Thefollowingexamplesareintwoparts:
Ifyoucannotfindthetypeofworkyouneedtoprovideareferencefor,pleasecontactyourlibrarianformorehelp.
Ingeneral,ifnoauthorisprovidedortheauthorisunknown,beginwiththetitle,followedbytheyear.
Clickonthetypeofworkyouneedtoprovideareferencefor.Ifyoucannotfindthetypeofworkyouneed,pleasecontactyourlibrarianformorehelp.
Example:PetrieKJ,MuellerJT,SchirmbeckF,DonkinL,BroadbentE,EllisCJ,etal.Effectofprovidinginformationaboutnormaltestresultsonpatients'reassurance:randomisedcontrolledtrial.BritishMedicalJournal2007;334(7589):352-354.doi:10.1136/bmj.39093.464190.55
MostonlinearticleswillhaveaDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)andyoushouldusethisinyourreference.TheDOIisapermanentidentifierprovidedbypublisherssothatthearticlecanalwaysbefound.IfthearticlehasaDOIyouwillnotusuallyberequiredtoaddadateofaccess.
IfthereisnoDOIthenyoushouldusetheURL.Somelecturerswillaskyoutoreferenceanonlinejournalarticleasaprintarticle,soalwayscheckyourcourseworkguidance.
TofindtheDOI,whenyoureadanarticleonline,checkthearticledetailsasyouwillusuallyfinditatthestartofthearticle.Formorehelp,contactyourlibrarian.
Ifyoureadthearticleinafull-textdatabaseservice,suchasFactivaorEBSCO,anddonothaveaDOIordirectURLtothearticleyoushouldusethedatabaseURL.
AuthorTitleofjournalarticleTitleofjournal(thisshouldbeinitalics)YearofpublicationVolumenumber(Issuenumber)PagenumbersofthearticleURLorDOI
or
Ifajournalarticlehasbeensubmittedtothepeerreviewprocedureandacceptedforpublication,butisnotyetpublishedinaspecificjournalissue,thisisapostprint.Thesearticlescanbereferredtoasbeing‘Inpress'.Youshouldbeabletoworkoutwhattypeofarticleyouhavefoundusingtheinformationprovidedwiththearticle.
JournalpublishersnowassignDOIstoarticlesbeforetheyarepublishedinaspecificjournalissue,soyoucanusetheDOIprovidedforpostprint/inpressarticles.Thiswillensurethatthecorrectlinkforthearticleremainswhenitismovedtoaspecificjournalissue.
KalitaR,FlanaganW,LightleyJ,KumarS,AlexandrovY,GarciaE,etal.Single-shotphasecontrastmicroscopyusingpolarisation-resolveddifferentialphasecontrast.BioRxiv[Preprint]2021.doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.437846[Accessed6thJuly2021].
AuthorofthechapterTitleofchapterfollowedby,In:Editor(alwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)Seriestitleandnumber(ifpartofaseries)Edition(ifnotthefirstedition)Placeofpublication(ifthereismorethanoneplacelisted,usethefirstnamed)PublisherYearofpublicationPagenumbers(use‘p.'beforesingleandmultiplepagenumbers)
PartridgeH,HallamG.Evidence-basedpracticeandinformationliteracy.In:LipuS,WilliamsonK,LloydA.(eds.)Exploringmethodsininformationliteracyresearch.WaggaWagga,Australia:CentreforInformationStudies;2007.p.149-170.
Exampleofachapterinaneditedbookwhichisnotafirstedition:
GoepelJR.Responsestocellularinjury.In:UnderwoodJCE,CrossSS.(eds.)Generalandsystematicpathology.5thed.Edinburgh:Elsevier;2009.p.101-122.
Author/Editor(ifitisaneditoralwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)Seriestitleandnumber(ifpartofseries)Edition(ifnotthefirstedition)Placeofpublication(ifthereismorethanoneplacelisted,usethefirstnamed)PublisherYearofpublicationURL
SimonsNE,MenziesB,MatthewsM.AShortCourseinSoilandRockSlopeEngineering.London:ThomasTelfordPublishing;2001.
Author/Editor(ifitisaneditoralwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)OrganisationReportnumber:(thisshouldbefollowedbytheactualnumberinfigures)Yearofpublication
LeatherwoodS.Whales,dolphins,andporpoisesofthewesternNorthAtlantic.U.S.Dept.ofCommerce.Reportnumber:63,2001.
