2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
万学海文供稿
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions：
Readthefollowingtext。Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDontheANSWERSHEET。（10points）
Trustisatrickybusiness。Ontheonehand，it‘sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings：childcare，friendships，etc。Ontheotherhand，puttingyour2，inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3。
4，whydowetrustatall？Well，becauseitfeelsgood。5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution，theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin，ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother。Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9：InaSwissstudy，researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects；thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse。
11forus，wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us。ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone。Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer。Thetesterwouldask，“What’sinhere？”beforelookingintothecontainer，smiling，andexclaiming，“Wow！”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15。Halfofthemfoundatoy；theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them。
Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked，themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill，demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership。19，onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity。
1。[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from
2。[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest
3。[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price
4。[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again
5。[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When
6。[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains
7。[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare
8。[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to
9。[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle
10。[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters
11。[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic
12。[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight
13。[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over
14。[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted
15。[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside
16。[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D]。remembered
17。[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked
18。[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled
19。[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance
20。[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts。AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD。MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET。（40points）
Text1
Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign：Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs？
Don‘tdismissthatpossibilityentirely。AbouthalfofU.S。jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated，accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy，withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed。Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon’tappealtorobots。Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking，financialadvice，softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest，orsoonwill。Therichowntherobots，sotheywillbefine。
Thisisn‘ttobealarmist。Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast。TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn’tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms，butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed。Likewise，automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity，stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices，andfreeworkersfromhard，boringwork。Butinthemediumterm，middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting。
Thefirststep，asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge，shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining。Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication。Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots。Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind。Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable。Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt。
ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S。toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism：Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier。Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange，entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines。Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven‘tbeeninventedyet。TheU.S。needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem。
