近日,词典网站Dictionary.com公布了2024年度词汇:Demure。
小作业:
1.Whatbroaderlinguistictransitiondoesthearticlesuggestishappeninginsociety'svocabularypost-pandemic
A)Languageisfocusingonglobalhealthterminologymorethanever.
B)Wordsemphasizeisolationandvirtualexperiencesmoreintensely.
C)There'sarenewedinterestinhowonepresentsoneselfinphysical,communalspaces.
D)Societyisincreasinglydiscardingwordsrelatedtopersonalidentityandempowerment.
无注释原文:
Dictionary.comNames'Demure'asItsWordoftheYearfor2024
From:TIME
PopularonlinedictionaryplatformDictionary.comhasofficiallyannounceditsannualwordoftheyear,andthey'vemadeaverymindfulchoice.
Their2024WordoftheYearistheviralsensation“demure,”whichtookoffonTikTokinAugustofthisyear.ItwaspopularizedbyTikTokerJoolsLebron,whosephrase“verydemure,verymindful”wasfeaturedinaseriesofviralvideosandreplicatedbyothercreators.Lebronwouldalsooftenpairthewordwith“cutesy”and“considerate,”providingadvicetoherfollowersforsituationslike“howtobedemureandmodestandrespectfulattheworkplace.”
BetweenJanuaryandSeptemberofthisyear,Dictionary.comsaysthatDemuresawa1200%increaseinusageindigitalwebmediaandhad200timesmoresearchesonDictionary.com.
Dictionary.comdefinestheworddemureas“characterizedbyshynessandmodesty;reserved,”butthewordtookonnewlifethroughitsinternetfame—andsoonanythingfromdrivingtoworktoeatingadonutcouldbedemure.Further,thewordgrewtorepresenthowatermoftenassociatedwithsubmissivenessandreservationcanbeempowering,andhelppeopleexpressa“quietconfidence,”Dictionary.comsaidinitsannouncement.
Asatransgenderwoman,Lebronalsoutilizedthefamefromthese“demure”videostofinancetherestofhertransitionandgenderaffirmingcare,shetoldherfollowersinavideo.BeyondLebron,manyofthecreatorswhoparticipatedinthetrendwereothertranswomen,remindingtheirfollowersexactlyhowtoact“mindful”and“demure.”
Alongwithitstopchoice,Dictionary.comalsoannouncedtheirWordoftheYearshortlist,whichincludedBrainrot,Brat,ExtremeWeather,MidwestNice,andWeird.
Dictionary.comalsonotedhowtheirchoiceof“demure”representsashiftinpubliclife,asourcollectivevocabularymovesawayfromemphasizingtheisolationoftheCOVID-19pandemic,andtowardagreaterconcernwith“personalpresentationandappearanceasin-personexperiencesbecomethenormagain.”
Lastyear,theplatformchose“hallucinate”asitswordoftheyear,specificallyinthecontextofartificialintelligence.Thisyear,though,theirtopchoicesleanmoretowardwordsofhighinternetpopularity.
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注:完整题目见本文开头;中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应,仅供参考
含注释全文:
知名在线词典平台Dictionary.com正式公布了其年度词汇,其选择非常有深意。
demure
demure/dmjr/表示“(尤指女性)端庄的,文静的,安静的”,英文解释为“(especiallyofwomen)quietandwellbehaved”举个:Shegavehimademuresmile.她朝他文雅地一笑。
mindful
mindful/mand.fl/1)表示“记着的;留神的;注意的;小心的”,英文解释为“carefulnottoforgetaboutsomething”举个:Mindfulofthepoorroadconditions,shereducedherspeedto30mph.考虑到路况很差,她将时速减到30英里。
2)表示“察觉的;正念的”,英文解释为“deliberatelyawareofyourbody,mind,andfeelingsinthepresentmoment,inordertocreateafeelingofcalm”举个:I'mtryingtobemoremindfulandIthinkithelpsmewithstress.我正在尝试更多的正念思维方法,我觉得这有助于缓解我的压力。
viral
viral/va.rl/表示“(通过网络在个体之间迅速)病毒式的(传播)”,英文解释为“usedtodescribesomethingthatquicklybecomesverypopularorwellknownbybeingpublishedontheinternetorsentfrompersontopersonbyemail,phone,etc.”举个:Here'salistofthetoptenviralvideosthisweek.以下是本周十大病毒式传播的视频。
常用短语goviral,字面意思就是“像病毒一样传播、扩散”,引申为“走红,十分流行,疯狂传播”,比如朋友圈xxx刷屏了,也可以说goviral.名词形式virality.
sensation
sensation/sense.n/1)表示“轰动;哗然;引起轰动的人(或事物)”,英文解释为“verygreatsurprise,excitement,orinterestamongalotofpeople;thepersonorthethingthatcausesthissurprise”举个:Thebandbecameasensationovernight.一夜之间,这支乐队名声大振。
此前,戳爷TroyeSivan被传已分手数月?文中出现过,popsensation可以理解为“流行巨星”,“流行天王”。还有,63岁中国爷爷成油管网红文中标题就是Mastercarpenter'sancientChineseskillsareaYouTubesensation.