Author/Editor(usethecorporateauthorifnoindividualauthororeditorisnamed)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)URL[Dateofaccess]
CountryNameofAct:Nameofsovereign(thisshouldbeinitalics)Chapternumber(thisshouldbeinitalics)PlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublication
GreatBritain.ClimateChangeAct2008:ElizabethII.Chapter27.London:TheStationeryOffice;2008.
AuthorororganisationTitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)YearofpublicationURL[Dateofaccess]
AuthorororganisationTitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)Placeofpublication(whereavailable)PublisherYearofpublication
ChevronCorporation.AnnualReport.SanRamon,CA:ChevronCorporation,2006.
AuthorTitleofblogpost(ifapplicable)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)WeblogURL[Dateofaccess]
Pleasenotethatthedateofpublicationofthee-bookversionmaydifferfromtheprintpublicationdate.Ensureyouusethecorrectdatedependingontheversionofthebookyouhavereadandarecitinginyourwork.
Author/editor(ifitisaneditoralwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)[E-readerversion]Edition(ifnotthefirstedition)Placeofpublication(whereavailable)Publisher(Yearofpublication)
PowrieW.Soilmechanics:conceptsandapplications.[Kindleversion]2nded.London:TaylorandFrancis;2007.
FeynmanRP,DaviesP.Thecharacterofphysicallaw.[SonyReadereBookversion].ePenguin;2007.
In-textcitation:(Feynman&Davies,2007)
Author/Editor(ifitisaneditoralwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)[Titleinoriginallanguage](thisshouldbeinitalics)Seriestitleandnumber(ifpartofaseries)Edition(ifnotthefirstedition)Placeofpublication(ifthereismorethanoneplacelisted,usethefirstnamed)PublisherYearofpublication
GarcíaSánchezJJ.ToponymicalatlasofSpain.[AtlastoponímicodeEspa?a]Madrid:Arco/Libros;2007.
Author/Editor(ifitisaneditoralwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)Seriestitleandnumber(ifpartofseries)Edition(ifnotthefirstedition)Placeofpublication(ifthereismorethanoneplacelisted,usethefirstnamed)PublisherYearofpublicationURL
SimonsNE,MenziesB,MatthewsM.Ashortcourseinsoilandrockslopeengineering.London:ThomasTelfordPublishing;2001.
Author/Editor(ifitisaneditoralwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)TransfollowedbythenameofthetranslatorSeriestitleandnumber(ifpartofaseries)Edition(ifnotthefirstedition)Placeofpublication(ifthereismorethanoneplacelisted,usethefirstnamed)PublisherYearofpublication
Aristotle.Physics.TransGrahamDW.Oxford:Clarendon;1999.
Author/Editor(usethecorporateauthorifnoindividualauthororeditorisnamed)CD-ROMtitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)[CD-ROM]PlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublication
EncyclopaediaBritannica.Britannica2003.[CD-ROM]Chicago:EncyclopaediaBritannica;2003.
GovernmentdepartmentTitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)PapernumberPlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublication
DepartmentofHealth.ChoosingHealth:makinghealthierchoiceseasier.CM6374.London:TheStationeryOffice;2004.
Author(usethecorporateauthororresearchgroupifnoindividualauthororeditorisnamed)Titleofprogram(thisshouldbeinitalics)(Versionnumber)[Formattype](computerprogram,softwareorcode)Placeofpublication(ifavailable)Nameofpublisher/distributor(ifavailable)URL(ifonline)Yearofpublication
AuthorTitleofconferencepaperfollowedby,In:Editor/Organisation(ifitisaneditoralwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)PlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublicationPagenumbers(use‘p'beforesingleandmultiplepagenumbers)
WittkeM.Design,construction,supervisionandlong-termbehaviouroftunnelsinswellingrock.In:VanCotthemA,CharlierR,ThimusJ-F,TshibanguJ-P.(eds.)Eurock2006:Multiphysicscouplingandlongtermbehaviourinrockmechanics:ProceedingsoftheInternationalSymposiumoftheInternationalSocietyforRockMechanics,EUROCK2006,9-12May2006,Liège,Belgium.London:Taylor&Francis;2006.p.211-216.
Editor/Organisation(ifitisaneditoralwaysput(ed.)afterthename)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)PlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublication
EdgeBL.Coastalengineering2000:conferenceproceedings,July16-21,2000,SydneyConvention&ExhibitionCentre,Sydney,Australia.Reston,VA:ASCE;2001.
