherlooselyconnectedpersonnelofthehousehold,butoftenIkeepthemandusethemmyself.I'mnotstingy.OfcourseIcanaffordtobuyanyofthesethings—andIdo,Ienjoymakingpurchases—butsomehownothingbringsthejoyofexistencehometomemorethanthesepremiums.Somethingfromnothing—thetwo-suiterfromChaseManhattanandmyownexistence,luggageabonusandlifeabonustoo.LikehavingafilmstarnexttoyouonyourflightfromtheCoast.Therearetreatsofhighorder,adventurelikecashinthestreet.

说到在瑞士银行开户:我从没开过,建议你也别开。当然,那种神秘感觉和浪漫色彩挺

不错的。但记住,瑞士银行从不提供任何礼品。相反,如果你在纽约第一国民城市银行或别的优质机构开一个5000美元或更多的储蓄帐户,你就可以得到精美礼品,像什么野餐篮子啦、苏格兰冷饮啦、宝丽来相机啦、名牌毛毯啦、电动剃须刀啦,甚至还有草坪家私。我的经理们总给我留个百儿八十万元什么的玩着花,我顺手就到银行开个户。估计类似的赠品我已有几百件了。我常拿它们送朋友或作为圣诞礼物送给门童和家里的

勤杂人员。但我也经常留下自用。我不是抠门的人,这些玩意儿我当然买得起——也去买过,我喜欢购物一一但不知为什么,这些赠品给我带来了无与伦比的快乐。从无到有

——大通·曼哈顿银行送的男士小行李箱是这样,我的人生也是这样;行李箱是赠品,人生也是赠品。那感觉就像在从西岸回来的飞机上,发现邻座是个电影明星。生活中总有这种难得的乐事,就像大街上捡钱那样刺激。

我常说,我们要玩得开心,要及时行乐。上帝啊,让我们住在海边吧,踏沙,冲浪,嬉

戏,直至永远。我们要在马萨葡萄园岛有一套独栋别墅,在纽约七十几街有一套褐石豪宅,在某个世界之都有个安乐窝,以便就近亲临大事的现场。(请红衣主教住最里边的卧室,下午茶时分的阳光将海湾镀上金色,同时给我们增添勇气,直面门外的秘密警察,以我们的威胁来消除一切外来的威胁,报出达官贵人们的诨名,在门口与他们唇枪舌战,那种威势,就像纸币上古怪的防伪线条,无法模仿。)我们要像哥伦布再世。我们要致力于别人忽略的东西,如光学的某一方面或研究海潮的某种能力。(我有个朋友,在远离海洋的内布拉斯加州继承了蔬菜种植业,却成了一位出色的业余海洋学家。研究海洋的专业人士每年都请他去伍兹霍。有一种海浪以他的名字命名。)让我们擅长点什么吧,无论成为男高音歌手还是掌握德文。让我们轻松地做业余专家,就像在室友的婚礼上做伴郎那样容易。让我们的腰带下有结实的小腹,泳衣里有游泳健将的强劲肌肉,这样我们会安享长命天年。让我们的股票天天猛涨,让我们做人也牛气冲天。

SpeakingpersonallyIamgladtobeaheroicman.

私下里说,我很乐意做个英雄人物。

IampleasedthatIamattractivetowomenbutgratefulI'mnobounder.ThoughI'mtouchedwhenmarriedwomenfallinlovewithme,asfrequentlytheydo,Iamrarelytoblame.Inever

(集体讨论,蒋骁华、孔昊执笔)

BeyondLife

超越生命[美]卡贝尔著

Iwantmylife,theonlylifeofwhichIamassured,tohavesymmetryor,indefaultofthat,atleasttoacquiresomeclarity.Surelyitisnotaskingverymuchtowishthatmypersonalconductbeintelligibletome!Yetitisforbiddentoknowforwhatpurposethisuniversewasintended,towhatenditwasseta-going,orwhyIamhere,orevenwhatIhadpreferablydowhilehere.ItvaguelyseemstomethatIamexpectedtoperformanallottedtask,butastowhatitisIhavenonotion.Andindeed,whathaveIdonehitherto,intheyearsbehindmeTherearesomebookstoshowasincrement,assomethingwhichwasnotanywherebeforeImadeit,andwhicheveninbulkwillreplacemyburiedbody,sothatmylifewillbetomankindnolossmaterially.Butthecourseofmylife,whenIlookback,isasorderlessasatrickleofwaterthatisdivertedandguidedbyeverypebbleandcreviceandgrass-rootitencounters.Iseemtohavedonenothingwithpre-meditation,butrather,tohavehadthingsdonetome.Andforalltherestofmylife,asIknownow,Ishallhavetoshaveeverymorninginordertobereadyfornomorethanthis!

我愿此生,我唯一确知的此生,能和谐地度过;若此愿不遂,至少也该活得有几分清醒。

希望自己之所作为能被自己了解,这肯定不算要求过分。不过有些奥秘却不容你去了解,诸如宇宙宏旨之所在,乾坤归宿在何方,我为何置身于此间,于此间该做何事等。我隐约觉得此生被指望去履行一项既定使命,但这是项什么使命,我却一无所知。而且真正说来,我在过去的岁月里又有过什么作为呢?有那么几本书可显示为生命之赢余,可显示为在我创作其之前这世间未曾有过的东西,其体积甚至可置换我入土后的那副躯壳,从而使我生命之结束不致给人类造成物质损失。但当回首往昔,我发现自己的生命历程就像溪流之蜿蜒漫无定向,触石砄草根则避而改道,遇岩缝土隙则顺而流之。我似乎做任何事都未经事先考虑,而是任凭事务来摆布自己。且据我眼下所知,在我的整个余生,我每日清晨得剃须也仅仅是为了翌日清晨得剃须。

Ihaveattemptedtomakethebestofmymaterialcircumstancesalways;nordoIseeto-dayhowanywidelyvaryingcoursecouldhavebeenwiserorevenfeasible:butmaterialthingshavenothingtodowiththatlifewhichmovesinme.Why,then,shouldtheydirectandheightenandprovokeandcurbeveryactionoflifeItisagainstthetyrannyofmatterIwouldrebel—againstlife'sabsoluteneedoffood,andbooks,andfire,andclothing,andflesh,totouchandtoinhabit,lestlifeperish.No,allthatwhichIdohereorrefrainfromdoinglacksclarity,norcanIdetectanysymmetryanywhere,suchaslivingwouldassuredlydisplay,Ithink,ifmyprogressweredirectedbyanyparticularmotive.Itisallamuddlingthrough,somehow,withoutanyrecognizablegoalinview,andthereisnoexplanationofthescuffletenderedoranywhereprocurable.Itmerelyseemsthattogoonlivinghasbecomewithmea

habit.我总想善用身边的物质环境,因时至今日我也不知有任何迥异之做法会更为明智可行。然身外之物与涌动于我心中的那种生命毕竟无关。既如此,为何人之一举一动又常为身外之物所引所趋,所扬所抑?我所厌恶的正是这种物质之主宰——这种为了生命苟存于世而对食物、书本、炉火、衣衫等身外之物以及灵魂借以寓居之肉体的纯粹需求。的确,我在世界之全部所为或忍而不为之事都不甚明了,无论何处我都看不到丝毫和谐

,而我认为,我的人生历程若有任何特定目标之指引,定会显现出那种明澈和谐。但不知何故,我眼前无可辨之目标,一直在浑然度日,而且对这种蹉跎或茫然也无从解说。活下去似乎已成了我的一种习惯,仅此而已。

我希望生活中有美。我曾在落日余晖、春日树林和女人的眼中看见过美,可如今与这些光彩邂逅已不再令我激动。我期盼的是生命本身之美,而非偶然降临的美的瞬间。我觉得很久以前我生活行为中也充溢着美,那时我尚年轻,置身于一群远比当今姑娘更为友善可爱的姑娘之中,置身于一个如今已消失的世界。时下女人不过是多少显得有几分姿色,而据我所知,她们最靓丽的容颜都经过煞费苦心的设色缚彩。但我希望这在我心中涌动并期盼的生命能绽放出自身之美,纵然其美丽会转瞬即逝。比如蝴蝶的一生不过翩然一瞬,但在这翩然一瞬间,其美丽得以完善,其生命得以完美。我羡慕一生中有这种美丽闪烁。可我最接近我理想生活的行为只是付账单一丝不苟,对妻子相敬如宾,捐善款恰宜至当,而这些无论如何也远远不够。当然,还有我那些书,在我自己撰写以及

我可随意翻阅的他人所撰写的书中,都有美"封藏"于万千书页之间。但我与生俱来的这种欲望并不满足于在纸上写美或从书中读美。简而言之,我所迷恋的那种无暇之美,那种天下诗人在忐忑中发现存在于某处的美,那种世人所知的凡尘生活无法赐予也无法预见的美。

我也渴望柔情——但对生活如此奢求难道不是自作多情?我发现世人彼此间从不相互

喜欢。的确,作为理性动物,他们为何要相互喜欢呢?婴儿当然都有权得到短期柔情贷款,而且在童年时期还会有逐日递减的柔情进账,然而你回忆往事时就会发现,童年大

我还常常祈愿,愿我能了解关于我生活的哪怕任何一点真相。这变化的声色光彩是在真正掠过,还是我脑海中的一种幻觉?譬如你何以知晓此刻我不是你梦中之幻象?毫无疑问,你在你坦言的梦中肯定遇见过人,且眼观其行,耳闻其声,当时他们于你肯定就像现时之我一样真实。注意,我说像现时之我一样真实!那么,我这口口声声称之谓的"我"又当是何物?若你设法去感知你自己为何物,那种你觉得寓于你体内并肆意支配你肉体的东西又为何物,那将有一大堆活生生的多余物与你不期而遇——诸如你的衣衫裙袍、手足躯干、习性胃口、禀性偏见以及其他所有附属物,那些你逐一视之便会承认其并非你不可或缺的多余之物——而若是你从心中将这些多余物抹去,那在你珍珠色的脑细胞了,在你最终的寓所之中,几乎就只剩下一种感知能力,可你知道,这种感知多半都是幻觉。而毋庸置疑,仅仅作为一种极易受骗的知觉,暂居于神秘莫测的迷幻之中,这并非一种令人羡慕的境况。然而这种生命——这种我死死黏附的生命——也不过如此这般。但与此同时我却听世人在谈论"真理",他们甚至花大价钱为其所知的真理担保;可我愿与"爱逗趣的彼拉多"为伍,重复那几个几乎没法回答且上千年来无人回答的疑问。

Then,lastofall,Idesiderateurbanity.Ibelievethisistherarestqualityintheworld.Indeed,itprobablydoesnotexistanywhere.Areallyurbaneperson—amortalopen-mindedandaffabletoconvictionofhisownshortcomingsanderrors,andunguidedinanythingbyirrationalblindprejudices—couldnotbutinaworldofmenandwomenberegardedasamonster.Weareallofus,asifbyinstinct,intolerantofthatwhichisunfamiliar:weresentitsimpudence:andverymuchthesameprinciplewhichpromptssmallboystojeeratastraw-hatoutofseasoninducestheirelderstosendmissionariestotheheathen…

最后我还企求高雅。我认为高雅乃世间最珍贵的品质。其实然,高雅或许并不存在于现

实之中。真正的高雅之士虚怀若谷,闻过则喜,不会被非理性的盲目偏见所左右,而在这个被庸男俗女充斥的世界,这等高雅之士只能被视为怪物。仿佛是出于天性,我们所有人都容不得稀罕之事,都恨其不守规矩;而正是依照与此极其相似的准则,小男孩嘲讽不合时令的草帽,他们的父辈则给异教徒派出传教士(集体讨论,曹明伦执笔

EnvybySamuelJohnson

论嫉妒[英]塞缪尔·约翰逊著

Envyisalmosttheonlyvicewhichispracticableatalltimes,andineveryplace—theonlypassionwhichcanneverliequietforwantofirritation;itseffectsthereforeareeverywherediscoverable,anditsattemptsalwaystobedreaded.

嫉妒几乎是唯一一种随时都能大行其道的恶习,唯一一种不会因缺乏刺激而平息的强

烈感情,因此其影响随处可见,其攻击性也总是令人生畏。

Itisimpossibletomentionanamewhichanyadvantageousdistinctionhasmadeeminent,butsomelatentanimositywillburstout.Thewealthytrader,howeverhemayabstracthimselffrompublicaffairs,willneverwantthosewhohint,withShylock,thatshipsarebutboards.Thebeauty,adornedonlywiththeunambitiousgracesofinnocenceandmodesty,provokes,wheneversheappears,athousandmurmursofdetraction.Thegenius,evenwhenheendeavoursonlytoentertainorinstruct,yetsufferspersecutionfrominnumerablecritics,whoseacrimonyisexcitedmerelybythepainofseeingotherspleased,andofhearingapplauseswhichanotherenjoys.