Finally，becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome，taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought。Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut，andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded：Thiswouldboostincomes，encouragework，rewardcompaniesforjobcreation，andreduceinequality。
Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears，yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation。Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts。Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable。
21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation？
[A]Leadingpoliticians。
[B]Low-wagelaborers。
[C]Robotowners。
[D]Middle-classworkers。
22。Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor’sview？
[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless。
[B]Optimists‘opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport。
[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled
[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided
23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison
[A]creativepotential。
[B]job-huntingskills。
[C]individualneeds。
[D]cooperativespirit。
24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat
[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation。
[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment。
[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor。
[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening。
25.Inthistext，theauthorpresentsaproblemwith
[A]opposingviewsonit。
[B]possiblesolutionstoit。
[C]itsalarmingimpacts。
[D]itsmajorvariations。
Text2
AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter。TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource，Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform。
MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines。Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia，peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills。Suchatrendisbadlyneeded。Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign，nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews，accordingtotheUniversityofOxford。AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant。
Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace。AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories。Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias。“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints，”thesurveyconcluded。
Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect。A2014surveyconductedinAustralia，Britain，andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement。
Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests。Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation。AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror，”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting。Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia。Inotherwords，thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue。“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem，”saysRoxanneStone，editorinchiefatBarnaGroup。
Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident，theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia。
26。AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2，manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson
[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice。
[B]people’spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms。
[C]theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation。
[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews。
27。Thephrase“beerup”（Line2，Para。2）isclosestinmeaningto
[A]sharpen
[B]define
[C]boast
[D]share
28。Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey，youngpeople
[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace。
[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources。
[C]havesstrongsenseofresponsibility。
[D]liketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”
29。TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis
[A]readersoutdatedvalues。
[B]journalists’biasedreporting
[C]readers’misinterpretation
[D]journalists’made-upstories。
30。Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext？
[A]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline
[B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend
[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia。
[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests。
Text3
Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain‘sNationalHealthService（NHS）andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell。DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence（AI）companiesintheworld。Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat，butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants。ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner，ElizabethDenham，hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS，whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy。