Fortherecommendedformatfordatacitation,pleaserefertothispage:
SenderSubjectofdiscussionpostTitleofdiscussionlistorforum(thisshouldbeinitalics)Dateofdiscussionpost(daymonthyear)URLofdiscussionlistorforum[Dateofaccess]
Whenwritingareferenceforamulti-mediaitem,youwouldusuallyusethetitleoftheTVprogrammeorvideorecording,ortitleofthefilm(whetheronDVDorvideo)astheauthor.Ifthetitleisusedastheauthor,thisshouldbewritteninitalics.Youshouldalsoincludethetypeofformatinthereference,suchasVideo,DVD,CD,CD-ROMandsoon.
Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)[DVD]Placeofproductionororigin(ifavailable)Nameofproductioncompany/makerYearofproduction
LifeonCampus.[DVD]London:ImperialCollegeLondon.2006.
Usethediscussionlist/forumpostlayoutforemailswhicharepubliclyavailable,thatispostedtoadiscussionlist,grouporforum.
Youshouldprovideareferencetotheworkinwhichyoufoundtheequation.Usetheexamplesinthislisttoidentifytheappropriatelayoutdependingonthetypeofworkyouneedtoreference.Yourin-textcitationshouldincludethepagenumberonwhichtheequationappears(unlessinanonlinepublicationwithoutpagenumbers).
Author(usethecompanynameifnoindividualauthororeditorisnamed)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)VersionnumberPlaceofpublicationPublisherDateofpublication
HirstMagneticInstrumentsLtd.GM07/GM08GaussmeterOperatingManual.Version2.0.Falmouth:HirstMagneticInstrumentsLtd;nodate.
Titleoffilm(thisshouldbeinitalics)[Film]Directedby:Director'snamePlaceofproductionNameofproductioncompanyYearofproduction
AnInconvenientTruth.[Film]Directedby:DavisGuggenheim.USA:LawrenceBenderProductions;2006.
Journalarticleinaforeignlanguage
Latinalphabetlanguages
AuthorTitleofjournalarticle[Titleinoriginallanguage]
Titleofjournal(thisshouldbeinitalics)
[Titleinoriginallanguage](thisshouldbeinitalics)YearofpublicationVolumenumber(Issuenumber)Pagenumbersofthearticle
AguiarR,MoraD,andRodríguezM.Analysisofstructurewithdissipatorspectraunderdesignandcontrol.[Análisisdeunaestructuracondisipadoressometidosaespectrosdedise?oydecontrol].InternationalJournalofNumericalMethodsforCalculationandDesigninEngineering[RevistaInternacionaldeMétodosNuméricosparaCálculoyDise?oenIngeniería]2017;33(3-4):171-178.
Non-Latinalphabetlanguages
[Titleinoriginallanguage](thisshouldbeinitalics)Yearofpublication
VolumenumberIssuenumberPagenumbersofthearticle
XiangY,GuoZ,BaoshanD,JiweiH.员翔,等,不锈钢方矩管压弯构件平面内稳定承载力理论研究Buxiugangfangjuguanyawangoujianpingmianneiwendingchengzailililunyanjiu[Theoreticalresearchonin-planestabilitycapacityofRHSstainlesssteelbeam-columns].工业建筑Gongyejianzhu[IndustrialConstruction]2015;3:150-55.
Translatedwork–Latinalphabetlanguages
Trans.Followedbythenameofthetranslator
VolumenumberIssuenumberPagenumbersofthearticle(donotuse‘p'.beforethepagenumbers)
AguiarR,MoraD,andRodríguezM.Analysisofstructurewithdissipatorspectraunderdesignandcontrol.[Análisisdeunaestructuracondisipadoressometidosaespectrosdedise?oydecontrol].Trans.Buchanan,C.InternationalJournalofNumericalMethodsforCalculationandDesigninEngineering[RevistaInternacionaldeMétodosNuméricosparaCálculoyDise?oenIngeniería]2017;33(3-4):171-178.
Translatedwork–Non-Latinalphabetlanguages
XiangY,GuoZ,BaoshanD,JiweiH.员翔,等,不锈钢方矩管压弯构件平面内稳定承载力理论研究Buxiugangfangjuguanyawangoujianpingmianneiwendingchengzailililunyanjiu[Theoreticalresearchonin-planestabilitycapacityofRHSstainlesssteelbeam-columns].Trans.Buchanan,C.工业建筑Gongyejianzhu[IndustrialConstruction]2015;3:150-55.