一提到某位因其所长而才出众的名流,就会有人发出隐伏于心的妒意。富商不管怎样超脱于公共事务,也不乏有人像夏洛克那样,说商船不过是一堆木板,暗示其财富由风浪摆布者不足以谓之富人。(1)美女纵然仅以端庄素雅为装饰,其出现也会引起众人私下

里的猜忌和诽谤。至于天才人物,即使他们只想展示令人愉悦的自然万象,或只想说明无可争辩的科学原理,也难免会招致众多批评者的诋毁,而批评者之尖刻仅仅是因为见不得别人欣然陶然,听不到别人所享受的掌声。

Thefrequencyofenvymakesitsofamiliarthatitescapesournotice;nordoweoftenreflectuponitsturpitudeormalignity,tillwehappentofeelitsinfluence.Whenhethathasgivennoprovocationtomalice,butbyattemptingtoexcel,findshimselfpursuedbymultitudeswhomheneversaw,withalltheimplacabilityofpersonalresentment;whenheperceivesclamourandmaliceletlooseuponhimasapublicenemy,andincitedbyeverystratagemofdefamation;whenhehearsthemisfortunesofhisfamily,orthefolliesofhisyouth,exposedtotheworld;andeveryfailureofconduct,ordefectofnature,aggravatedandridiculed;hethenlearnstoabhorthoseartificesatwhichheonlylaughedbefore,anddiscovershowmuchthehappinessoflifewouldbeadvancedbytheeradicationofenvyfromthehumanheart.

嫉妒之频频出现使我们队其熟视无睹,使我们很少想到其卑鄙险恶,除非自己碰巧也遭人妒忌。倘若遭妒忌者从不招惹怨恨,而只想凭真才实学超凡出众,那当他发现自己被

一群他觉得与之并无不可化解之个人恩怨的民众纠缠之时,当他发现自己被种种诽谤伎俩煽动起来的铺天盖地的恶意丑化成社会公敌之时,当他得知自己家庭之不幸和少时的愚行而被公诸于众,自己所有的不端行为和性格缺陷都被夸大和嘲笑之时,他便能学会

憎恶那些他此前只是一笑置之的伎俩,并发现若能从世人心中根除嫉妒,人们会怎样更多地感受生活之幸福。

Envyis,indeed,astubbornweedofthemind,andseldomyieldstothecultureofphilosophy.Thereare,however,considerationswhich,ifcarefullyimplantedanddiligentlypropagated,mightintimeoverpowerandrepressit,sincenoonecannurseitforthesakeofpleasure,asitseffectsareonlyshame,anguish,andperturbation.Itisaboveallothervicesinconsistentwiththecharacterofasocialbeing,becauseitsacrificestruthandkindnesstoveryweaktemptations.Hethatplundersawealthyneighbourgainsasmuchashetakesaway,andmayimprovehisownconditioninthesameproportionasheimpairsanother's;buthethatblastsaflourishingreputation,mustbecontentwithasmalldividendofadditionalfame,sosmallascanaffordverylittleconsolationtobalancetheguiltbywhichitisobtained.

嫉妒实乃人们心中难以根除的野草,它极少接受理性之教化。不过,只要循循善诱且坚

持不懈,迟早会有理性之思将其制服,毕竟没人会为了取乐而心怀嫉妒,因嫉妒之后果只有羞耻、苦闷和不安。较之其他所有恶习,嫉妒与人的社会属性最为相悖,因为它会蝇头小利而牺牲真诚和善良。一个人若是抢劫其富有的邻居,他所得之物即他所劫之物,其境况之改善与其邻居境况之恶化恰成正比;但一个人若是毁损他人的盛名,他只能满足于得到的那盛名分给他的一点点红利,而与他行恶而产生的负疚感相比,其获利之少几乎不可能给他带来慰藉。

(1)参见莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》第1幕第3场开始时夏洛克对巴萨尼奥说的那番话。集体讨论,曹明伦执笔)

四川外语学院第七届"语言桥杯"翻译大赛获奖译文选登

TheseaspectsofherpersonalityIcametoknowgraduallyoverthecomingmonths.Whatstruckmefirstweretheoutwardthings,heranimationandexpressiveness.Icouldn'ttellwhetherthiswassomethingshewasbornwith,orwhethertheprojectionofemotionwhichshehadlearnedasanactresshadbecomesecondnature.Whenindignant,hereyeswouldflashfire,whenhappyshewouldlaughunrestrainedlylikeachild.Iquicklychangedmypreconceivednotionsaboutthe"inscrutableness"ofOrientals.

在接下来的几个月里,我逐渐了解了她的这些个性特点。首先给我留下深刻印象的,是

她种种外在的表现:活泼开朗,能言善谈。我不知道这是她的天性使然,还是因为当过演员,表情达意早已成为她的第二天性。她气愤时,两只眸子会冒出怒火;高兴时,却又像个孩子似的开怀大笑。我原先以为东方人都是"神秘难测"的,认识她之后,很快便改变了这个先入之见。

...Shehadnotremarriedbecauseshehadnotfoundanyoneforwhomshecouldcareenoughandwhowouldrespectherindependence.

因为找不到一个既让她喜欢、又尊重她的独立性的男人,她一直没有再婚。至少,

在我出现在她的面前之前是这样。我俩初次相识就立即被对方的外貌所吸引。

Not,atleast,tillIcamealong.Ourphysicalattractionwasimmediateandmutual.Butmorethanthat,wesharedanidentityofinterestsandfoundpleasureineachother'scompany...

不过,除此之外,我们还有着共同的兴趣爱好,觉得走在一起很开心。

Wesatinteagardensamidfloweringshrubsandfancifulpavilionsandsippedgreen"DragonWell"teaandcrackedwatermelonseeds.WewendedthroughtheCityGodTemple,withitsmanyshopsofmarveloushandicraftsconnectedbyazigzagbridgearoundalotuspond.

我们坐在绿树红花和亭台楼阁掩映下的茶园里,一边抿着碧绿的龙井茶,一边嗑着西瓜

子儿。我们在城隍庙徜徉,那里有很多出售精美的手工艺品的店铺;一座绕着荷塘迂回而行的九曲桥,把商铺连在一起。

AndwemetinherflatwithafewotherChinesefriendsandtalkedinlowvoices,withtheradiosturnedonloudagainstpossibleeavesdroppers,aboutwhohadjustbeenarrested,orwhatbookstoreshadbeenraided,orwhethermorerevolutionarieshadbeenexecuted,andwhatthenewsfromtheLiberatedAreaswas.SometimeswecouldpickupYen’anonmyshort-waveset.

我们时常在她的公寓房间里和几个中国朋友聚会。为防窃听,我们只得低声交谈,同时

把收音机开得很响。我们谈论谁刚刚被捕了,哪几家书店被查抄了,是不是又有革命分子被处死,以及来自解放区的消息。有时我的那台短波收音机可以收听到延安电台的广播。

Shehadnodoubtaboutourcompatibleness,andifourfuturewasunsure,sowasthefutureofeveryoneinChina.Nordidmy"foreignness"seemtopresentanyproblems.Shehadgotusedtomyappearance,andrecoveredfromtheinitialshockofseeingmeinaraglansleevetopcoatonfinding,whenItookitoff,thatIhadshouldersafterall.InfactshehadbecomebemusedtosuchanextentthatshethoughtIwasquitenice-looking.Noonestaredwhenweappearedinpublictogether,nordidI,forsomereason,attractthecrowdswhichoftentrailedotherforeigners,awestruckbytheiroutlandishgarband,byChinesestandards,hugenoses.Herfamilyofferednoobjectionswhatever.

她深信我俩意气相投。我们两个人也许前路渺茫,但是在中国何尝不是人人如此。我的"洋人相"似乎也不成问题。起初看到我穿着套袖的轻便大衣,她颇为惊愕,及至我脱

掉大衣,她发现原来我也长着两只肩膀,这才回过神来。如今,她早已习惯我的这副洋人相了。事实上,她简直不知如何看待我的长相,竟至于觉得我长得挺好看的。我俩一起在公共场所露面时,没有人盯着我们看;不知何故,我也没有吸引人群围观。洋人一身奇装异服,还有按中国人的标准显得特别高的鼻子,都使中国人感到惊异,因此他们常常喜欢尾随洋人。她的家人一点儿也不反对我俩交往。

AbsenceofracialorreligiousprejudiceistraditionalinChina.Fortwothousandyears

foreignershadbeenencouragedtosettleintheMiddleKingdomandpracticetheirreligionsandretaintheircustoms.Therewassometalkamongtherusticsthatallforeignershadredhairandblueeyesandwalkedwithoutbendingtheirknees.Butthosewhohadactuallyseenthemknewbetter.Noneofhercompatriotswasshocked,thoughsomeperhapswonderedwhyshechoseaforeignerwhentherewassomanyChinesearound.

传统上,种族歧视或宗教偏见在中国是不存在的。两千年来,"中央王国"一直柔怀远

人,鼓励外国人在这片土地上定居、信教,并且保留他们的风俗习惯。乡下人中间有传言说洋人全都赤发碧眼,而且直着腿走路。但是,亲眼见过外国人的那些人知道,事实并非如此。看到我这个"异类"和她在一起,她的同胞无人感到震惊,尽管有些人也许会想:她的身边有那么多中国人,为什么偏偏选中一个老外?(香港大学中文学院汪宝荣)

在义与利之外

中译英部分

BeyondRighteousnessandInterests"君子喻以义,小人喻以利"。中国人的人生哲学总是围绕着义利二字打转。可是,假如我既不是君子,也不是小人呢?"Menofvirtueareconcernedwhethertheybehaverighteouslywhilevirtuelessmenare

concernedabouttheirpersonalinterests."TheChinesephilosophyoflifecanhardlygobeyondthecontinuousdebateoverrighteousnessandinterests.ButwhatamIconcernedaboutifIamneitheramanofvirtuenoronewithoutit

曾经有过一个人皆君子言必称义的时代,当时或许有过大义灭利的真君子,但更常见的是借义逐利的伪君子和假义真信的迂君子。那个时代过去了。曾几何时,世风剧变,义

的信誉一落千丈,真君子销声匿迹,伪君子真相毕露,迂君子豁然开窍,都一窝蜂奔利而去。据说观念更新,义利之辨有了新解,原来利并非小人的专利,倒是做人的天经地义。

Therewasonceanallegedageofrighteousness,inwhichallmenwereofvirtue.Maybe,fewofthemwerereallymenofvirtue,whovindicatedrighteousnessbysacrificingtheirowninterests.However,mostofthemwereeitherpharisees,whopursuedtheirpersonalinterestsinthenameofrighteousness,orpedants,whobelievedinfakemorality.Suchanerahadalreadyelapsed.Therewasonceaperiodoftimewhentheethosdeterioratedovernightandpeople’sbeliefinrighteousnessgreatlydeclined.Consequently,menofvirtuevanished,phariseesrevealedtheirimpudentfacesandpedantssuddenlydisenchanted.Allpeoplerushedfortheirowninterests.Itwassaidthatpeoplehadrenovatedtheirvaluesandtheyhadendowedtheirconceptionsofrighteousnessandinterestswithnewcontents.Forthem,thepursuitofpersonalinterestsisnotapatentrightofmenwithoutvirtuebuttheprimaryprinciplefollowedbyallhumanbeings.

但世人把它奉为指导人生的座右铭,用商业精神取代人生智慧,结果就使自己的人生成了一种企业,使人际关系成了一个市场。我曾经嘲笑廉价的人情味,如今,连人情味也变得昂贵而罕见了。试问,不花钱你可能买到一个微笑,一句问候,一丁点儿恻隐之心

Nowadays"Timeismoney"isapopularslogan.Itisreasonableforentrepreneurstoadoptitintheirproductionmanagement.However,ifwesubstitutecommercialspiritforlifewisdom,takingthissloganasamottotoguideourlife,wetendtoregardourlifeasbusinessandourrelationship,market.

不过,无须怀旧。想靠形形色色的义的说教来匡正时弊,拯救世风人心,事实上无济于

事。在义利之外,还有别样的人生态度。在君子小人之外,还有别样的人格。套孔子的句式,不妨说:"至人喻以情。"

Ioncederidedthehumankindnessforitscheapness.Butatpresentithasbecomecostlyandinfrequent.Canyoubuyasmile,agreetingoraparticleofsympathywithoutmoneyHowever,thereisnoneedtoreminisce.Infact,variouspreachesofrighteousnessarehelplesstotherectificationofcurrentsocialmalpracticesandthesalvationofpresentpublicmorals.Beyondrighteousnessandinterests,thereareotherlifevalues.Apartfrommenofvirtueandvirtuelessmen,therearemenwithotherpersonality.AremarkbyConfuciusmightbequotedhere,whichsays:"Aperfectmanapprehendsaffection."

义和利,貌似相反,实则相通。"义"要求人献身抽象的社会实体,"利"驱使人投身世

俗的物质利益,两者都无视人的心灵生活,遮蔽了人的真正的"自我"。"义"教人奉献,"利"诱人占有,前者把人生变成一次义务的履行,后者把人生变成一场权利的争夺,殊不知人生的真价值是超乎义务和权利外的。义和利都脱不开计较,所以,无论义师讨伐叛臣,还是利欲支配众生,人与人之间的关系总是紧张。

Righteousnessandinterestsseemoppositeonthesurfacebutinnaturetheyhavesomethingincommon."Righteousness"requestspeopletodevotethemselvestotheabstractsocialnoumenonwhile"interests"impelsthemtopursuethemundaneloavesandfishes.Bothofthemignorepeople’sspirituallifeandasaresult,theyshadetheirreal"selves"."Righteousness"instructspeopletodedicatethemselvestothesocietyandturnstheirlifeintotheperformanceofanobligationwhile"interests"temptspeopletoappropriatematerialprofitsandmakestheirlifebecomeascrambleforrightsandprofits.Nevertheless,therealvalueoflifeliesbeyondrighteousnessandinterests.Asbothrighteousnessandinterestscanhardlyescapefromcalculationandconsideration,theinterpersonalrelationsarealwaysstrainednomatterwhenajusticearmysuppressesarebellionorwhenallflesharedominatedbyanappetiteforpersonalinterests.