DeepMindhasalmostapologized。TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways。Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned。Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn。Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant。MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust，sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed“it。Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation，notthemerepossessionofbits，thatgivesthedatavalue。
Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate。Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem。Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks。Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore。
Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted。Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry。ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives。Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources。Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan，bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone。Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater。Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism。MsDenham‘sreportisawelcomestart。
31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind？
[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants。
[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient’srights。
[C]Itfellshortofthelatter‘sexpectations
[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation。
32。TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham‘sverdictwith
[A]emptypromises。
[B]toughresistance。
[C]necessaryadjustments。
[D]sincereapologies。
33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that
[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts。
[B]leakingpatients‘dataisworsethansellingit。
[C]makingprofitsfrompatients‘dataisillegal。
[D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit
34.Accordingtothelastparagraph，therealworryarisingfromthisdealis
[A]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas。
[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw。
[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware。
[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants。
35.Theauthor‘sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis
[A]ambiguous。
[B]cautious。
[C]appreciative。
[D]contemptuous。
Text4
TheU.S。PostalService（USPS）continuestobleedredink。Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016，the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue。Meanwhile，ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities，mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts。Therearemanybankruptcies。Fundamentally，theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct，first-classmail，andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality
Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS’sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService，aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected。Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears，leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization。
Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats，Republicans，thePostalService，theunionsandthesystem‘sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem。LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears，whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles，amongothersurvivalmeasures。Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare。Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare，thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion。
IfitclearstheHouse，thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate–wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare，bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat，notcomprehensivereform。There’snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS，amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagency’scosts。AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery。Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear。Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit，atleastintheHouse。Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS。Itisnot，however，asignthatthey’regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury。
36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby
[A]。itsunbalancedbudget。
[B]。itsrigidmanagement。
[C]。thecostfortechnicalupgrading。
[D]。thewithdrawalofbanksupport。
37。AccordingtoParagraph2，theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto
[A]。theinterferencefrominterestgroups。
[B]。theinadequatefundingfromCongress。
[C]。theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice。
[D]。theincompetenceofpostalunions。
38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby
[A]。removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare。
[B]。makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles。
[C]。adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism。
[D]。attractingmorefirst-classmailusers。