2)作可数名词,还可以表示“感觉;知觉”,英文解释为“afeelingthatyougetwhensthaffectsyourbody”如:atingling/burningsensation刺痛/烧灼的感觉。
3)作不可数名词,可以表示“感觉能力;知觉能力”,英文解释为“theabilitytofeelthroughyoursenseoftouch”举个:Sheseemedtohavelostallsensationinherarms.她的两条胳膊好像完全失去知觉了。
电影《困在爱中》(StuckinLove)中的台词提到:Iwasovercomebytheoddestsensation.我像是被一种怪异的冲动(感觉)驱使着。
词根“-sens-”来自拉丁语“sensare”,表示“感觉”。近义词:phenomenon(现象),同根词:sensitive(敏感的),常用短语:causeasensation(引起轰动)
takeoff
1)表示“突然开始成功;开始走红,流行起来”,英文解释为“tosuddenlystarttobesuccessfulorpopular”举个:Hersingingcareerhadjustbeguntotakeoff.她的歌唱事业刚刚起飞。
2)表示“起飞;飞起”,英文解释为“Ifanaircraft,bird,orinsecttakesoff,itleavesthegroundandbeginstofly.”举个:Theplanetookoffat8.30a.m.飞机上午8点半起飞。
3)表示“(常指不打招呼就)突然离开”,英文解释为“tosuddenlyleavesomewhere,usuallywithouttellinganyonethatyouaregoing”举个:Whenhesawme,hetookoffintheotherdirection.他一看见我就往另外一个方向躲开了。
phrase
phrase/frez/作动词,表示“用…方式表达,以…措词表达”,英文解释为“toexpresssomethingwithaparticularchoiceofwords”举个:Thedeclarationwascarefully/cleverly/tactfully,etc.phrased.宣言措词谨慎/巧妙/圆滑等。
作名词,1)表示“短语”,英文解释为“agroupofwordsthatispartof,ratherthanthewholeof,asentence”
2)表示“说法;用语;警句”,英文解释为“ashortgroupofwordsthatareoftenusedtogetherandhaveaparticularmeaning”
replicate
replicate/rep.l.ket/表示“使复现;重复;复制”,英文解释为“tomakeordosomethingagaininexactlythesameway”举个:Researcherstriedmanytimestoreplicatetheoriginalexperiment.研究者们作了很多次努力,试图重复这一实验。
cutesy
cutesy/kjut.si/表示“(尤指孩子般)矫揉造作的,忸怩作态的”,英文解释为“artificiallyattractiveandpleasant,especiallyinachildishway”举个:Shesentmeoneofthoseawfulbirthdaycardswithacutesykittenonit.她寄给我一张难看的生日贺卡,上面有一只神态忸怩的小猫。
considerate
considerate/knsd.r.t/表示“体贴的;周到的;关心的”,英文解释为“kindandhelpful”举个:Itwasn'tveryconsiderateofyoutodrinkallthemilk.牛奶全给你喝光了,真不关心别人。
根据Dictionary.com的统计,今年1月至9月,“demure”一词在数字网络媒体中的使用量增长了1200%,在该网站上的搜索次数是去年同期的200倍。
Dictionary.com将“矜持”定义为“具有害羞和谦逊特质;内敛”。然而,通过网络爆红的传播,该词被赋予了新含义。从开车上班到享用甜甜圈,各种日常行为都可以被形容为“端庄”。Dictionary.com在其公告中说,更重要的是,这个词也展现了它的另一面:一个曾被认为象征顺从与保守的词汇,也可以成为表达“低调而自信”的方式。
modesty
modesty/md..sti/1)表示“谦虚,谦逊”,英文解释为“thequalityofnottalkingaboutornottryingtomakepeoplenoticeyourabilitiesandachievements”举个:Shedoesalotofworkforcharities,buthermodestyforbidsherfromtalkingaboutit.她为慈善事业做了许多工作,但她很谦虚,从不谈起此事。
2)表示“(女子的衣着、举止等)端庄,正派,朴素”,英文解释为“Ifsomeone,especiallyawoman,showsmodesty,theyarecautiousaboutthewaytheydressandbehavebecausetheyareawarethatotherpeoplemayviewtheminasexualway.”