如果说"义"代表一种伦理的人生态度,"利"代表一种功利的人生态度,那么,我所

说的"情"便代表一种审美的人生态度。它主张率性而行,适情而止,每个人都保持自己的真性情。你不是你所信奉的教义,也不是你所占有的物品,你之为你仅在于你的真实"自我"。生命的意义不在奉献或占有,而在创造,创造就是人的真性情的积极展开,是人在实现其本质力量时所获得的情感上的满足。创造不同于奉献,奉献只是完成外在的责任,创造却是实现真实的"自我"。至于创造和占有,其差别更是一目了然,譬如写作,占有注重的是作品所带来的名利地位,创造注重的只是创作本身的快乐。有真性情的人,与人相处唯求情感的沟通,与物相触独钟情趣的品味。更为可贵的是,在世人匆忙逐利又为利所逐的时代,他接人待物有一种闲适之情。我不是指中国士大夫式的闲情逸致,也不是指小农式的知足保守,而是指一种不为利驱、不为物役的淡泊的生活情

怀。仍以写作为例,我想不通,一个人何必要著作等身呢?倘想流芳千古,一首不朽的小诗足矣。倘无此奢求,则只要活得自在即可,写作也不过是这活得自在的一种方式罢了。

肖伯纳说:"人生有两大悲剧,一是没有得到你心爱的东西,另一是得到了你心爱的东西。"我曾经深以为然,并且佩服他把人生的可悲境遇,表述得如此轻松俏皮。但仔细玩味,发现这话的立足点仍是占有,所以才会有占有欲未得满足的痛苦和已得满足的无聊这双重悲剧。如果把立足点移到创造上,以审美的眼光看人生,我们岂不可以反其意而说:人生有两大快乐,一是没有得到你心爱的东西,于是你可以去寻求和创造;另一是得到了你心爱的东西,于是你可以去品味和体验?当然,人生总有其不可消除的痛苦,而重情轻利的人所体味到的辛酸悲哀,更为逐利之辈所梦想不到。但是,摆脱了占有欲,至少可以使人免除许多琐屑的烦恼和渺小的痛苦,活得有器度些。我无意以审美之情为救世良策,而只是表达了一个信念:在义与利之外,还有一种更值得一过的人生。这个信念将支撑我度过未来吉凶难卜的岁月。

GeorgeBernardShawoncesaid:"Therearetwotragediesinourlife.Oneisthatyouhavenot

读书苦乐杨绛

TheBitter-SweetnessofReadingYangJiang读书钻研学问,当然得下苦功夫。为应考试、为写论文、为求学位,大概都得苦读。陶渊明好读书。如果他生于当今之世,要去考大学,或考研究院,或考什么"托福儿",难免会有些困难吧?我只愁他政治经济学不能及格呢,这还不是因为他"不求甚解"。

Readingandstudyingregularlycallsforapainstakingeffort,whetheritismeantforpassinganexam,writingathesisorpursuinganacademicdegree.T'aoYuanming,afamousscholarinJinDynasty,whodotedonreading,mightprobablyfeelbaffledifhewerelivingtodayandhadtotakeexamsforgettingintouniversitiesorgraduateprogramsortoscorewellinsuchtestsastheTOEFL.I'mafraidhemightfailtheexaminPoliticalEconomics,astheresultofhismotto"stayingcontentwithsuperficialreading".

我曾挨过几下"棍子",说我读书"追求精神享受"。我当时只好低头认罪。我也承认自

己确实不是苦读。不过"乐在其中"并不等于追求享受。这话可为知者言,不足为外人道也。

Iwas"cudgeled"foracoupleoftimes,beingreprimandedforreading"toseekspiritualindulgence."Atthetime,Ihadtobowdownmyheadandconfessmysin,andIhavetoadmitaswellthatI'venevermadeanypainstakingeffortinreality.Nevertheless,"enjoyingreading"doesn'tmeanseekingindulgence,whosetruthcanonlybesharedwithlike-mindedpeople,

butgoesbeyondthosewithoutsimilarexperiences我觉得读书好比串门儿——"隐身"的串门儿。要参见钦佩的老师或拜谒有名的学者,不必事前打招呼求见,也不怕搅扰主人。翻开书面就闯进大门,翻过几页就升堂入室;而且可以经常去,时刻去,如果不得要领

,还可以不辞而别,或者另找高明,和他对质。不问我们要拜见的主人住在国内国外,不问他属于现代古代,不问他什么专业,不问他讲正经大道理或聊天说笑,都可以挨近前去听个足够。我们可以恭恭敬敬旁听孔门弟子追述夫子遗言,也不妨淘气地笑问"言必称‘亦曰仁义而已矣’的孟夫子",他如果生在我们同一个时代,会不会是一位马列主义老先生呀?我们可以在苏格拉底临刑前守在他身边,听他和一位朋友谈话;也可以对斯多葛派伊匹克悌忒斯的《金玉良言》思考怀疑。我们可以倾听前朝列代的遗闻逸事

,也可以领教当代最奥妙的创新理论或有意惊人的故作高论。反正话不投机或言不入耳

,不妨抽身退场,甚至砰一下推上大门——就是说,拍地合上书面——谁也不会嗔怪。这是书以外的世界里难得的自由!

壶公悬挂的一把壶里,别有天地日月。每一本书——不论小说、戏剧、传记、游记、日记,以至散文诗词,都别有天地,别有日月星辰,而且还有生存其间的人物。我们很不必巴巴地赶赴某地,花钱买门票去看些仿造的赝品或"栩栩如生"的替身,只要翻开一

页书,走人真境,遇见真人,就可以亲亲切切地观赏一番。

ForHuGong(orMasterGourd),amasterherbalistinancientChina,amagicalgourdofhiscontainstheentireworld.Likewise,everybook,beitanovel,aplay,abiography,orabookoftravelingnotes,ofjournals,andofevenessaysorofpoems,containsaworldofitsown,withitsownsun,moon,andstarsanditsownlivecharactersbetweenheavenandearth.Thereisreallynoneedtrottingallthewaytoplacesandpayingadmissionfees,merelytoviewimitationsorvivid"substitutes",whenwecansimplyopenabookandfindourselvesinrealsituationsandmeetrealcharactersforaclosecontact.

尽管古人把书说成"浩如烟海",书的世界却真正的"天涯若比邻",这话绝不是唯心的

比拟。世界再大也没有阻隔。佛说"三千大千世界",可算大极了。书的境地呢,"现在界"还加上"过去界",也带上"未来界",实在是包罗万象,贯穿三界。而我们却可以足不出户,在这里随意阅历,随时拜师求教。谁说读书人目光短浅,不通人情,不关心世事呢!这里可得到丰富的经历,可认识各时各地、多种多样的人。经常在书里"串门儿",至少也可以脱去几分愚昧,多长几个心眼儿吧?

Despitetheancientsayingaboutbooksbeinglikeavastocean,thedistantworldofbookscouldbeactuallydeemedascloseasanext-doorneighbour,whichisnotmerelyanidealisticmetaphoricalassertion.Forintheworldofbookstherearenolongeranybarriers.TheBuddhistnotionof"OneBuddha-world"isextremelyenormous.ButwhatabouttheextremitiesoftheworldofbooksItconsistsof"thepresentrealm","thepastrealm",and"thefuturerealm",encompassingeverythingineachofthethreegreatrealms,acrosswhoseborderswecangobackandforthwithgreatease.Wecanreadandexperienceallwecaretoreadandexperience,andlearnfrommastersanytimewewant,withoutventuringoutdoorsatall.Whosaysthatbook-loversarenear-sighted,inflexibleandindifferenttoworldlyaffairs!Intheworldofbooks,wecanenrichourexperienceandgettoknowallkindsofpeoplefromdifferenttimesandplaces.Thosewhovisittheworldofbooksfrequentlycanatleastridthemselvesofsomeignoranceandgainacertaindegreeofwisdom.

可惜我们"串门"时"隐"而犹存"身",毕竟只是凡胎俗骨。我们没有如来佛的慧眼,

把人世间几千年积累的智慧一览无余,只好时刻记住庄子"生也有涯而知也无涯"的名言。我们只是朝生暮死的虫豸(还不是孙大圣毫毛变成的虫儿),钻入书中世界,这边爬爬,那边停停,有时遇到心仪的人,听到惬意的话,或者心上悬挂的问题偶有所得,就好比开了心窍,乐以忘言。这"乐"和"追求享受"该不是一回事吧?

Itisapitythatourphysicalbody,invisibleaswevisittheworldofbooks,isafterallconfinedtothismundaneworld.WithouttheinsightofBuddha,whotakesinallthehumanwisdomaccumulatedoverthousandsofyearsatoneglance,wehavetocomfortourselvesbywhatZhuangZihassaid:"Humanlife-spanisfinitewhereasknowledgeisinfinite."Wearebut

insectswithafleetinglifetime(noteventheinsectstheMonkeyKingturnedintowithhishairs),crawlingourwayintotheworldofbooks,pausinghitherandthither,becomingspeechlesswithexultationwhenweaccidentallybumpintoamuch-admiredpersonorhearafewsoothingwordsoroccasionallyfindananswertoapendingquestion.Iwonderifthis

senseof"joy"canbecalled"seekingindulgenceinpleasure".(集体讨论史志康执笔)

想起清华种种王佐良

ReminiscencesofTsinghuaWangZuoliang我只是清华几万校友中的一个

,现已不在清华工作,然而一说起这所学校,至今仍像年轻时候一样兴奋,话也像说不完似的。

IamjustoneofthethousandsofalumniofTsinghuaUniversity,andalthoughIamnolongerworkingthere,everytimeTsinghuaismentioned,IwouldgetasexcitedaswhenIwasyoung,andcan'tseemtostoptalkingaboutit.

清华吸引人的究竟是什么?它有很好的校园,设备,但这些别校也有;它的历史也不很

长,世界大学中,成立已几百年的有的是;想来想去,还是由于清华的人,或者说清华人和中国历史的特殊关联。

WhatisitthatmakesTsinghuasoattractiveItsbeautifulcampusItsadvancedfacilitiesButallthesearenotlackinginotheruniversities.OritslonghistoryButagoodmanyuniversitiesintheworldevenboasthistoriesofseveralhundredyears.Havingthoughtitoverandoveragain,IcometotheconclusionthatitisthepeopleofTsinghua,orrather,thespecialrelationshipbetweenitspeopleandChinesehistory,thatmakesitsoattractive.

说起清华人,我怀念我的老师们。大学一年级,俞平伯、余冠英两先生教我国文,一位

教读本,一位教作文,都亲切而严格,有一次余先生指出我把爬山虎写成紫荆的错误,但又要我多写几篇给他看。二年级,贺麟老师教我西洋哲学史,见了我长达百页的英文读书报告不仅不皱眉,反而在班上表扬我;正是在他的指导之下,我读了不少古希腊哲学家著作的英译,真有发现新星球似的喜悦。温德老师在工字厅讲意大利文艺复兴时期艺术,打开许多画册让我们传阅,幽默地然而严格地区分画的优劣。同样难忘的事还多,那时候日本军队已在华北城市大街上演习,而清华的师生们则在学术上特别争气,不久又在政治上发动了公然反日的一二九运动。

SpeakingoftheTsinghuapeople,Icherishalotofsweetmemoriesofmyteachers.Asafreshman,IwastaughtChineselanguageandliteraturebyProfessorYuPingboandProfessorYuGuanyinginreadingandwritingrespectively.Theywerebothencouragingandrigorouswithme.OnceProfessorYuGuanyingpointedoutthatIhadmistakencreepersforredbudsandencouragedmetowritemoreforpractice.Asasophomore,IwastaughtHistoryof

WesternPhilosophybyProfessorHeLin.Hedidnotfrownatmyone-hundred-pagelongbookreportinEnglish,butratherpraisedmeinclass.ItwasunderhisguidancethatIreadagreatdealofancientGreekphilosophersinEnglishtranslation,thedelightfromwhichwasjustlikethatofdiscoveringanewplanet.IwasalsotaughtItalianRenaissancebyProfessorWinterintheGongziCourtyard.Inhislectures,hepassedaroundmanypaintingalbums,andhumorouslybutrigorouslyofferedhiscriticalevaluations.Ihavemanysuchunforgettableexperiences.AtthetimewhentheJapanesetroopswerecarryingoutmilitarymaneuversinthecitiesofNorthChina,theteachersandstudentsofTsinghuawereendeavoringtoachieveexcellenceinlearning,andsoonopenlylaunchedtheDecember9thMovement,apoliticalmovementagainstJapaneseinvasion.