39.Inthelastparagraph，theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith
[A]respect。
[B]tolerance。
[C]discontent。
[D]gratitude。
40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext？
[A]。TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays
[B]。ThePostalService：KeepAwayfromMyCheese
[C]。TheUSPS：ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure
[D]。ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-Aid
PartB
Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder。ForQuestions41-45，youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes。ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced。MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET。（10points）
A。InDecemberof1869，CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding。ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments。TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse，theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected，andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871。
B。Completedin1875，theStateDepartment‘ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied，withitselegantfour-storylibrary（completedin1876），DiplomaticReceptionRoom，andSecretary’sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood，Orientalrugs，andstenciledwallpatterns。TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879，whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary。
C。TheState，War，andNavyBuilding，asitwasoriginallyknown，housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation‘sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower。Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation’smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents。
D。ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB‘sgranitewalls。TheodoreandFranklinD。Roosevelt，WilliamHowardTaft，DwightD。Eisenhower，LyndonB。Johnson，GeraldFord，andGeorgeH。W。Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident。Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy，21SecretariesofWar，and24SecretariesofState。WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor。
E。TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding（EEOB）commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates。DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury，AlfredB。Mullett，itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState，War，andNavyDepartments，andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry。
F。Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing。WhentheEEOBwasfinished，itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington，withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors。Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster；theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety。Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4，000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas。
G。ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid。Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820。Aseriesoffires（includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814）andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding。In1866，theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding。
41。àCà42。à43。àFà44à45。
PartC
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese。YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET。（10points）
Shakespeare’slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama。BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama，andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy。Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs，butinEngland，aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope，thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular，whetheritshouldbeneworold，classicalormedieval，literaryorfarcical。Court，schoolorganizationsofamateurs，andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment；and（47）noboywhowentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland。
WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold，thefirstpublicplayhousewasbuiltinLondon。Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage。Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt，orforthechoirboysofSt。Paul’sandtheroyalchapel，who，however，gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt。（48）buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters，anduniversitymenwithliteratureambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood。BythetimeShakespearewastwenty-five，Lyly，Peele，andGreenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary；Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit；andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage-wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides。（49）Anativeliterarydramahadbeencreated，itsalliancewiththepublicplayhousesestablished，andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun。
ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory，forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning，growth，blossoming，anddecayofmanykindsofplays，andofmanygreatcareers。Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofplaysproduced，aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants。（50）Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity，wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost，andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived。
SectionIIIWriting
51。Directions：
Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampusinvitingthemtoattendthegraduationceremony。Inyouremailyoushouldincludetime，placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony。
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSEWERSHEET
Donotuseyourownnameattheendoftheemail。Use“LiMing”instead。（10points）
52。Directions：
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow。Inyouressay，youshould
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案详解
注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对
1、[答案][B]for
[解析]此处考察介词的用法。it’sanecessarycondition____manyworthwhilethings（信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情）此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。B选项for（对。。。来说）符合语义，故为正确答案；A选项from（来自于），C选项like（像。。。），D选项on（关于）语义不恰当，故排除。
2、[答案][C]faith
[解析]此处考察词义辨析和中心一致性原则。第一段首句提出主题句：trustisatrickybusiness（信任是一个奇怪的东西）。后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：Ontheonehand，it’sanecessarycondition___for___manyworthwhilethings：childcare，friendships，etc。（一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等），这句话在说信任的好处。Ontheotherhand，puttingyour___inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh____。（另一方面，把。。。放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大。。。），显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”，只有C选项faith（信任、忠诚）与trust属于近义词复现，故正确答案为[C]faith。
3、[答案][B]price
[解析]此处考察词义辨析。第一段首句提出主题句：trustisatrickybusiness（信任是一个奇怪的东西）。后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：Ontheonehand，it’sanecessarycondition__for__manyworthwhilethings：childcare，friendships，etc。（一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等），这句话在说信任的好处。Ontheotherhand，puttingyour___inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh____。（另一方面，把。。。放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大。。。），显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”，并且根据空格所在句中的关键词“wrongplace”，本句应该在说信任不当的弊端，所以空格处应该填入一个负向感情色彩的词，故A选项benefit和D选项hope排除，而C选项debt（债务）带入之后语义不当，故正确答案为[B]price（代价）。
4、[答案][D]Then
[解析]此处考察逻辑关系。上段讲述的是信任的好处和信任不当的弊端。第二段段首提出问题：“_____我们为什么要信任”。只有D选项then（那么）填入后能形成顺畅的语义和逻辑关系。故正确答案为Dthen（那么）。A选项again（再次）表示强调；B选项instead（但是、然而）表示转折；C选项therefore（因此）表示结果，不符合要求，故排除。
5、[答案][A]When
6、[答案][C]produce
[解析]此处考察动宾搭配问题。上文指出：Whenpeopleplacetheirtrustinan…theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin，ahormone。上文指出当人们产生信任感，大脑就会产生一种荷尔蒙，后面是定语从句，句内的动宾搭配，可推知这个荷尔蒙能产生令人愉悦的情绪，并且与后面的trigger同义复现，因此C。produce正确。
7、[答案][A]connect
[解析]此处考察上下文信息照应题。上文讲到这种荷尔蒙能够激发一种群居本能，theherdinginstinctthatleadssheeptoflocktogetherforsafetyandpromote…withoneanother，这种本能有两个作用，并用and连接，所以复现同义and前面的flocktogether。因此选择A。connect
8、[答案][B]to
[解析]此处考察上下语境下的名词介词搭配问题。根据上文的结论，下文实验展开分析，Swissscientistshavefoundthatexposuretothishormoneputsus…。所以研究中要求受试者要先处于这种环境中，所以名词exposureto构成搭配语义关系，表示“接触”的意思，因此选择to。
9、[答案][D]mood
[解析]此处考察上下文的信息对应和句内信息对应。上文提到身体会产生荷尔蒙，会给你带来一种愉悦的情绪pleasurablefeelings，这个上文结论。实验中exposuretothishormoneputsusinatrusting…，因此，根据上下文，试验中，处于这种荷尔蒙环境中，会给人带来情绪；语气；心境；。因此选择mood。
10、[答案][A]counterparts
[解析]此处考察上下文的信息对应和句内信息对应。上文指出，Inastudy，researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects，可推知本句再讲与另外一组受试者比较。故选择A。counterparts。相对物，相对应的人。
11、[答案][C]Lucky
[解析]此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。因为这个句子当中有个词also，说明前文和后文情感是一致的关系。说我们有这两种天赋，对大家来说都是好事，所以需要选择一个正向的情感色彩。只能选择lucky。A选项odd奇怪的是，B选项funny有趣的是，D选项ironic讽刺的是，皆不符合文意。
12、[答案][A]protect
[解析]此处考察上下文的成分搭配。因为这个句子当中有个词also，说明前文和后文情感是并列平行关系，前后情感应该一致。所以此处只能选择protect保护我们，符合文意。B选项delight使高兴；C选项surprise使震惊；D选项monitor监控皆不符合文意。
13、[答案][D]between
[解析]此处考察固定搭配。differentiatebetweenAandB。介词between表示在A和B之间，原文含义为：“4个月大的孩子可以区分出一个可信的人和一个不诚实的人”。
14、[答案][C]introduced
[解析]此处考察成分搭配。原文表达：Sixtytoddlerswereeach______toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer。只有C选项beintroducedtosth表示“初次认识某事物”，符合文意。A选项added添加；B选项transferred转移；D选项entrusted委托，皆不符合文意。
15、[答案][B]inside
[解析]此处考察介词搭配及词义复现。原文表达：“What’sinhere？”beforelookingintothecontainer……Eachsubjectwastheninvitedto_________。只有选择B选项inside才能和前文所表达的inhere和lookinginto一脉相承。
16、[答案][D]discovered
[解析]此处考察词义复现，属于句子内部的显性线索。根据原文Halfofthemfoundatoy；theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty…这是用分号并列的连个句子，都是在讲试验的结果句型结构基本一致，前半句再讲一半的受测者在盒子里面找到了玩具，后半句肯定是再说另半会怎么样，两个小分句的结构基本一致Halfofthem=theotherhalf，found=16，atoy=thecontainerwasempty，所以16题填入的应该是found的同义词，发现的含义，故D为正确选项。
17、[答案][A]fooled
[解析]此处句间逻辑关系，属于句子内部的显性线索。—andrealizedthetesterhad17them，此句位于破折号后面，是对前面意思的解释说明。前面提到另一半人发现盒子是空的，并且意识到测试者对他们怎么样，既然盒子是空的那么肯定认识到测试者是在戏弄他们，所以作对此题必须要理解tester测试者是主语，宾语是them指的是受测者，主语的意思决定了谓语动词的含义为戏弄，故Afooled为正确选项。
