12月21日就是2020考研初试政治考试了，相信考生们都已经做好了准备。星光不负赶路人，时光不负有心人祝所有考研学子都能成功上岸。利剑出鞘，不胜不归！
整体概述】
【逐句解析】
译句46.WiththeChurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweentheMedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.
解析：该句主干句子主语是thegapbetweentheMedievalandmodernperiods，谓语动词
是hadbeenbridged。然后with引导伴随状语，后边的leadingto现在分词做状语结构。译文：随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟
得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。
译句47.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeo-centricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.
解析：该句主干句子主语manythinkers，谓语动词hadsustained，宾语moreancientways
ofthinking，后边including引导同位语结构，在该同谓语结构中，又嵌套了that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词thegeo-centricview。
译文：在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。
译句48.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtosuppressthisgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmadeataratethatthepeoplecouldnolongerignore.
解析：主干句子的主语moreexplanations，forhowtheuniversefunctioned做其后置定
语，谓语动词werebeingmade，ataratethatthepeoplecouldnolongerignore介词短语做状语，开头的despiteattempts...介词短语引导让步状语。
译文：尽管教会试图镇压这一代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以一种不容忽视的速度在增加。
译句49.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld,theRenaissancewasoveranditwasthetimeforanewera.
解析：该句子为并列句，有两套主谓宾，第一套主语是theRenaissance，谓语是was;
动词，theduty是宾语，oftryingto...介词短语做theduty的后置定语，并且考了固定搭配
integrateAwithB，翻译为将A融入B。译文：当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，
并且开启了一个新的时代。
译句50.SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhattheinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase'sapereaude'or'daretoknow'.
解析：主干句子主语是suchactions，其后的toseek不定式做suchactions的后置定语，
谓语动词是werecaptured，后边介词by引导方式状语从句。译文：此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapereaude”即“敢于
求知”。
以下为2019年考研英语真题及答案解析，希望能帮到考生估分。
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...
Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticularareaAndwhereisthenearestwatersourceHumansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.
Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.
Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.
18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.
1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All
2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come
3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until
4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally
5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away
6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone
7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar
8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place
9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides
10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually
11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused
12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result
13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample
14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate
15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under
16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks
17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited
18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally
19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings
20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose
1-20参考答案及解析：
2.【C】run固定搭配；此题考查与介词on的搭配情况；runonbattery表示手机使用电池得以运行；其他选项的搭配为：puton（增加；假装；使…上场）；takeon（承担；呈现；具有；流行）；comeon（快点；开始；要求；上演；）；语义搭配不通顺，故选择runon搭配；
5.【A】back词义辨析题；出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”，只有back与前文的lost（迷路）形成相互呼应，故而选择back；
6.【B】off词义辨析题；空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己...路径。但不是完全...的
区域。你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个..是下坡路？哪里有最近的水源”
因此，根据句意表达，off(远离，离开）符合句意；其它选项：onto（在…之上；对…了解）；across(穿过，根穿)，alone(独白地，单独地)，故选择off；
7.【D】unfamiliar词义辨析题；根据出题处的语义表达，“为当你发现自己...路径。但不是完全...的区域”，语义搭配，unfamiliar更符合要求；其他选项：unattractive(不吸引人的)；
uncrowded(不利挤的，宽敞的)；C选项unchanged(未改变的，无变化的)；不符合语义表达；
8.【C】way词义辨析题；根据出题处的语境表述“你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个...是下坡路？哪里有最近的水源”因此只有way符合要求；其他选项：site（地点；位置；场所）；point（要点；得分；标点）；place（地方；住所；座位），不符合句意表达；
9.【A】so逻辑关系题；出题句指出“生活在山谷里的人，基本上需要淡水为生，...如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹...”，此处语义逻辑很明显，考察因果逻辑关系；故选择so，其它选项：yet（但是，然而）；instead（反而，替代）；besides（此外，而且）；不符合句义要求；
10.【D】eventually词义辨析题；出题句提及“...如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹...”，只有eventually（最后，终于）符合题目要求，语义通顺；其它选项：immediately（立即，立刻）；intentionally（故意地，有意地）；unexpectedly（出乎意料地）；不符合语义表达，故排除；
11.【A】surprised词义辨析题；出题句提及“如果你之前去过这个地方，一定要注意熟悉景象，你或许会...快速识别出一块特征明显的石头或者树木来唤起你的记忆”；此处只有surprised符合题目要求；其他选项带有明显的贬义色彩，故不符合；
13.【D】Forexample逻辑关系题；出题句前后构抽象到具体的例证关系（前文提到“另一个选择就是登高寻找有人类居住的标志”，与后文的lookforsigns形成抽象到具体的过程），故选择Forexample；
14.【C】spot词义辨析题；此题需借助前面的语义内容及逻辑关系辅助做题；此处需填入的动词和lookfor语义相近，故选择spot（发现），符合语义表达；其他选项：bridge（架桥，渡过）；avoid（避开，消除）；separate（分开）；不符合语义要求；
15.【B】through词义辨析题；分析：本题为语义题及固定搭配题，考查carve与woods之间的关系，根据常识可知，路应该是穿过森林开凿出来的，故本句意为穿过森林开凿出的公路，故B选项through为正确答案。