我们这一级(1935-1939)还有一段特殊经历,即抗日战争的锻炼。我们两年在清华园度过,两年在长沙、南岳、蒙自、昆明度过。有的同学进入解放区打游击,大多数在大后方直接或间接地参加战争工作。但是学术上并未放松。昆明西南联大集北大、清华、南开三校的精华,师生在最简陋的条件下做出了当时第一流的研究成绩,青年人的成长

分外迅猛。走遍半个中国给了我们以接触内地实际的宝贵经验,这是在清华园小范围内埋头读书所无法得到的。所以这次大转移又是我们知识和感情上的一次大扩充。

Ourgrade(1935-1939)alsowentthroughaspecialexperience,anexperienceofbeingtemperedintheAnti-JapaneseWar.WespentthefirsttwoyearsonTsinghuaCampus,andthelasttwoatChangshang,Nanyue,MengziandKunming.Someofusfoughtasguerillasintheliberatedareas,whilemoststayedinthevastrearareas,directlyorindirectlyparticipatinginwarwork.Neverthelessouracademicworkneverletup.TheSouthwestAssociatedUniversityinKunmingassembledtheelitesfromPeking,TsinghuaandNankaiUniversities,who,underthecrudestconditions,achievedthebestacademicresultsofthetime,withtheyoungmaturingveryrapidly.WalingoverhalfofChinaendoweduswithinvaluableexperiencesofgettingclosercontactwiththerealityofinlandChina.TheseexperienceswereimpossibletoobtainbyburyingourselvesinbookswithintheconfinesofTsinghuaCampus.Thisgreatshiftthereforebroadenedbothourknowledgeandoursympathies.

然而我们仍然怀念清华园。在昆明读书和教书的八年里,可以说没有一天不想念北方的故土。中国历史上,汉族士大夫几度被赶出北方,却没有一次能够回去。正如冯友兰先生指出的,只有这一次抗日不同。我们战胜了,1946年夏我从昆明带着妻儿重新回到了清华园,虽然校舍残破,校园荒芜,但有陈岱孙先生领导一批员工在进行大规模的复校工作,不久就在北方的灿烂秋阳中重新上课,清华人意兴之豪,达到了一个新的高度。

Nevertheless,westillmissedTsinghuaCampus.Duringthe8yearsoflearningandteachinginKunming,therewasnotasingledaywedidnotmissthenativelandinthenorth.InthecourseofChinesehistory,HanLiteratihadbeendrivenoutofthenorthseveraltimes,andhad

neverbeenabletoreturn.AsProfessorFengYoulanpointedout,theAnti-JapaneseWarwasanexception.Thistimewewonthewar.Inthesummerof1946,I,togetherwithmywifeandchildren,returnedfromKunmingtoTsinghuaCampus.Althoughtheschoolbuildingswerewornout,andthecampusdesolate,alargegroupofstaffledbyMr.ChenDaisunimmediatelythrewthemselvesintoreconstructiononalargescale,andbeforelong,theTsinghuapeopleresumedclassesunderthesplendidautumnsunofthenorth,theiraspirationsandenthusiasmreachinganewheight.

接着,我出国留学。等我回来,清华园已经解放,开始了一个新的历史时期。

Afterthat,Iwentabroadtofurthermystudy.WhenIcameback,TsinghuaCampushadalreadybeenliberatedandusheredanewhistoricalera.

后来我转入别的学校工作。但是我心里始终保持着一种清华做学问的标准。

Lateron,Iwastransferredtoanotheruniversity.ButtheTsinghuaacademicstandardremainswithme.

这标准并无人明确定出,但是无数师友"行胜于言"的实际榜样却使我悟到:做学问必

须要有最高标准,而取得学问却是为了报效国家。简单说,就是卓越与为公。

Suchastandardhasneverbeenexplicitlylaiddown,buttheactualexamplesetbyourinnumerablefellowteachersandstudentsof"actionsspeakinglouderthanwords"hasmademerealizethattheremustbethehigheststandardinscholarship,andthattheultimatepurposeofgainingknowledgeistoserveourcountry.Toputitsimply,"preeminenceinacademiaandcontributiontosociety."

歌德之人生启示宗白华

WhatGoethe'sLifeRevealsbyZongBaihua人生是什么?人生的真相如何?人生的意义何在?人生的目的是何?这些人生最重大最中心的问题,不只是古来一切大宗教家哲学家所殚精竭虑以求解答的。世界上第一流的大诗人凝神冥想,深入灵魂的幽邃,或纵身大化中,于一朵花中窥见天国,一滴露水参悟生命,然后用他们生花之笔,幻现层层世界,幕幕人生,归根也不外乎启示这生命的真相与意义。宗教家对这些问题的方法与态度是预言的说教的,哲学家是解释的说明的,诗人文豪是表现的启示的。荷马的长歌启示了希腊艺术文明幻美的人生与理想,但丁的神曲启示了中古基督教文化心灵的生活与信仰,莎士比亚的剧本表现了文艺复兴时人们的生活矛盾与权力意志

。至于近代的,建筑于这三种文明精神之上而同时开展一个新时代,所谓近代人生,则由伟大的歌德以他的人格,生活,作品表现出它的特殊意义与内在的问题。

WhatislifeWhatarethetruenature,meaningandpurposeoflifeSinceancienttimes,great

歌德对人生的启示有几层意义,几种方面。就人类全体讲,他的人格与生活可谓极尽了人类的可能性。他同时是诗人,科学家,政治家,思想家,他也是近代泛神论信仰的一个伟大的代表。他表现了西方文明自强不息的精神,又同时具有东方乐天知命宁静致远的智慧。德国哲学家息默尔(Simmel)说:"歌德的人生所以给我们以无穷兴奋与深沉的安慰的,就是他只是一个人,他只是极尽了人性,但却如此伟大,使我们对人类感到有希望,鼓动我们努力向前做一个人。"我们可以说歌德是世界一扇明窗,我们由他窥见了人生生命永恒幽邃奇丽广大的天空!

Goetherevealstousdifferentlayersandaspectsofthemeaningoflife.Takingthehumanraceasawhole,wemaysaythatGoethe'spersonalityandliferepresentthebestpossibleinman.Heisatonceapoet,scientist,statesman,thinkerandanoutstandingrepresentativeofpantheisticfaithsofmoderntimes.Heistheembodimentofboththespiritofunremittingendeavorinwesterncivilizationandtheorientalwisdomofeasycontentmentandinternalpeacewithforesight.SimmeltheGermanphilosopheroncesaid,"ThereasonthatGoethecangiveusinfiniteexcitementanddeepsolaceisthatheisbutahumanbeing,andhedoesnothingmorethanbringingoutthebestinhumannature.Yetheissogreat,andhisgreatnessmakesoneseethehopeinmankind'sfutureandservestoencourageeveryoneofustoforgeaheadandbeaworthyman."WemaysaythatGoetheislikeawindowontheworld,throughwhichwecanseetheeternal,serene,uniquelybeautifulandboundlessskiesoflife.

再狭小范围,就欧洲文化的观点说,歌德确是代表文艺复兴以后近代人的心灵生活及其内在的问题。近代人失去了基督教对一超越上帝虔诚的信仰。人类精神上获得了解放,

得到了自由;但也就同时失所依傍,彷徨摸索,苦闷,追求,欲在生活本身的努力中寻得人生的意义与价值。歌德是这时代精神伟大的代表,他的主著《浮士德》是这人生全部的反映与其问题的解决。歌德与其替身浮士德一生生活的内容就是尽量体验这近代人生特殊的精神意义,了解其悲剧而努力以解决其问题,指出解救之道。所以有人称他的浮士德是近代人的圣经。

Inanarrowersense,viewedintheperspectiveofEuropeanculture,Goetheindeedrepresentspeopleofthepost-Renaissanceperiodintermsoftheirintellectuallifeandtheirinnerproblems.InmoderntimespeoplehaveabandonedtheirstrongChristianfaithinanomnipotentGod.Theirspirithasbeenemancipatedandtheyhaveacquiredfreedom.Yet,ontheotherhand,theyhavelostwhatgavethemstrength.Theyarenervouslygropinginthedark;theyarespirituallytormented;theyengageinaquest,tryingtofindthetruemeaningandvalueoflifethroughtheirmundaneefforts.GoetheisagreatrepresentativeofourZeitgeist.Hismostimportantwork,Faust,isareflectionofeverythinginthiskindoflifeandasolutiontoitsproblems.AllthatGoetheandDrFaust,hisstand-in,dothroughouttheirlivesistoexperiencetothefullestthepeculiarspiritandmeaningoflifeinmoderntimes,trytounderstanditstragedy,strivetosolveitsproblemsandshowpeoplethewayofdeliverance.ThisiswhyhisFaustisdeemedtheBibleofmoderntimes.

但歌德与但丁莎士比亚不同的地方,就是他不单是由作品里启示我们人生真相,尤其在

他自己的人格与生活中表现了人生广大精微的义谛。

ButGoetheisdifferentfromDanteandShakespeare,inthathedoesnotmerelyenlightenusaboutthetruemeaningoflifethroughhisworks.Hispersonalcharacterandbehaviordoes

evenmoreindemonstratingthegreatandsubtletruthoflife.(黄焕猷译)

怀想那片青草地赵红波

YearningforThatPieceofGreenMeadowbyZhaoHongbo

认识那片青草地,是一个早春二月里的日子。

ItwasaFebruarydayinearlyspringthatIgottoknowthatgreenmeadow.周围的一切还处于一派寂静之中。那片青草地却在不惹人注意的时候,以一种青春的蓬勃,悄悄地展延着生命的颜色,生长着这个季节之初所独有的鹅黄嫩绿。

Everythingaroundthegreenmeadowwastranquilwhenitdiscreetly,withyouthfulvigor,slowlyandquietlydisplayedthecoloroflife,lightyellowandsoftgreen,thecharacteristicsofthebeginningofthisseason.

春天刚刚复活,这片青草地宛如茫茫人海中久违的朋友,似严冬日子里的一丝温暖,给

了一位从冬天走过来的孤寂旅人以新的生命、热爱生命的力量和勇气!

Springhadjustrenewed;thegreenmeadow,likealongseparatedfriendfromavastseaoffacesorabreathofwarmthduringthefreezingdaysofwinter,gaveanewlife,andthelife-lovingstrength,andcouragetoasolitarytravelerjustcomingfromtheseverecold.

草儿似乎刚刚出浴。鲜嫩的叶片上溜滑着一滴两滴的露珠,在春阳的映照下,折射出一

片耀眼的晶莹,似一粒粒珍珠在熠熠闪光。微风清略湖畔的时候,露珠从叶尖上颤颤地滚落下来,使人想起杏花春雨里的千点万点晶亮亮的檐滴,想起了生命成长的过程

Thegrassseemedtohavejustbeenbathed;oneortwodewdropsunderthespringsunwererollingonthefreshleavesandshowedarefractionofcrystal-clearbrilliance,likeglisteningpearls.Dewdropstrembleddownoffthetipsofleaveswhenabreezebrushedoverthelakeside.Thisremindedmeofglitteringraindropsfallingfromeavesinthespringrain,withtheapricotblossomingandthegrowingcourseoflife...

我久久地伫立于湖畔,聆听一种生命悄然拔节的声音,心头如有暖流滚滚!刹那间,心

中的春天已是万木竞秀,繁花缤纷。我强烈地感受到:禁锢了一冬的生命正在苏醒,心扉灵府里渗透了一种全新的感觉,那些弱小但又顽强不屈的草儿,以其锲而不舍的执著,昭示出一种原始的壮美,使我真切地感悟到人生的真谛和生命的意义!

Istoodforalongtimebytheshoreofthelake,listeningtothesoundoflife,withwarmcurrentsfillingmyheart.Suddenlyspringinsidemeblossomedintoluxuriance.Istronglyfeltthatlifewaswakingafterbeingconfinedforthewholewinter,andmyheartwaspenetratedwithabrand-newfeeling.Theperseveringinflexibilityofthat,weak,yetindomitablegrass,showedaprimitivemagnificenceandbeautywhichhelpedmevividlyrealizetherealessenceandtruemeaningoflife.

这以后,沉寂的万千生命开始喧闹起来。那片小草,也纷纷地擎起了一面面青春的旗幡,

沐浴着春风,欣欣然地欢舞,自由自在歌唱。我的干涸已久的心田,被这一片碧绿种满了生机。

Afterwards,thethousandsofsilentandquietlivesbegantobustle.Andthegrass,liftinguptheirbannerofyouth,andbathedinthespringbreeze,dancedcheerfullyandsangtotheirheart'scontent.Myheart,whichhaddriedupforsolong,wasfilledwithvitalityfromthegreenmeadow.

于是,整个春天,这片青草地是我放牧心灵的绿洲,是我排遣尘间烦愁的安抚。看着草

儿们一天天秀茁,一如泰戈尔的诗句:"小草呀,你的足步虽小,但你却拥有你足下的土地",我也有脚踏实地的充盈,如同小草一般,拥有我足下的土地。

Then,forthewholespring,thegreenmeadowturnedtotheoasiswhereIsetmyheartoutforpastureanditbroughtmethecomfort,whichdivertedmefromthevexationsoftheworld.Watchingthegrassgrowstrongerandprettierdaybyday,IrecalledalinefromTagore'spoems:"Grass,smallasthypaceis,thouhaththyownlandunderthyfeet."AndIfeltIhadmyfeetplantedonthesolidgroundand,likethelittlegrass,ownedtheearthbeneathmyfeet.