18、[答案][B]willing
[解析]此处考察搭配关系，属于句子内部的显性线索。Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked，themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill，demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership。根据句子结构我们可以看出逗号之前是一个介词短语意为在所有没有被戏弄过的孩子里面，大多数的孩子在习得一种新技能的时候与测试者的合作是怎么样的，demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership表明这些孩子信任他的领导，所以既然信任他们就是愿意与其合作，故选择B。willing，与werewillingto构成固定搭配，意为愿意。
19、[答案][D]Incontrast
[解析]此处考察句间的逻辑关系。19，onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity。通过该句中的only仅仅，可以看出与上文的themajorityof形成鲜明的对比，19题应该填入的应该是表示转折，与上文形成对比的逻辑关系词。分析四个选项A表示总结，B表示结果，C表示举例子，只有D表示转折，对比，故D为正确选项。
20、[答案][C]unreliable
[解析]此处考察词义辨析。19，onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity。该句含义为：在接下来的活动中30个孩子中只有5个孩子与。。。样的测试者能合作，所以结合上文提到的大部分孩子信任测试者，但是5/30属于一小部分，大部分对应的是信任，那么小比例的对应的是不信任，所以tester的修饰词应该为C，unreliable不可靠的，不可信任的，故C为正确选项。
21、[答案]DMiddle-classworkers
[解析]根据题干中“threatned”和“automation”定位到第一段首句“theannoyi-ngchallengefacingthemiddleclassisonethat。。。fortheirjobs”中的challenge和第二段的最后三句话，可以得知相对于低收入者和富人，中产阶级受到的冲击最大。
22、[答案]CIssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled
[解析]根据题干可定位到第三段中的首句“thisisn’ttobealarmist”和末句“But。。。middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting”，but转折句再一次强调了作者的观点，即中产阶级工人需要很多帮助来调整应对问题。同时，末句中”mayneedalotofhelp”同义替换成选项C中的“needtobetackled”，自动化带来的问题需要被解决，得出C答案。
23、[答案]Acreativepotential
24、[答案]Dpreventingtheincomegapfromwidening
[解析]该题考查作者的观点，根据题干中的关键词可定位到第六段第一句“Finally，becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome，taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought”。由该句可知，由于自动化加大了资本收入和劳动力收入的差距，所以应该重新考虑税收和安全网（保障措施），即税收政策应该避免收入差距扩大，选D选项preventingtheincomegapfromwidening。
25、[答案]Bpossiblesolutionstoit
26、[答案][D]socialmediaasareliablesourceofnews
27、[答案][A]sharpen
[解析]词汇释义题。根据题目定位到第2段第2句：Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia，peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills。句子的情感色彩判断，因为逗号前提到“人们对于所有媒体的不信任增加”，可以推知人们应该开始增强其媒体素养的技能，故选A。
28。[答案]Bverifynewsbyreferringtodiversesources。
29。[答案]Creaders’misinterpretation
30。[答案]AARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline
31、[答案][B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatients’rights。
32、[答案][C]necessaryadjustments。
[解析]细节题。根据题干中的NHStrust，以及Denham’sverdict回文定位第二段第二句“TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways。”根据第二句的语义信息，NHStrust针对Denham’sverdict已经调整了其与DeepMind的协议内容，故通过同义替换，可确定正确答案为C。
33、[答案][D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit。
[解析]推理题。根据题干，此题定位在第二段最后一句but之后的转折句。“Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation，notthemerepossessionofbits，thatgivesdatavalue”。这种区分忽视了一个点：是处理和收集赋予数据意义，而不是拥有数据。选项中的“processing”和原文中的“processing”原词复现。选项中的“thevalueofdata”对应原文中的“datavalue”。因此，D项为正确答案。
34、[答案][D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants。
[解析]细节题。根据题干此题定位在文中最后一段的第四句。“Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources。”重要的是这些进步属于一个私人垄断企业，而私人垄断企来使用公共资源进行研发。而这正真正的担忧所在。因此，选项D为正确答案，themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants对应原文中的aprivatemonopoly。
35、[答案][B]cautious
[解析]态度题。本题考查作者对本文主题“将人工智能应用于医疗健康”的态度。根据顺序性原则定位在最后一段。该段倒数第三句话指出“我们目前依然处于这一改革的前期，并且任何小的选择都会对未来产生深远的影响”，其中“still”一词，以及“small”（小）和“gigantic”（巨大的）对比，都体现出了作者对待整个事件是小心谨慎的态度，因此[B]cautious为正确答案。
36、[答案][B]itsrigidmanagement
[解析]根据题干判断本题考查因果细节。第一段的前三句都是有关USPS的具体数字，属于细节信息。第四句出现manyreasons很多原因。紧接着下面就有fundamentally根本原因是，所以定位在第一段的最后一句。然后分析这个长难句，USPS处在squeezebetween1and2，中，1是technologicalchange，2是structure。2的structure后定语从句：deniesmanagementflexibility对应选项B：rigidmanagement。
[干扰项分析]：选项A，budget文中未有涉及。选项C，虽然有提到technological，原文technologicalchange后的定语从句说的是：技术改革降低需求，并没有提到cost成本问题。选项D，thewithdrawalofbanksupport银行支持撤销了，原文并没有提及银行支持，直接排除。
37、[答案][A]theinterferencefrominterestgroups
[解析]根据题干dueto，判断本题考查因果细节。根据题干关键词：USPSfailstomodernize定位到原文第二段最后一句，在这句前leaving，留下，导致这个结果，往前找原因，前一句提到reformlegislation，而且这句前还有thisiswhy，只要找到代词this指代就可以判断选项。代词往前推，根据这句主干interestgroupsexertspressureonCongress选择选项A，interference对应exertpressureon。
38、[答案][A]removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare
39、[答案][C]discontent
[解析]根据题干可以判断本题为观点态度题。回文定位到最后一段。题干“theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith”，具体定位到最后一段倒数第2句：“Theemerging。。。。。isasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightened。。。。。。。”再根据题干，问作者最终态度，本段最后一句，转折句是作者最终的态度：“Itisnot，however，asignthatthey’regettingseriousabout。。。。”，即作者认为他们并没有认真对待。所以此处作者态度为否定。匹配ABCD四个选项只有Cdiscontent（不满）为负向信息，所以为正确答案。
40、[答案][D]ThePostalServiceNeedsmorethanaBand-Aid
41、[答案][E]TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding（EEOB）commandsa…
[解析]E段首先介绍EEOB的全称，对全文进行概述提出话题，可选为41题答案。同时，从给定选项C第一句提到theState，War，andNavyBuilding…，the在此特指，可以作为另一一个线索，在E选项中最后一句，复现了theState，War，andNavyBuilding。。。。故41题答案选E。
42、[答案][G]ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeits…
[解析]C选项最后一句谈到了manyhistoricevents（建筑内呈现了历史事件），而G选项第一句提到了thehistoryoftheEEOB…（EEOB的历史。。。），意思一致，承上启下，故42题答案选G。