reserved
reserved/rzvd/表示“拘谨;矜持;内向”,英文解释为“Reservedpeopledonotoftentalkaboutorshowtheirfeelingsorthoughts.”如:aquiet,reservedwoman一位安静、矜持的女子。
donut
同doughnut/dnt,-nt/表示“炸面包圈;炸果酱面包”,英文解释为“asmall,circularcake,friedinhotfat,eitherwithaholeinthemiddleorfilledwithjam”
submissiveness
submissiveness/sbms.v.ns/表示“顺从;顺从的举止”,英文解释为“awillingnesstoallowcontrolbyotherpeopleoranimals,orbehaviourthatshowsthis”举个:Dogsbaretheirthroatstoeachothertoshowtheirsubmissiveness.狗会对着对方露出喉咙,以示顺从。
empowering
empowering/mpa.r/表示“使有自主感的;使感到有自立能力的;增强自信的”,英文解释为“Somethingthatisempoweringmakesyoumoreconfidentandmakesyoufeelthatyouareincontrolofyourlife.”举个:Forme,learningtodrivewasanempoweringexperience.对我来说,学习驾驶是一次让自己更自主自立的经历。
除了“demure”一词,Dictionary.com还公布了其他年度词汇候选词,包括“Brainrot”、“Brat”、“ExtremeWeather”(极端天气)、“MidwestNice”(中西部友善)和“Weird”(奇怪)。
shortlist
shortlist/t.lst/表示“最终候选名单,决选名单;入围名单”,英文解释为“alistofpeoplewhohavebeenjudgedthemostsuitableforajoborprize,madefromalongerlistofpeopleoriginallyconsidered,andfromwhichonepersonwillbechosen”举个:We'vedrawnup(=decided)ashortlistforthejob.我们已经确定了该职位的最终候选名单。
美式:shortlist是分开的。有shortlist就有longlist,意思就是“初选名单”(Along-listforsomethingsuchasajoboraprizeisalargegroupthathasbeenchosenfromallthepeoplewhoappliedforthejob,orallthepeopleorthingsthatarecompetingfortheprize.Thesuccessfulonesfromthisgrouparechosentogoontheshortlist.)
同时,两个词都可以作为动词,比如shortlist作动词,表示“把…列入入围名单”举个:Candidateswhoareshortlistedforinterviewwillbecontactedbytheendoftheweek.入围参加面试的求职者将在周末以前得到通知。
MidwestNice
“MidwestNice”是一个源自美国文化的短语,用来描述中西部地区(Midwest)人们特有的一种待人接物的方式。这种“好”带有一种温和、礼貌、亲切的特点,表现为他们通常非常友善,避免冲突,并愿意帮助他人。
然而,“MidwestNice”有时也带有一些讽刺意味,用来指代表面上的礼貌和友好可能掩盖了真实的感受或者不愿直接表达的态度。例如,在中西部文化中,人们可能为了避免冲突或者不让别人感到不舒服,而选择用间接、含蓄的方式来表达意见,甚至会通过行为上的被动攻击(passive-aggressiveness)来间接传达自己的真实想法。
因此,这个短语既可以褒义地强调中西部人的善良和友好,也可能带有一丝讽刺意味,指向那种避免冲突但不够坦率的文化特性。
thenorm
norm/nm/通常复数,表示“规范;行为标准”,英文解释为“standardsofbehaviourthataretypicaloforacceptedwithinaparticulargrouporsociety”,如:social/culturalnorms社会/文化规范。
thenorm表示“常态,正常行为”,英文解释为“asituationortypeofbehaviourthatisexpectedandconsideredtobetypical”举个:Onechildperfamilyisfastbecomingthenorminsomecountries.每个家庭一个孩子在一些国家正迅速普遍起来。
去年,Dictionary.com的年度词汇是“Hallucinate”(幻觉),具体是指人工智能领域的幻觉。不过今年,其年度词汇更聚焦于网络流行度较高的词汇。
hallucinate
hallucinate/hlu.s.net/表示“(由于生病、吸毒)幻听,幻视,产生幻觉”,英文解释为“toseemtosee,hear,feel,orsmellsomethingthatdoesnotexist,usuallybecauseyouareillorhavetakenadrug”举个:Mentaldisorders,druguse,andhypnosiscanallcausepeopletohallucinate.精神失常、吸毒和催眠术都可以使人产生幻觉。
在人工智能(AI)的语境下,AI‘产生幻觉’,即表示AI“生成虚假信息”。
-词汇盘点-
demure、mindful、viral、sensation、takeoff、phrase、replicate、cutesy、considerate、modesty、reserved、donut、submissiveness、empowering、shortlist、MidwestNice、thenorm、hallucinate
-词汇助记ByChatGPT-
Ademure,mindfulbakercoinedacutesydonutphrasethatwentviral,asensationsurpassingthenorm.Considerateyetreserved,sheovercamesubmissivenesswithempoweringmodesty.Refusingtohallucinate,shestrovetoreplicatesuccess,makingtheshortlisttotakeoff.