下雪的日子里,我独自守在窗前,默诵雪莱那"如果冬天来了,春天还会远吗?"的名

句,看那一朵朵轻盈洁白的雪花,从铅灰色的冥空里无声地飘落下来,轻轻地覆盖在那片干枯的草地上,心想:那草儿来年一定会长得更茂盛的。

Duringthesnowingdays,standingalonebythewindow,IrecitedsilentlyShelley'sfamouslinesthat"Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind"Watchingthepure-white,gracefulsnowflakesfallinginsilencefromthelead-graysky,coveringgentlythewitheredmeadow,Ithoughtthatinthecomingyear,thegrasswouldflourish.

然而,那片给了我许多慰藉的青草地,已经永远从我的生活里消失了。消失于一次填湖

筑路,创造另一种形式的美的过程之中。那些小草被毁灭之前,一定为生存的权利抗争过吧!正如契诃夫《草原》里的小草一样:"她说她热烈地想活下去,她还年轻她会长得更美。"

Yet,themeadowthathadgivenmesomuchcomforthasforeverdisappearedfrommylife.Itdisappearedwhenapathwasconstructedtothemiddleofthelake―aprocessofcreatinganotherformofbeauty.Beforetheexterminationhowever,thegrassmusthavestruggledfortherighttoliveon!JustlikethegrassinChekov's"Prairie":"Shesaidsheearnestlywantedtoliveon,shewasstillyoung.Shewouldbemorebeautiful..."

但是,在力量悬殊的抗争之中,扼杀生命是易如反掌的事情。闭上眼,我能看到:那些

半死不活、凋萎的小草,正在悲凉恳切地诉说着讲到他们什么罪过也不曾有过,却要无辜地被人们毁灭掉

Butinthestruggleofgreatdisparityinstrength,itwasaseasyasturningone'shandovertostranglealife.Closingmyeyes,Icouldseethosehalf-dead,witheringgrasscomplainingwithgrief...thatthey'dneverdoneanythingwrong,yettheywouldbedestroyedbymaninnocently...

我不知道,那些善良的筑路人是否听到过草儿们哀怨的诉说?但我相信,那种哀怨的无声的诉说,一定是一种生命的绝唱!

Idon'tknowwhetherthosekindroad-buildershadeverheardthesadcomplaintofthegrass.ButIbelievethatthesilentgrievancemusthavebeenakindofswansongoflife!

如今,那条湖心小路蜿蜿蜓蜓,曲径通幽,有月光的夜里,树影婆娑。偶尔走在上面的

时候,只要想起那片青草地,想起那些曾经寄我情思、慰我心魂的小草,我的心中总有一股悲壮的感受,仿佛足踏在草儿们的尸骨上,听到脚下灵魂痛苦地呻吟叹息!

Now,thepathwindsitswaytothemiddleofthelake―leadingintotheprivacyandseclusion.Onmoonlitnights,theshadowsoftreesdanceinthebreeze.WhenIwalkonthepathoccasionally,thinkingofthatgreenmeadowandofthegrass,whereIplacedmyfeelingsandIwascomforted,Iwouldfeelsomethingmovingandtragicfillingupmyheart,asifIweretreadingontheremainsofthegrassandhearingthepainfulgroanandsighofitssoulundermyfeet!

我想:假如生命终结之后确有灵魂存在的话,那么,这世上呻吟叹息的又岂只是那些小

草的灵魂?

Ifasouldoesexistwhenalifecomestoanend,then,couldthesoulofthegrassbetheonlyonethatgroansandmoansontheearth

现在,早春有一次来临,静谧的湖畔里又有星星点点的鹅黄嫩绿,悄悄繁衍着生命的碧

翠。在历经自然和人类的双重肃杀之后,无数生命又将开始一个新的轮回。固然逝去的已经不复存在,而活着的又要为生命继续拼搏!

Now,earlyspringhasappearedoncemore,withflecksoflightyellowandsoftgreensilentlybreeding.Afterexperiencingthedoubledevastationofnatureandman,thousandsuponthousandsofliveswillstartanewsamsara.Althoughthedeceasedisoutofexistence,thelivingstillhastocontinuestrugglingforlife!

其实,生命这种东西轰轰烈烈也好,默默无闻也罢,归根结蒂,都不过是一种悲壮的过

程而已。正因为有了这种悲壮的过程,所以"太阳每天都是新的!"

Infact,infinalanalysis,life,beingdynamicorunknown,isnothingbutasolemnandstirringprocess.Yetjustbecauseofthissolemnandstirringprocess,"thesunisneweveryday!"

我因此时常怀想那片青草地。

Therefore,Ioftenthinkofthegreenmeadow.

(张晔译)

可爱的南京

NanjingtheBelovedCity南京,她有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩

。大都会特有的凝聚力,吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄,一逞豪彦。从孙权、谢安到洪秀全、孙中山,从祖冲之、葛洪到李时珍、郑和,从刘勰、萧统到曹雪芹、吴敬梓,从王羲之、顾恺之到徐悲鸿、傅抱石,还有陶行知、杨廷宝等等,中国历史上一批杰出的政治家、军事家、科学家、文学家、艺术家、教育家、建筑家等荟萃于此,在这块钟灵毓秀的土地上一圆他们的辉煌之梦。他们是中华民族的优秀儿女。巍巍钟山、滚滚长江养育了他们,为他们提供了施展抱负的舞台,他们也以自己的雄才大略、聪明智慧为中华民族的灿烂文明增添了流光溢彩的新篇章。

Nanjinghaswitnessedthecontinuousemergenceofmanydistinguishedtalentsandnobleheartsaswellasmonumentalachievementsthatshonethroughtheages.Attractedbyherspecialappeal,agreatnumberofpowerfulfiguresandpeopleactuatedbyhighidealshavestayedinorfrequentedthismetropolistocontendfortheleadortogiveplaytotheirgeniusandvirtues.MilitarycommanderssuchasSunQuanandXieAn;politicalleaderssuchasHongXiuquanandDr.SunYat-sen;scientistslikeZuChongzhi,GeHong,LiShizhenandZhengHe;menofletterssuchasLiuXie,XiaoTong,CaoXueqinandWuJingzi;artistslikeWangXizhi,GuKaizhi,XuBeihongandFuBaoshi;educatorssuchasTaoXingzhi;andarchitectslikeYangTingbao—alltheserenownedhistoricalfiguresusedtosettleonthisblessedlandtohavetheirsplendiddreamsfulfilled.ThetoweringPurpleMountainsandbillowingYangtzeRivernurturedthemandprovidedthemwitharenasinwhichtorealizetheiraspirations.Byvirtueoftheirgenius,vision,andsagacity,thesebestandbrightestsonsanddaughtersofthenationmadespectacularcontributionstotheresplendentChinesecivilization.

南京,她自新中国建立以来发生的巨大而深刻的变化更加令人欢欣鼓舞。"虎踞龙盘今胜昔,天翻地覆慨而慷"。

ThetremendouschangesthathavetakenplaceinNanjingsinceNewChinawasfoundedareevenmoreinspiring,justasthemuchquotedcoupletfromapoemwrittenbythelateChairmanMaoZedongontheoccasionoftheliberationofthecityonApril23,1949hasit:

Thecity,atigercrouching,adragoncurling,outshinesitsancientglories;Inheroictriumphheavenandearthhavebeenoverturned.

从1949年4月23日始,人民真正成为这座古老城市的主人。金陵回春,古城新生,昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾难,至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作,把古

城南京装扮得面貌一新。特别是近十几年来,改革开放又给这座美丽的名城注入了新的活力,崭新的工业、通达的运输、如画的城市建设、兴盛的第三产业、多彩的文化生活,都使这个具有古都特色的现代都市焕发出勃勃英姿。孙中山先生所预言的:"南京将来之发展未可限量也",正在逐步成为现实。

Balmyspringwindsreturnedtobringnewlifetothishistoriccity,ofwhichthecommonpeoplecametobethegenuinemasters.Thenightmarishsufferingsandhumiliationsofthepastwereleftbehindonceandforall.ThecitizensofNanjinghavebeenworkinghardtogivethisage-oldtownanewappearance.Especiallyforthepasttenyearsormore,thecountry'sreformandopening-uppolicyhasinfusednewvigorintothisbeautifulandfamouscity.Newlybuiltindustries,anefficienttransportationnetworkextendinginalldirections,picturesqueurbanconstruction,aboomingtertiaryindustry,avariedandcolorfulculturallife,alltheseandmoreaddedcharmandvitalitytothismodernmetropolis,whichretainssomehowtheambianceandfeaturesofanancientcapital.TheprophecyofDr.SunYat-senfatherofmodernChinathat"Nanjingwillhaveafuturethatknowsnobounds"isbecomingtrue.

南京,这座古老而又年轻的历史文化名城,是多么的可爱!

Nanjing,anoldcitywitharichandcelebratedpast,yetvigorousinhernewyouth—howlovelysheis!(柯平译)

霞冰心

TheRosyCloudbyBingxin四十年代初期,我在重庆郊外歌乐山闲居的时候,曾看到英文《读者文摘》上,有个很使我惊心的句子,是:Maytherebeenoughcloudsinyourlifetomakeabeautifulsunset.

Duringtheearly1940sIwaslivingaretiredlifeintheGeleMountainsinthesuburbsofChongqing(Chungking).Oneday,whilereadingtheEnglishlanguagemagazineReader'sDigestIfoundasentencethattouchedmegreatly.Itread:"Maytherebeenoughcloudsinyourlifetomakeabeautifulsunset."

我在一篇短文里曾把它译成:"愿你的生命中有够多的云翳,来造成一个美丽的黄昏。"

Inashortarticleofmine,Iquotedthissentenceandtranslateditas"Yuannideshengmingzhongyouguoduodeyunyi,laizaochengyigemeilidehuanghun."(literally:Maytherebeenoughcloudsinyourlifetomakeabeautifulsunset.)*

其实,这个sunset应当译成"落照"或"落霞"。

AsIseeitnow,theword"sunset"intheEnglishsentenceshouldhavebeentranslatedasluozhao(theglowatsunset)orluoxia(therosycloudatsunset),insteadofdusk.

霞,是我的老朋友了!我童年在海边、在山上,她都是我的最熟悉最美丽的小伙伴。她

每早每晚都在光明中和我说"早上好"或"明天见"。但我直到几十年以后,才体会到云彩更多,霞光才愈美丽。从云翳中外露的霞光,才是璀璨多彩的。

Shehasbeenmydearoldfriend,theRosyCloud!Shewasmyclosestandmostbeautifullittlecompanionwhen,inmychildhood,Iplayedonthebeachorinthehills.Bathedinthebrilliantsunshine,shewouldsaytome"Goodmorning!"atdawnand"Seeyoutomorrow!"atdusk.ButnotuntilseveraldecadeslaterdidIcometorealizethatthemorecloudstherearethemorebeautifultheraysofsunlightwillbe,andtheglowofthesunbreakingthroughthecloudsbecomesmostresplendentandcolorful.

生命中不是只有快乐,也不是只有痛苦,快乐和痛苦是相生相成,互相衬托的。

Lifecontainsneitherunalloyedhappinessnormeremisery.Happinessandmiserybeget,complementandsetoffeachother.

快乐是一抹微云,痛苦是压城的乌云,这不同的云彩,在你生命的天边重叠着,在"夕

阳无限好"的时候,就给你造成一个美丽的黄昏。

Happinessisawispoffleecycloud;miseryamassofthreateningdarkcloud.Thesedifferentcloudsoverlaponthehorizonofyourlifetocreateabeautifulduskforyouwhen"thesettingsunismostlovelyindeed."**

一个生命会到了"只是近黄昏"的时节,落霞也许会使人留恋、惆怅。但人类的生命是

永不止息的。地球不停地绕着太阳自转。东方不亮西方亮,我床前的晚霞,正向美国东岸的慰冰湖上走去

Anindividual'slifemustinevitablyreachthepointwhen"duskissonear,"***andtherosysunsetcloudmaymakeonenostalgicandmelancholy.Buthumanlifegoesonandon.TheEarthceaselesslyrotatesonitsaxisaroundthesun.Whenitisdarkintheeast,itislightinthewest.TherosysunsetcloudisnowsailingpastmywindowtowardsLakeWabanontheeastcoastofAmerica...

黎明前的北平

PredawnPeiping

天气一天比一天寒冷。北海公园的湖上已经结了厚厚的冰层,马路两旁树木上的叶子已经落尽了,只有光秃秃的树枝在寒风中瑟瑟颤抖着。

Itwasgettingcolderwitheachpassingday.ThelakeinBeihaiParkwascoveredwithathicklayerofice.Theroadsidetreeshadbeenstrippedoftheirfoliage,leavingtheirbarebranchesandtwigsshiveringinthebitingwind.

北平已被强大的人民解放军包围,城门紧闭,粮食、蔬菜、鱼肉都运不进来。我们吃着

早已准备的酱萝卜,有时也用黄豆泡豆芽。

PeipinghadbeenbesiegedbythepowerfulPLAforces.Thecitygateswereshuttightandsuppliesofgrain,vegetables,fishandmeatwerecutoff.Wehadtomakedowiththepickledturnipswehadlaidinlongbeforehandandsometimesatehome-grownsoybeansproutsinstead.