43、[答案][A]InDecemberof1869，Congressappointed…
[解析]确定G后，根据G选项最后一句，。。。thedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentBuilding（谈到拆除theStateDepartmentBuilding），而A选项中谈到了selectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment，建立一个新的StateDepartmentBuilding，前后意思顺接，故43题答案选A。
44、[答案][B]Completedin1875，theStateDepartment’ssouthwing…
[解析]根据给定的F段，首句是段落大意，该句提到了。。。asthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing（该建筑逐翼展开）。而B选项第一句谈到了。。。southwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied（首先坐落在南翼），然后在B选项最后一句又谈到。。。movedintotheeastwing（之后又移至东翼）。先在F段总起，再在B段中分说，前后对应，故44题答案选B。
45、[答案][D]Manyofthemostcelebratednationalfigures…
[解析]B段结尾处谈到了whereelaboratewall…decoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary（这些精美的墙。。。。装饰了秘书处的办公室），而D段第一句提到了。。。thathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB’sgranitewalls（历史事件在这些EEOB的墙上呈现），thewall原词复现，两句话意思一致，故45题答案选D。
SectionIIITranslation
（46）BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama，andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy。
[题目考点]代词还原；并列结构
[句子结构]and并列两个句子，主干分别为：…Europewaswitnessingthepassing…andthecreationof…；ofthereligiousdrama为定语修饰thepassing；undertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy为状语
[重点词汇]witness见证religious宗教的drama戏剧incentive刺激
[参考译文]莎士比亚出生之时，欧洲宗教戏剧正在消逝，在古典悲剧和戏剧的推动下，很多新的戏剧形式应运而生。
（47）noboywhowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland。
[题目考点]定语从句；宾语从句；并列结构
[句子结构]主句主干：noboy…couldbeignorantthat…。who引导的定语从句修饰boy，that引导为形容词ignorant的宾语从句，which引导的定语从句修饰aformofliterature，gave…andmightbringhonor…为先行词aformofliterature的并列谓语结构。
[重点词汇]grammarschool文法学校ignorant忽视literature文学glory荣耀
[参考译文]任何文法学校的学生都知道戏剧是一种文学形式，它曾给希腊和罗马带来荣耀，也许同样会给英格兰带来殊荣。
（48）Buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters，anduniversitymenwithliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood。
[题目考点]并列句
[句子结构]并列句主干分别为：…companiesprospered…anduniversitymen…werequickto…
[重点词汇]professional专业的prosper繁荣permanenttheater永久性剧院
[参考译文]但是专业公司的永久性剧院却兴旺起来，于是高校一些有着文学抱负的人迅速抓住机遇，将其作为一个谋生手段。
（49）Anativeliterarydramahadbeencreated，itsalliancewiththepublicplayhousesestablished，andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun。
[题目考点]伴随状语，并列结构，被动语态
[句子结构]本句是一个由and连接的并列句。and前的句子主干为一个被动语态的简单句：a…dramahadbeencreated，with引导一个伴随状语；and后的句子也为一个被动语态的简单句：someofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun。
[重点词汇]alliance作为名词意为“联盟，联合；联姻”，常与介词with进行搭配使用。establish作为动词意为“建立，创办”，也可引申为“诞生”。atleast为固定搭配，表示“至少”。tradition作为名词表示“传统，惯例”。
[参考译文]一种本土文学戏剧形式诞生了，它与公共剧院结成联盟，至少它的一些优良传统开始登上历史舞台了。
（50）Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity，wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost，andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived。
[题目考点]非谓语，宾语从句，定语从句
[句子结构]本句结构较为复杂，主句部分为“wemustremember…”，主句之前的非谓语torealize作为目的状语，后接了一个how引导的宾语从句。主句中，两个that分别引导了两个remember的宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句中，有一个whose引导的定语从句，修饰authorofnote。
[重点词汇]realize作为动词表示“实现，了解，认识到”。dramatic为drama的形容词形式，意思为“戏剧的，引人注目的，激动人心的”。survive作为动词表示“幸存，活下来；比…活得长”。hostsof表示“大量的”。
[参考译文]为了了解戏剧性活动有多么伟大，我们必须牢记大量的戏剧已经被遗忘了，并且有可能没有一位知名作家的所有作品都保留了下来。
SectionIVWriting
51。[参考范文]
Dearprofessors，
I，onbehalfoftheStudents’Union，amwritingthislettertoinviteallofyoutoattendthegraduationceremony。
TheceremonywillbeheldintheSportsHallofouruniversityonthisFridaymorning，from9a.m。to11a.m。Thedetailsabouttheceremonyareasfollows。Firstandforemost，thepresidentwillmakeaspeechforthegraduates，blessingthemtohaveabrightfuture。Inaddition，severalexpertswillbeinvitedtoissuingcertificatestoallthegraduates。
Itwouldbeagreathonorforustohavetheaccompanyofallofyouinthegraduationceremony。Therefore，weallhopethatyoucanspareyourtimetoattenditandwearelookingforwardtoyourreplytotelluswhetheryoucanattenditornotonthatday。
Yoursincerely，
LiMing
52。[参考范文]
Exhibitedinthecartoonisasarcasticscenethatsittingbeforeacomputer，acollegestudentischoosinghisoptionalclass，wonderingandponderingwhetherheshouldchooseaneasiercourseoratougherbutcreativecourse。Simpleasthepictureis，thesymbolicmeaningitconveysisprofoundandthought-provoking。
Itisbeyonddoubtthatthepainteraimstotellusthateveryone，especiallycollegestudents，shouldhavethespiritofcreationandinnovation。Toputitanotherway，innovationisanessentialandindispensableroleforanyonewhowantstosucceed。Thiscanbedirectlyattributedtothefactthatonemaybecaughtindilemma，atleastonceinlife。Suchadilemmamaycoincidentallybemostdifficultperiodinhislife。Thentherearetwochoicesbeforehim：makingacreativechoiceoraneasierone。Ifhechoosestheformerandtriestobreakthroughthebarrier，difficultasitwillbe，successwillbetheresultoneday。However，althoughitseemstobemucheasierforhimatthemoment，thelatterchoicemaykilloffhisdreamandambition，andsuchchoicethenwillbeapityallhislife。
Ascollegestudent，definitely，wearefacingorwillfacemanydifficulties。Atsuchmoment，weshouldbearinmindthatcreationisanecessaryandindispensablequalityinourlife，apositiveattitudetolifeandanapproachtosuccess。Keepthespiritofinnovation，andwewillwinabetterlife。