InformationaboutusingandreferencingChatGPTandothergenerativeAItoolsinassignmentswillcontinuebeupdated.Checkthissectionregularlyforanychangesinouradvice.(Lastupdate:29Nov2023)
Example1:Youhavegeneratedashareablelink
Referencelist:
In-textcitation:
Eachpieceofworkcitedinyourtextshouldhaveauniquenumber,assignedintheorderofcitation.If,inyourtext,youciteapieceofworkmorethanonce,thesamecitationnumbershouldbeused.Youcanwritethenumberinbracketsorassuperscript.
Example2:Thereisnoshareablelink
GoogleAgentAssist.AgentAssistresponsetoHuaLi.2ndMay2023.
Nameofdevelopmentteam.Nameofsoftware(thisshouldbeinitalics.)Version(ifnot1.)YearofRelease.URL[Dateofaccess]
Youshouldprovideanin-textcitationforanyimages,illustrations,photographs,diagrams,tablesorfiguresthatyoureproduceinyourwork,andprovideafullreferenceaswithanyothertypeofwork.
Tableillustratingchecklistofinformationforcommonsources(1:p.22).
PearsR,ShieldsG.Citethemright:theessentialreferencingguide.3rded.Durham,PearTreeBooks;2008.
‘GeologicalmapoftheeasternmostregionofS?oNicolau'(1:p.532).
RamalhoR,HelffrichG,SchmidtDN,VanceD.TracersofupliftandsubsidenceintheCapeVerdearchipelago.JournaloftheGeologicalSociety2010;167(3):519-538.doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-056[Accessed14thJune2010]
Reference:
BioRender.com.FullTemplateName.Date.URL[Dateofaccess]
Imagecitation:
Adaptedfrom‘FullTemplateName’(1)
Adaptedfrom‘CoronavirusReplicationCycle’(1)
CitationsforreusingBioRendertemplateswithoutanycontentordesignmodifications:
‘FullTemplateName’(1)
‘CoronavirusReplicationCycle’(1)
Photographer/artistifknown.From:author/editorofwebsite(usethecorporateauthorifnoindividualauthororeditorisnamed)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics.)URL[Dateofaccess]
AccountnameorInstagramhandle.Phototitleordescription.[initalics]Dateofpost[citedyearmonthday.]URL[Dateofaccess]
Nameofpersoninterviewed[ForanonymousintervieweesuseIntervieweeA,IntervieweeB,etcinplaceofaname.Thisallowsyoutodistinguishbetweenmultipleinterviewees.]Interviewedby:NameofinterviewerDateofinterview
DayA.Interviewedby:JonesL.4thJune2009.
AuthorTitleofjournalarticleTitleofjournal(thisshouldbeinitalics)YearofpublicationVolumenumber(Issuenumber)Pagenumbersofthearticle
ChhibberPK,MajumdarSK.Foreignownershipandprofitability:Propertyrights,control,andtheperformanceoffirmsinIndianindustry.JournalofLaw&Economics1999;42(1):209-238.
Nameoflecturer/presenterTitleoflecture/presentation(thisshouldbeinitalics)[Lecture/Presentation]Titleofmodule/degreecourse(ifappropriate)NameofinstitutionorlocationDateoflecture/presentation
WagnerG.Structuralandfunctionalstudiesofproteininteractionsingeneexpression.[Lecture]ImperialCollegeLondon.12thDecember2006.
Note:GoogleMapsusedataproducedbyTeleAtlas.Ifyoureproduceanymapinyourwork,youmustlabelandciteitasyouwouldwithanyothertypeofimage[linktoimage].IfyouhaveusedDigimap,oranothermappingtool,togenerateamap,andthenadd/subtractdatalayers,youmuststillprovideinformationaboutwheretheoriginalmapdataisfrom.
Author(usuallytheorganisationresponsibleforpublishingthemap)Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)ScalePlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublication
BritishGeologicalSurvey.SouthLondon,270.1:50000.London:BGS;1998.
Author(usethecorporateauthororresearchgroupifnoindividualauthororeditorisnamed)Reporttitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)Edition(ifnotthefirstedition)PlaceofpublicationPublisherURL[Dateofaccess]Yearofpublication(includemonthifavailableandifnotpartofthetitle)
Author(usethecorporateauthororresearchgroupifnoindividualauthororeditorisnamed)Reporttitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)Edition(ifnotthefirstedition)PlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublication(includemonthifavailableandifnotpartofthetitle)
Mintel.HomeUtilitySuppliers-UK-September2009.London:MintelInternationalGroup;2009.