时不时可以听见解放军的炮声。但是北平城内还有着数量庞大的国民党军队,虽然已如

瓮中之鳖,但如果负隅顽抗,仍将给人民的生命财产造成巨大损失。何去何从?急待抉择。当时,统率这批军队的傅作义将军在无可奈何的情况下,邀请了北平的一些学者名流,征询意见。

NowandthenthePLAartillerywasheardboomingwhileentrenchedinsidethecitywereanenormousnumberofKuomintangtroops.Thoughbottledupliketurtlesinajar,theycouldneverthelesscauseatremendouslossoflifeandpropertytothelocalinhabitantsshouldtheyputupalast-ditchresistance.Tosurrenderornottosurrender―thatwasthequestionawaitingpromptsolutionbyGeneralFuZuoyi,thenincommandoftheKMTtroops.Facedwiththedilemma,theGeneralwasobligedtocallinsomelocalscholarsandcelebritiesforconsultation.

会场设在中南海内,空气异常严肃紧张。傅作义将军作了简短的致词,表示愿意虚心听

TheymetinZhongnanhaiamidstanextremelysolemnandtenseatmosphere.GeneralFumadeabriefopeningaddress,inwhichheexpressedhiswillingnesstolistenwithanopen

mindtoallopinions.Thereupon,allwasquietexceptforthetick-tockoftheclockonthewall.Foralongwhile,thewholegatheringkeptsilentandlookedquestioninglyfromonetoanotherwitheyesfullofmisgivings.TheywereafraidtheycouldgetthemselvesintogreattroublebyspeakinginfavorofthepeacefulliberationofPeiping.

最后,沉默的空气还是被打破了。许多人纷纷发言,热烈希望傅作义将军以北平人民的

安全和保护故都文化胜迹为重,尽量争取早日和平解放北平。

Atlonglast,however,silencewasbrokenwhenmanybegantospeakuponeafteranothertourgetheGeneraltogivefirstprioritytoprotectingthelocalpeopleandtheculturalrelicsoftheonetimecapital,andthereforedoeverythinghecouldtoensureapeacefulsolutionassoonaspossible.

傅作义将军一直耐心而认真地听着大家的发言。最后,他站起来,表示感谢大家直言不

讳。

TheGeneral,whohadbeenlisteningwithpatienceandattention,finallyrosetohisfeettothankeverybodyforspeakingtheirmindsplainly.会后,人们奔走相告,感到北平和平解放

的希望越来越大,漫长的黑夜终于即将过去。

Afterthemeeting,peoplelostnotimeinspreadingthegoodnews,feelingmoreandmorehopefulofthepeacefulliberationofPeipingandthefinalspeedyconclusionofthelongdark

night.(张培基译)

老来乐金克木

DelightsinGrowingOldbyJinKemu六十整岁望七十岁如攀高山。不料七十岁居然过了。又想八十岁是难于上青天,可望不可及了。岂知八十岁又过了。老汉今年八十二矣。这是照传统算法,务虚不务实。现在不是提倡尊重传统吗

AttheageofsixtyIlongedforalifespanofseventy,agoalasdifficultasasummittobereached.WhowouldexpectthatIhadreacheditThenIdreamedoflivingtobeeighty,atargetinsightbutasinaccessibleasHeaven.Outofmyanticipation,Ihadhitit.Asamatteroffact,Iamnowanoldmanofeighty-two.SuchlongevityisagrantbestowedbyNature;thoughnominalandnotreal,yetitconformstoourtradition.Isitnotadvocatedtopayrespecttonowadays

老年多半能悟道。孔子说"天下有道"。老子说"道可道"。《圣经》说"太初有道"。

佛教说"邪魔外道"。我老了,不免胡思乱想,胡说八道,自觉悟出一条真理:老年是广阔天地,是可以大有作为的。

AnoldmanissaidtounderstandtheWaymostprobably:theWayofgoodadministrationasputforthbyConfucius,theWaythatcanbeexplainedassuggestedbyLaotzu,theWord(Way)

intheverybeginningaswrittenintheBibleandtheWayofpagansasdenouncedbytheBuddhists.AsIamgrowingold,Ican'thelpbeinggiventoflightsoffancyandhavingmyownWayofcreatingstories.HoweverIhavecometorealizethetruth:myoldageservesasavastworldinwhichIcanstillhavemytalentsemployedfullyanddevelopedcompletely.

七十岁开始可以诸事不做而拿退休金,不愁没有一碗饭吃,自由自在,自得其乐。要看

书可以随便乱翻。金庸、梁羽生、克里斯蒂、松本清张,从前哪能拜读现在可以了。随看随忘,便扔在一边。无忧无虑,无人打扰,不必出门而自有天地。真是无限风光在老年。

AttheageofseventyIbeganmyretirement,inwhichIcanrelyonmyold-agepensionforaliving,freefrommyburdenoftheboringroutinesIusedtobear,andleadalifecarefreeandcontended.AsforreadingIcan,now,chooseatmyownwilltothumbthroughanythingtowhileawaythetime.IcanfindtimetoreadanythingthatIdidn'tusedto,forinstance,suchtime-killersasthosecreatedbyJinYong,LiangYusheng,ChristieandSeichoMatsummoto.Idon'thavetokeeptheminmindandquitthemasIseefit.Therebeingnoworryanddisturbance,Ineednottravelfarinmyownworldsovast.Trueitisthatthemostsplendidviewmaybefoundinoldage!

偶尔有人来,不论男女老少认识不认识,天南地北,天上地下,天文地理,谈天说地,

百无禁忌。我的话匣子一开,激光磁盘便响个不停,滔滔不绝。无奈我闲人忙,听众逐渐稀少,终于门庭冷落,只剩一屋子广阔天地,任我独往独来,随意挥洒。

OccasionallyIhadsomevisitors,maleorfemale,oldoryoung,acquaintedandunacquainted.Wecouldchatabouteverythinginthenorthorinthesouth,inthespaceoratthecore,relatedtoastronomyorgeography,intheHeavenorintheHellandtherewerenotaboosforusatall.WheneverIbroketheiceIbegantopourmywords,inaflowofeloquence,ascontinuouslyasalaserdisc.Unfortunately,Iwasjoblesswhiletheyweresobusythattheyalmostmeltedawayuntilfewknockscameatthedoorandtheworldbecamevacantagain.NowIalonecanoccupyitandgomyownway.

打开电视,又是一番新气象。古今中外,赤道南极,变幻莫测。真能坐地日行八万里。

忽而庄严说教,忽而插科打诨,忽而高歌一曲,忽而舞步翩翩。帝王将相,牛鬼蛇神,无不具备,应有尽有,场面各有不同。主持人个个精神焕发。服装表演件件花样翻新。足球射门中的。篮球投篮不空。马家军飒爽英姿。大歌星真人假唱。忽然出现红顶花翎,拖着辫子,仿佛我的一百四十岁的父亲复活。他不辞辛苦跑到北京来对宣统皇帝磕头。我却曾在大庭广众中对溥仪先生点头问好。真是一代不如一代,一代胜过一代。正在得意之间,不料长袍马褂已变成西装革履。长发长袜,飘来跳去,三点泳装耀眼生辉。眼睛耳朵实在招架不住,那就下令暂停,闭目养神去也。

WhenIturnontheTVset,someothernewscenescomeintomysight,forexample,the

这正是:

小屋之中天地阔,老年无事是忙人。

Soitiswellsaid:

Theworldisvastthoughinthehouseverysmall;Theoldbecomejobless,yetnowmostactiveofall.

(集体讨论,萧立明执笔)

可贵的"他人意识"

CallingforanAwarenessofOthers上世纪中叶的中国式"集体主义",自从在世纪末之前,逐渐分解以及还原为对个人和个体的尊重,初步建立起个人的权益保障系统之后,"我们"——这个在计划经济时代使用频率极高的词,已被更为普遍的"我"所代替。我喜欢说"我",也因此欣赏其他的那些"我"。如果没有"我"的确立,没有无数"我"的合作,"我们"必定是空洞、脆弱、空心化以至于不堪一击的

Shortlybeforetheturnofthenewcentury,thecollectivismthathadbeenhauntingChinasincethe1950swentbankrupt,givingwaytorespectforindividuality,andtheprotectionofindividualrightswasinitiallyinstitutionalized.Thepluralform"we,"usedubiquitouslyintheeraofplannedeconomy,hasbeenwidelyreplacedbythesingularform"me."Ilovetotalkabout"myself,"andIhavelearnttoadmirethoseother"selves."Withouttheassertionofindividuality,withoutthecooperationofavastnumberofindividuals,theideaof"we"isboundtobemeaningless,fragile,andvulnerable.

然而,在"我"和"我们"之间,是以"他人"作为连接点的。"我"因"他人"

而成为"我";"我们"因"他人"而成为"我们"。当"我们"过度地强化、放大"我",而舍弃"他人"的时候,"我"便处于四面受敌的孤立无援之中。在我们的传统习性中,"他人"这一概念,更多的情况下,只是一种被供奉的虚设牌位。我们的成语中曾有"以邻为壑"一词,可以佐证;有"只扫自家门前雪,哪管他人瓦上霜"的谚语,可以证言。即便在集体主义理想教育最为鼎盛之时,"他人"不仅未能成为国人的自觉意识,"他人"反而意味着告密、背叛、异己、危险、离间等等。这种体制下的集体主义文化,终于导致了"他人即地狱"的严酷后果。闻"他人"而心颤,近"他人"而丧胆。也许正是由于对"他人"的恐惧,"文革"之后,"我们"迅速土崩瓦解,"我"自仰天长啸—

—而"他人"却不得不退出公众的视线,淡化为一个可有可无的虚词,成为公民道德的模糊地带。

However,"others"formthenexusbetween"me"and"us."ItisthroughothersthatIbecomemyself.Itisthroughothersthatwebecomeourselves.When"we"over-emphasizeandmagnify"myself"attheexpenseofothers,"I"willendupdefenseless,exposedtoallkindsofslingsandarrows.Ourtradition,moreoftenthannot,onlyplayslipservicetotheideaof"others."Forevidence,wecancitetheidiom"Divertthefloodtotheneighbor’scourtyard,"aswellastheproverb"Mindyourbusinessandpaynoheedtotherestoftheworld."Evenwhentheindoctrinationofcollectivismapproacheditsclimax,respectfor"others"neverinfiltratedintooverawareness;instead,theword"others"oftenimpliedbetrayal,alienation,danger,andestrangement.Thisinstitutionalizedcollectivismusheredindisastrousconsequences,asexpressedbythecatchphrase"Hellisotherpeople."Therefore,weshudder

andpanicatthemerementionof"others."Itisprobablyduetothisphobiaofothersthatthehegemonyof"us"collapsedovernightaftertheCulturalRevolution.Eachonenowassertshimselfaggressively,while"others"stepoutofthelimelight,reducedtobeinganemptyword,aninsignificantparticle,atbestofquestionablemoralvalue.

五十年代以来,人口的高速增长,造成生存空间的高密度化;人口压力长期形成经

济发展与卫生保健的沉重负担;部分农村以及偏远地区的计划生育仍然阻力重重。"我"生我的娃,关你什么样事?在人口问题上,可有"他人"的意识么?餐馆大肆收购、杀戮、烹煮野生动物为牟取暴利;食客面不改色食用野生动物以饱"口福"或炫耀财富;官吏不惜以野生珍稀动物作为最高规格的宴席;"贿赂"上级领导为自己铺设升官晋级的阶梯——在这个破坏自然生态的"人链"中,可有"他人"的位置么?长期以来,城市与乡村的公共卫生系统始终没有得到真正重视:办公室的脏乱差、公共场所的日常消毒防护、公共厕所的洗手设备、污水处理、生活垃圾等等。但公共卫生的管理者与被管理者的心态,却有着惊人的共识:这又不是我一个人的事情。在这些被忽略的公共卫生死角中,可有"他人"的概念?日积累月的民众生活卫生习惯中,沉淀下多少恶习陋性——随地吐痰、随地大小便、随地抛弃果皮塑料袋、就餐分餐制难以推行、酒后驾车、公共场所吸烟等等"我们"的传统文化是"不患寡,患不均"——在这利益与灾祸均享均沾、"同甘共苦"的行为惯性中,可有愿为"他人"避免灾祸而自控自律的一份责任感?

Yet,howmanybadhabitsarestillembeddedinourtime-honoredcustomsSpittingrandomly,urinatinganddefecatinginpublicplaces—justnameafew.Outtraditionteachesusthat"notpaucityinprovision,butunequaldistribution,isthesourceofanxiety."Doesthisblindfaithinequaldistribution,orfecklessandtorpidcommunitarianismalternatively,leaveanyroomforself-disciplineandasenseofresponsibilitytowardsothers

我们似乎一直在无意中铺设着迎接它到来的无障碍通道。然而,在公共领域里,"零

距离"是有害的。距离便是"他人",而"他人"即社会公德。因为在这个世界上,除了"你"和"我"之外,地球上更多存在的是陌生的"他"——"他人",还有"它"

——与人类共存的动物朋友们。正是为了"我"的安全与自由,请不要再"唯我独尊",而多些对"他人"的关爱吧。"我"的自由是他人自由的终结。而他人的自由,最终才能成全"我"的自由。

Infact,weseemtohavebeenbuildingup,quiteunwittingly,theroyalroadtotheapocalypse.Nevertheless,"zerodistance"isharmfulinthepublicdomain.Distanceimpliesanawarenessofothers,whichisthefoundationofanypublicmorality.Inthisworld,besides"you"and"me,"thereexistaninfinitenumberofothers,bothhumanandnonhuman,includingouranimalneighbors.Therefore,forthesakeofthesecurityandfreedomofallindividuals,letuscurbouregocentrism,andtrytoshowyourconcernforothers.Rememberthissoberingtruth:therecklessfreedomofone’sownleadstothedestructionofthefreedomofothers,withoutwhichnorealfreedomispossibleforall.

教孩子相信

ToImplantInOurChildren’sYoungHeartsAnUndyingFaithIn

Humanity

今天,直率的年轻人对我说,你们50年代的人背负了"读书报国、以天下为己任"的十字架,但是我们新时代的人,对不起,不想背你们的十字架。我们唯一的十字架是如何在成千上万yahoo交友的照片中,找到一个自己最顺眼的伴。

Somebluntyoungpeoplesaytomenowadays,"You1950sbunchbearthiscrosslikemartyrs

—theentirenationalwaysonyourmind,everyreadytoserveitwithyourschooling.Usteens,however,don’twanttobesquashedunderthatburden.Theonlyworrieswehavearehowtocatch,fromamongtheloadsofsingles’picsonYahoo,someoneattractiveenoughtodate."

我哑然失笑。

Thuschallenged,Icanhardlyholdbackachuckle.谁说我们这一代人都是忧国忧民呢?大学时代,有那么多同龄人选择过自己的日子:整天打麻将的、通宵跳舞的、到处找顺眼伴侣的、出了国酒誓死不归的、吃喝玩乐无所不为的不管哪个时代,认真地心怀家国社会的总是少数,那少数中学而有成的,又是少数;学而有成海对家国之思持之以恒而且加以实践的,更是少数中的少数。社会的进步,是这些少数执著的人锲而不舍的推动

,发挥影响而造成的。大多数的人,就搭了进步的便车,顺势前行。

WhosaysmypeerswereonlyconcernedaboutthecountryBackinmyuniversitydays,manyofthemalsochosetoliveacheerful,carefreelife,playingmahjongallday,dancingallnight,lookingalloverfora"presentable"boyfriendorgirlfriend.Others,onceabroad,sworenevertoreturntotheirhomeland.Stillothersactedonthehedonisticmottoof"Eat,drinkandbemerry"andforgotallaboutlife’snobleraims…Inanyera,thosewhodevotethemselvestothegoodoftheircompatriotsandsocietyasawhole,arebutafewtostartwith.Amongthem,thosewhohavedonewellintheirstudiesareevenfewer.Asforthosewhoactuallyliveuptothatideal,theyareextremelyrare.However,humansocietywouldnothavemadeallofitsadvanceswithoutthepainstakingeffortorpositiveinfluenceofsuchpeople—everyoneelsejustmuddlesalong.

不必谈社会制度的进步,即使只是一个灯光迷炫、乐鼓沸腾的酒吧舞场,也不会凭空而来。在舞场存在以前,有人努力过,使这样的狂欢文化被容许而不是被取缔。然后,在"狂欢"的背后,必须有人制定法规,有人做消防检查,有人处理噪音,有人组织音响,有人筹备乐队,有人清理垃圾,有人设计下水道

Let’sbrushasideforamomentthequestionofhowtoadvancesocietyingeneral.Evenabrilliantlylitdisco,alotoffunwithfastpulsatingmusic,doesnotcomeoutofnowhere.It’s

availablebecausesomeoneoranotherpushedrealhardtopermitratherthanbansuch"festiveculture."Yetbehindthescenes,unsungheroesarecalledintodrawuprulesandregulations,checkthefirefightingequipment,adjusthenoiselevel,setupthesoundsystem,organizetheband,orsimplydumptrashormakesurethesewageruns.

现在的社会,是不是一个没有问题以至于年轻人无可发挥的社会?怎么可能?贫富不

均、是非混淆、公平与正义不明、权力与责任的规则混乱我看见的是一个更为复杂、更难理解、需要更高智慧去面对的未来。沉重的"十字架",不管是哪一个年代,总是在的;愿意看见它而且去背负它的人,不管是哪一个时代,哪一个"世代",总是少数人。重点是,那少数人不能没有。搭便车是容易的,但总得有人开车,而且是清醒地开,因为上车的可能是一群尽情完成自我、狂欢归来的醉客。

IssocietytodaysobereftofproblemsastoleavenospaceforyoungmenandwomentoplayaroleinitOfcoursenot.Takealookaround,andyouseetheever-wideninggapbetweenrichandpoor,theblurringofthedistinctionbetweenrightandwrong,thediminishingvalueplacedonjusticeorfairness,andtheperplexityofrulesgoverningpowerandaccountability.WhatIseeisamoreintricate,bewilderingfuture,whichcallsforhigherwisdombeforeanysolutioniseverlikelytoemerge.Across,heavyasitis,isalwaysthere—notwithstandingthefactthatjustatinybunchofpeopleeverbothertoseeandhearit,regardlessoftheireraorgeneration.Thecruxisthatsuchaminorityisatanyrateindispensable.Thoughitiseasytocatchafreeride,someonehastodrivethevehicle,especiallysomeonesober,becausethepassengersmightbesomeself-absorbeddrunksjustbackfromyetanotherorgiasticfrenzy.

要建立让孩子世世代代生长的信心。我们需要"相信":相信政治人物有品格,相信文

明的不可或缺,相信自己脚踩的土地有人灌溉,相信沉重的十字架有人背起,相信在翻来覆去喧哗浮躁的潮流中还是有一些恒久不变的东西,怎么颠倒都不被腐蚀,譬如责任、品格、道德、勇气。

Itisessentialtoimplantinourchildren’syoungheartsanundyingfaithinhumanity.Wemustdevelopourowntrust—thatpoliticalleadersareethicallyandmorallyupright,thatcivilizationisbasictoourverysurvival,thattheearthunderourfeetisamplyirrigatedandaheavycrossbravelyborne.Wemustbelievethatbeneaththeclutterandchaosofthistreacherousworldliethingsthatneverdecay,despiteconstanterosion—matterssuchasresponsibility,integrity,moralfortitudeandcourage

AestheticEducationandNationalProgress

[1]ThediminutionofemphasisontheartsandthehumanitiesandthecorrespondingincreasedemphasisonbusinessandSTEMdisciplines(Science,Technology,Engineering,andMath)hasresultedinanormativeconceptionofnationalprogressthatexcludesaestheticeducation.Inthisessay,Iarguethataestheticeducatorsshouldchallengethenormativeunderstandingofnationalprogress.(Inthehumanities,aestheticeducatorstypicallyareeducatorsofEnglish,foreignlanguagesandliterature,philosophy,arthistoryandfilmstudies.)Tothisend,IcallattentiontothewritingsoftheFrenchphilosopherGermainedeStal(1766-1817)becauseintheadaptationofhernotionofprogressliespossiblehopeforthefutureofthehumanitiesandthearts.

[2]IncontemporaryAmericansociety,nationalprogressismoreoftenthannotequatedwithjobcreation,andjobcreationislinkedtoadvancementinbusinessandtheSTEMdisciplines.Forexample,inhis2012acceptancespeechafterthenationalelection,PresidentObamacalledfortheUnitedStatestoremaintheleaderinscienceandtechnology,andthenheexclaimed,"America,Ibelievewecanbuildontheprogresswe'vemadeandcontinuetofightfornewjobsandnewopportunitiesandnewsecurityforthemiddleclass."

[3]Lipserviceispaidtocivicresponsibilityanditsroleinnationalprogress,whilefederalandstategovernments,aswellasinstitutionsofhighereducation,drasticallycutbudgetsand/orentireprogramsinthehumanitiesandthearts.Aestheticeducatorsknowthatthesecutswill,inthelongterm,bedevastatingtocivilsocietybecausethehumanitiesandtheartsarepreciselytheprogramsthatconveyculturalcapital.Moreprecisely,theycultivateinstudentsthecriticaljudgmentandtheindependenceofthoughtneededtobeabletomakeinformeddecisionsabouttheirplaceincivilsociety.Giventhenumberofindicatorsthatpointtoadeclineinpublicandinstitutionalsupportforthehumanitiesandthearts,however,ithasbecomeeasyforaestheticeducatorstobecomedemoralized,feelirrelevant,andevenbelievethatwe,infact,havelittleornoroleinnationalprogress.

[4]Asexamplesofindicatorsthatpointtotheincreasingirrelevanceofthehumanities,inFY2014,theappropriationstoboththeNationalEndowmentfortheHumanities(NEH)andtheNationalEndowmentfortheArts(NEA)werecutby13percentfromtheirpeak2010numbers,whiletheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)appropriationsincreasedbyalmost4percentfrom2010.Perhapsthe13percentcutwouldnothavebeensoshockingiftheNEHandNEAallocationsdidnotrepresentamere2percentofthetotalNSFallocation.Thepillisevenhardertoswallowwhenoneconsidersthat,in1979,theNEHandtheNEA,respectively,receivedfundingequivalenttoapproximately16percentoftheNSF.

[5]Salariesrepresentasecondmeasureofthediminishingconsiderationforthehumanitiesandtheartswithinuniversitystructures.TheOklahomaFacultySurveybyDiscipline,astudythatsurveysthesalariesofprofessorsat114"ResearchUniversity/VeryHighResearchActivity"institutions,listsaveragesalariesforallranksoftenure-trackfacultyinanumberofdisciplines.Accordingtothe2013-14study,theaveragesalaryofafacultymemberintheartswas$71,463;inEnglish,

[6]Asdemoralizingastheperceivedirrelevanceofartsandhumanitieseducationmaybeandasdisappointingasourattemptstoarticulateourrelevancehavebeen,wemaybeabletobegintofindhopeandpurposeinreneweddebatearoundhowwethinkabout"progress"and,moreprecisely,theroleofaestheticeducationin"progress".ThewritingsofGermainedeStalareparticularlyilluminatingbecausetheysituateaestheticeducationsquarelyintheprogressofthenationandhavebearingonthedilemmafacingthehumanitiesandtheartstoday.Herprescientphilosophyturnsthedefinitionofprogressonitsheadandcouldgiveaestheticeducatorsapowerfultooltofightfortheincreasedrelevanceandvitalityofthehumanitiesandtheartsinthebroadernotionofprogress.

[7]GermainedeStal’snotionofprogress—namely,thealignmentoftheperfectibilityofthehumanmind(accretionofknowledge)withtheperfectibilityofthehumanspecies(interplaybetweenindividualmoralityandpublicmorality)—hasdirectbearingonthedifficultiesthatweasaestheticeducatorsarehavingtodayinarticulatingouressentialroleinnationalprogress.Obviously,bothtypesofprogress(perfectibilityofthehumanmindandperfectibilityofthehumanspecies)areessentialtotheprogressofthenation,butGermainedeStalarguesconvincinglythattheymustalign.AestheticeducatorsmightthusremindthepublicthatbusinessandtheSTEMdisciplinesneitherhaveastheirmandatethewatchfulalignmentofindividualandpublicmorality(thevectorthatguaranteesfreedomandthecontinualperfecting

ofthenation)nordotheyhaveastheirdirectiveresistanceagainstdogma.Furthermore,investmentinSTEMattheexpenseoftheartsandthehumanitiesparallelstheEnlightenment’sobsessionwithprogressasdefinedastheconservationandaccretionofempiricalknowledgeandmaterialgain.Thisobsession,atleastinGermainedeStal’sview,contributedtotheneglectoftheinteriormorallifeoftheindividual.It,furthermore,diminishedemphasisonmoralresponsibilityandindependenceofjudgment,whichconsequentlyledtoincreasedpartisanship,culminatinginthefanaticismoftheReignofTerror.WhileitishardtoimaginetheadventofaReignofTerrorintheUnitedStates,itcanbearguedthatobsessionwithunbridledadvancementinscienceandbusinessattheexpenseofaestheticeducationcouldleadtotheweakeningofindividualmorality—definedbyStalasthedevotiontofreedom,humanrights,andthepossibilityofcollectivehappinessforall.

[8]IfGermainedeStalwerealivetoday,shemightarguethatthesolutiontoourcurrenthumanitiesandartscrisisisarelativelysimpleone.First,arguefornationalprogresstobeunderstoodasthealignmentoftheperfectibilityofthehumanmindwiththeperfectibilityofthehumanspecies.Scientificadvancementattheexpenseofthewatchfulalignmentofindividualandpublicmoralityposesathreattothestabilityofournation.Consequently,anycallfornationalprogressmustincludesufficientsupportofandfundingforpreciselythedisciplines(thehumanitiesandthearts)thathavethisalignmentastheirmandate.Secondly,encourageeducationalmodelsthatallowforthecombinationofa"useful"subjectthatcontributestoaknowledge-basedeconomyandasubjectinwhichtheywillreceiveanaestheticeducation.