Author(usethecorporateauthor,individualordeveloper)TitleoftheApp(thisshouldbeinitalics)(Versionnumber)[Mobileapp]YearofpublicationNameofappstoreorURL(ifrequired)[Dateaccessed]
CitymapperLtd.Citymapper(version6.11)[MobileApp]2016[Accessed25thAugust2016]
Author(ifthearticlehasnoauthor,usethenameofthenewspaper)TitleofarticleTitleofnewspaper(thisshouldbeinitalics)Day,monthandyearofpublicationPagenumbersofthearticle(ifavailable,use‘p.'beforeasingleandmultiplepagenumbers)URL[Dateofaccess]
Author(ifthearticlehasnoauthor,usethenameofthenewspaper)TitleofarticleTitleofnewspaper(thisshouldbeinitalics)Day,monthandyearofpublicationPagenumbersofthearticle(use‘p'beforesingleandmultiplepagenumbers)
MacalisterT.Greenenergyisthemoderngoldrush.TheGuardian.WednesdayJuly22008:p.27.
Ifyouarereferencingthepaperversionfollowtheguidanceforabookreferenceorifyouarereferencingtheonlineversionitisrecommendedtofollowtheadviceforreferencingawebsite.Pleasecheckyourstudenthandbookorassignmentguidanceforanyvariations.
?Author/corporateauthor(UsethefullnameofNICEatthetimeofpublicatione.g.NationalInstituteforHealthandCareExcellence(NICE))?Title[No.ofguidelineifavailable](thisshouldbeinitalics)?Dateofpublication?URL(ifavailable)?[Dateofaccess]
AuthorTitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)Patentnumber(Patent)Yearofpublication
LandiniL,ChieliniE.Watersolubleandbiodegradableselfairprooftightclosingbag.CN101045489(Patent)2007.
Printed:Organisation/author.Titleoffactsheet.Placeofpublication:Publisher;PublicationNumber.Yearofpublication.
BootsPharmaceuticals.Decongestanttablet(Pseudoephedrinehydrochloride).Nottingham:TheBootsCompanyPLC;00014/0375.2014.
Online/electronic:
Titleoffactsheet(thisshouldbeinitalics.)Placeofpublication:Publisher;PublicationNumber.Yearofpublication.URL[Dateofaccess.]
NameofpractitionerOccupationPersonalcommunicationDatewhentheinformationwasprovided
LawJ.Engineeringconsultant.Personalcommunication.26thMarch2004.
Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)PodcastURL[Dateofaccess]
Titleofprogramme/broadcast(thisshouldbeinitalics)Titleofepisode(ifpartofaseries)NameofbroadcasterDateofbroadcast
Today.BBCRadio4.5thJanuary2010.
Or
InOurTime.Genetics.BBCRadio4.13thDecember2001.
NameofStandardBody/InstitutionStandardnumberTitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)PlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublication
BritishStandardsInstitution.BS5950-8:2003.Structuraluseofsteelworkinbuilding:codeofpracticeforfireresistantdesign.London:BSI;2003.
Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)SIfollowedbythenumberoftheStatutoryInstrumentPlaceofpublicationPublisherYearofpublication
ThePublicContractRegulations2006.SI2006/5.London:TheStationeryOffice;2006.
Titleofepisode(ifpartofaseries)Titleofprogramme/broadcast(thisshouldbeinitalics)NameofbroadcasterDateofbroadcast
QuestionTime.BBCOne.26thNovember2009.
Blink.DoctorWho.BBCOne.9thJune2007.
AuthorTitle(thisshouldbeinitalics)TypeofthesisAcademicinstitutionYearofpublication
LeckenbyRJ.Dynamiccharacterisationandfluidflowmodellingoffracturedreservoirs.PhDthesis.ImperialCollegeLondon;2005.
Author’snameorTwitterpseudonym.Entiretweetorfirstfewwords.Dateofpost[citedyearmonthday.]URL[Dateofaccess]
Title(thisshouldbeinitalics)[Video]PlaceofproductionNameofproductioncompanyYearofproduction
Theblueplanet,vol.3.[Video]London:BBC;2001.
Self-plagiarisminvolvesre-usingyourownpreviouslywrittenworkordatainanewassignmentandnotreferencingit.Youmustalwaysreferenceyoursources,evenifyouarereferencingyourownwork.