注:根据大赛所设项目,本汉语原文可被译为英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、

阿拉伯语,参赛者可任选一项或多项。

春节,让世界感知中华文化

在澳大利亚,当地知名巧克力制造商为庆祝中国农历新年,特地推出了小猪造型的巧克力;在阿根廷,"欢乐春节"庙会已经成为当地的"新节日";在芬兰,人们观看舞龙舞狮表演,与中国同步庆贺新年刚刚过去的春节假期,不仅中国涌动着浓浓的年味,全球也都遍布着中国元素,洋溢着中国年的气息。

春节文化在世界竞相绽放,为外国人带去不一样的生活烟火与文化意趣。喝一碗腊八粥,体验"过了腊八就是年";穿一身红衣,讨个红红火火的好彩头;逛一场庙会,感受中国春节热闹的氛围。不断"走出去"的春节文化,为世界节日文化带去独特的风景;在"身临其境"中领略中国文化,也为各国人民观察和感知中国打开了一扇窗口。世界对中国充满兴趣、对中华文化更加认同,这其中既有文明交往的需求,可能也不乏经济的联系、市场的驱动,但从根本上说,还是因为中国综合国力的不断增强、中华文化影响力的不断提升。

文化不只是生活方式,更是一种精神理念。如今,越来越多外国人被中国的传统习俗所吸引,也为中华文化传递出来的价值理念和精神追求所触动。春联、窗花、爆竹,年夜饭、守岁酒、拜年送福,这些带着强烈仪式感的习俗,寄寓着中国人对美好生活的希冀、对家庭价值的坚守、对团圆共享的追求。而无论身在哪里、说着何种语言,这些朴素的情感,都是人们内心共同的祈愿。所以,第一次写春联的英国小伙,会对着手机里保存的汉字一笔一画地写下"幸福"和

"爱";对中国书法充满新奇的摩洛哥姑娘,也坚持要为家里每个人都求个毛笔字。春节文化能够跨越山海,正在于它串起了人们心中共同的情愫。

英国哲学家罗素说过,"中国至高无上的伦理品质中的一些东西,现代世界极为需要"。中华优秀传统文化所蕴含的思想观念、人文精神、道德规范,不仅涵养了中国人的精神生活、架构起中华民族的心灵空间,也对解决人类共同面临的问题具有重要价值。从"道法自然""天人合一"的发展理念,到"协和万

邦""讲信修睦"的世界想象,再到"同舟共济""休戚与共"的命运共同体意识,这些由中华优秀传统文化不断滋养润泽的伦理品质,在世界各地激发更多共鸣,为解决人类共同面临的问题提供了"新的可能"。这正是春节文化在世界各地广受欢迎的深层次原因。

当然,今天中国文化"走出去",不只要宣介优秀传统文化,还要传播优秀当代文化,展示当代中国的发展进步、当代中国人的精彩生活。今年春节期间,不少展现新形象、新风采的活动走出国门,让国外民众眼前一亮。比如,"欢乐中国年·魅力京津冀"活动亮相美国洛杉矶,让当地人近距离了解到京津冀协同发展的成果;点亮2022冬奥主题文化活动走进瑞士,与雪国人民一起见证中国的"冰雪奇缘"与"3亿人上冰雪"的憧憬与努力。而中国图书"越洋"、影视节目"出海"以及各种海外公益与志愿服务,也与春节文化相得益彰,让"走出去"的中国故事、中国文化更加鲜活生动,为国外民众呈现一个更加立体、更加全面、更加丰富的中国。

"共欢新故岁,迎送一宵中"。中华文化积淀着中华民族最深沉的精神追求,是中华民族生生不息、发展壮大的丰厚滋养。以春节文化"走出去"为契机,把更多优秀中华文化推向世界,让其"活起来""热起来",我们就能不断增强中华文化的世界感召力,为解决人类问题贡献更多中国智慧。

英译汉参考译文

审美教育与国家进步

人文艺术渐受冷落,而商科和理工学科(STEM,指科学、技术、工程、数学等)却愈发受到重视,形成了一种将审美教育排除在外的国家进步观。本文认为审美教育者应当对国家进步的这一习惯性理解提出挑战。(在人文领域,审美

教育者通常指英文、外国语言文学、哲学、艺术史和影视研究等学科工作者。)

在当今美国社会,国家进步通常等同于创造就业机会,而创造就业机会又与商科、理工学科的发展联系在一起。例如,2012年全国大选后,奥巴马总统在

胜选演说中呼吁美国继续保持在科学技术领域的领先地位。他大声疾呼:"国民们,我坚信我们可以在已有进步的基础上,继续为中产阶级争取新的工作、新的机遇和新的安全保障。"

的削减尚不至于如此令人震惊。联想到1979年,国家人文基金会和国家艺术基

金会获得的资金分别占到国家科学基金会总额的16%,这粒苦药就更难下咽了。

人文艺术学科受重视程度减弱的第二个衡量指标是高等教育机构的薪酬。"俄克拉荷马大学(学科)教职人员调查"涵盖了114所"研究型大学/顶级研究机构"的教授薪酬,列出了各个学科各级终身教职人员的平均薪资。2013-2014年

的研究表明,艺术学科教员的平均年薪是71,463美元;英文类,76,627美元;哲学、宗教研究类,81,971美元;物理科学类,102,636美元;工程学类,114,827美元;商业管理类,139,093美元。与2011—2012年度相比,2013—2014年度,物理科学类、工程学类和商业管理类的薪酬同比有所增长,而艺术、英文和

哲学等学科则有所下降。如果说薪酬受市场驱动,那么人文艺术的市场需求显然

步"中的作用展开辩论。斯达尔夫人的著述摆正了美育在国家进步中的位置,直

指当今人文艺术领域面临的困境,因而尤具启发意义。她的哲学思想颇有远见,颠覆了"进步"的定义,可以为审美教育者提供有力武器,拓展"进步"的概念内涵,提升人文艺术的重要性和生命力。

在斯达尔夫人看来,进步就是个体心智的可完善性(知识积累)与人类物种

的可完善性(即个体道德与公共道德相互作用)相互统一,这对于解决审美教育者阐明我们在国家进步中的关键作用时面临的困难有着直接的指导意义。显然,个体心智的可完善性与人类物种的可完善性这两种"进步"类型对国家进步都至关重要。斯达尔夫人认为二者必须统一,其观点令人信服。因此,审美教育者可以提醒公众,商科和理工学科既不训练学生保持警醒,追求个体与公共道德的统一(这是确保自由与国家日臻完善的矢量),也不教导他们抵制教条。此外,以人文艺术为代价,增加对理工学科的投入,这种做法和启蒙运动时期对"进步"的执念并无二致,当时的"进步"是指保护和积累经验知识与物质财富。至少在斯达尔夫人看来,这种偏执忽视了个体内在的道德生活,进而降低了对道德责任感和独立判断能力的重视程度,使党派偏见与日俱增,最终酿成法国大革命恐怖统治时期的狂热局面。尽管很难想象美国会发生"恐怖统治",但是我们可以说,以牺牲审美教育为代价,毫无节制地追求科学和商业的进步,终将削弱个体道德

—斯达尔夫人将其定义为献身自由、人权和造福全民的可能性。

如果斯达尔夫人今天依然健在,她或许会说,解决目前人文艺术学科的危机并非难事。首先,要将国家进步理解为个体心智的可完善性和人类物种的可完善性的统一。科学进步若以牺牲具有警醒作用的个体与公共道德的统一为代价,则会对国家稳定造成威胁。因此,呼吁国家进步就必须对追求这种完美统一的学科

—人文艺术学科—提供足够的支持和充足的经费。其次,要鼓励致力于知识经济的"有用"学科与获得审美教育的学科相结合的教育模式。

汉译英参考译文

SpringFestival:ChineseCulturalExperiencefortheWorld

InAustralia,afamouschocolatemanufacturerlaunchedaspeciallineofpiglet-shapedchocolatetousherintheChineseLunarNewYearofthePig.InArgentina,atemplefairthemed"FelizAoNuevoChino"hasbecomelocalizedasanewjamboree.InFinland,peoplerejoicedoverdragonandliondancestocelebratetheLunarNewYearinsyncwithpeopleinChina....InthelastSpringFestivalHoliday,notonlydidChinabrimoverwithastrongfestiveflavor,buttherestoftheworldalsoglowedwithradiantChineseculturalelementsandexudedtheatmosphereoftheChineseNewYear.

TheSpringFestivalcultureisflourishingallovertheworld,bringingforeignersexoticwayoflifeandculturalfun.HavingabowlofLabaporridgeontheeighthdayofthelastorthetwelfthChineselunarmonth,theyhavecometounderstandasayingfromaballad:"TheSpringFestivalisaroundthecornersoonafterLaba."Wearingredoutfits,theybestowauspiciousblessingstoothersinreturnforgoodluck.Potteringaroundatemplefair,theyenjoyajollyairoffestivity.Thegoing-globalSpringFestivalculturehasgivenauniquesplashofcolortotheworld.Engagingforeignersinthiscelebration,ithasalsoopenedawindowforthemtoobserveandfeelChina.TheworldwideinterestinandgrowingrecognitionofChinesecultureareattributablenotonlytotheneedforcommunicationbetweencivilizationsbutalsoprobablytotheireconomictiesandmarketstimuli.However,thisrestsfundamentallyonChina’senhancedcomprehensivenationalstrengthandculturalinfluence.

Cultureisnotonlyawayoflifebutalsoaspiritualbelief.AnincreasingnumberofforeignersnowadaysarefascinatedbytraditionalChinesecustomsandtouchedbythevaluesandspiritualpursuitseffusingfromChineseculture.Manyritualsandceremonialcustoms—suchaspastingspringcoupletsontodoorframesandpaper-cutsforwindowdecoration,settingofffirecrackers,enjoyingreuniondinners,

stayinguptodrinkalcohol,visitingkithandkinandpresentingthemwithanartisticallywrittenChinesecharacter"福"(fú,fortune)—embodytheChinese

people’sdesireforagoodlife,adherencetofamilyvalues,andpursuitofsharedreunion.Wherevertheyareandwhateverlanguagetheyspeak,allthesesimpleemotionsarecommonwishesintheinnermostrecessesoftheirhearts.Forexample,aBritishyoungman,whenwritingaspringcoupletforthefirsttime,copiedstrokeby

stroketheChinesecharacters"幸福"(xìngfú,happiness)and"爱"(ài,love)savedin

hiscellphone.AMoroccangirlcuriousaboutChinesecalligraphyinsistedonacquiringapieceofcalligraphicworkforeachofherfamilymembers.ItistheprovocationofresonanceamongpeoplearoundtheworldthatenablesChina’sSpringFestivaltotravelbeyondmountainsandoceans.

BritishphilosopherBertrandRussellonceapplauded,"…somethingoftheethicalqualitiesinwhichChinaissupreme,andwhichthemodernworldmostdesperatelyneeds."Theideas,humanism,andmoralnormsembeddedinquintessentialtraditionalChineseculturehavenotonlynourishedthespirituallifeoftheChinesepeopleandproppedupthespiritualworldofthewholenationbutalsohavehadasignificantvalueinaddressingthecommonproblemsconfrontinghumanity.ElementalChineseculturehasconstantlynurturedmanyethicalqualities.Fromthedevelopmentconceptsof"Taofollowingthelawofnature"and"heavenandmanbeingunitedasone,"totheglobalidealsof"allnationscoexistinginharmony"and"seekingmutualtrustandamitywithallnations,"andfinallytotheawarenessthatacommunitywithasharedfutureshould"pulltogetherintimesoftrouble"and"sharewealandwoe,"theseideasandvalueshaveresonatedwithpeoplearoundtheworld.Indoingso,theyareprovidingnewpossibilitiesforsolvingtheproblemsfacingallmankind.ThesearetheunderlyingreasonsforthegrowingpopularityoftheSpringFestivalculturearoundtheplanet.

Ofcourse,forChineseculturetogoglobal,itisnecessarytodisseminatebothitsrefinedtraditionsandcontemporaryvalues,aswellastoshowcasetheprogressofChinaandthecolorfullivesoftheChinesepeopletoday.DuringthemostrecentSpringFestival,manyeventsdisplayingnewimagesofChinawerestagedabroad,leavingforeignerswithdeepimpressions.Forexample,inLosAngeles,agalaentitled"HappyChineseNewYear,CharmingBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei"gavemanylocalsacloselookatthecoordinateddevelopmentofthethreeplaces.InSwitzerland,aWinterOlympics-themedculturalexhibitioncalled"Light-on2022"acquaintedmanypeople

ofthissnow-cappedwonderlandwithChina’sgreatpassionforice-snowgamesanditscommitmentto"involving300millionpeopleinwintersports".TheexportsofChinesebooks,movies,TVprograms,aswellasvariouspublicwelfareandvoluntaryservices,areallculturalcomplementstoChina’sSpringFestival.AlltheseeffortshavemadeChinesestoriesandculturemorevivid,unfoldingtotheworldamoreprismaticChinawithdifferentdimensions.

"OnNewYear’sEve,webidafondfarewelltotheOldandgiveawarmwelcometotheNew."Chineseculture,theaccumulationofthemostprofoundspiritualpursuitoftheChinesenation,servesasrichnutritionforthenationtosurviveandthrive.RidingonthemomentumofexhibitingitsSpringFestivalgloballytoenlivenmoremeritsofChineseculturearoundtheworld,wecancontinuetoenhanceitsappealandthuscontributemoreChinesewisdomtosolvingtheproblemsfacingusasahumansociety.

THE END
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