16.【D】breaks语义辨析题；本题为语义题，根据上一句信息，因为人为原因而造成的gapsinthetreeline，不难判断，朝着有树木缺口的地方走，就能找到出去的路，故D选项breaks为正确答案。
17.【A】artificial词义辨析题及逻辑关系题；因题干中suchas表示举例关系，故我们首先根据例子信息可以判断文中firesandstreetlights可以确定火与街灯的共同特征是人造光源，故本题A选项artificial为正确答案。
19.【B】mark词义辨析题；根据常识，在人类常去的地方，地面上必定有很多标志，故寻找我们在地面上留下的标志，在此处更符合文意，故本题B选项marks为正确答案。
20.【C】lead词义辨析题；道路上的树皮刻痕、轮胎印和其他特征能够指引你去有人烟的地方，此外，本题处的单词应该与前文中的navigate同义，故本题C选项lead为正确答案。
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.
“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.
TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.
Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.
IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.
Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.
Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe_________.
A.enhancebanker’ssenseofresponsibility
B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits
C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation
D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives
22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_________.
A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits
B.governments’impatienceindecision-making
C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies
D.“short-termism”ineconomicsactivities
23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe__________.
A.indirect
B.adverse
C.minimal
D.temporary
24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate____________.
A.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.
B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.
C.theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.
D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism
B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue
C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives
D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers
21-25参考答案及解析：
22.【D】"short-termism"ineconomicactivities；细节题。题干中的定位信息在“AlfredMarshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句“Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasacting...”，定位信息里的“thisfinancialimpatience”则是回指第二段首句的“Short-termism”，故信息点则为“Short-termism”，所以最佳选项则为"short-termism"ineconomicactivities，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及；
23.【B】adverse；细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transientinvestment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看indirect、minimal和temporary为中性的表述，只有B选项的adverse为明确的负面表达，意思为“不利的”，与原文中的“hinder”（阻碍打扰）对应上。
24.【C】theapproachestopromoting"long-termism"；例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息，第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状；第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“促进长期主义的方法”，与原文一致；
Text2
Gradeinflation--thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.
Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.
Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.
Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”
Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.
Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.
26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation
A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.
B.Students’indifferencetoGPAS.
C.Colleges’neglectofGPAS.
D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.
27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness
A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.
B.Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.
C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.
D.Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.
28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto_________.
A.obtainmorefinancialsupport
B.boosttheirstudentenrollments
C.improvetheirteachingquality
D.meetlocalgovernments’needs
29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean
A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.
B.Tocomplementeachother.
C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.
D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.
30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby________.
A.assessingitsfeasibility
B.analyzingthecausesbehindit
C.comparingdifferentviewsonit
D.listingitslong-runeffects
26-30参考答案及解析：
26.【D】Theinfluenceofconsumerculture；细节题。根据题干中的关键词gradeinflation可以定位到首段第一句话，此句话的句子主干：“Gradeinflationisoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation.”题干中的beregardedas对应原文中的isconsidered，题干中的thecauseof（后边接结果）与原文中的aproductof（前边接结果）都表示因果关系。选项D中consumer是原文中的复现，其他选项都不具备干扰性，因此答案选择D。
28.【A】obtainmorefinancialsupport；细节题。根据题干中的关键词paragraph5、gradeforgiveness和colleges可以定位到第五段的第一句，即gradeforgiveness能够满足学生的需求，但是对应选项并没有对应的答案，所以接着往下看，提到了国家基金与他们的成功有关，得到更好地分数意为这拿到更多的钱。选项A中的financialsupport指的就是statefunds。因此答案为A。
29.【C】tobeidenticalwitheachother；猜词题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段最后一句话：“Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.”所以解题的关键是找到this指代的内容。This指代的是前一句话，即：因为学生和家长都希望通过大学学历来找工作，所以学校的最佳利益是尽可能地把学生培养成有能力胜任的人，或者至少看起来是那样。由此可以的出学生和学校的目标是一致的，选项C中的beidenticalwith表示的是与……相同，因此答案为C。
Text3
ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.
Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:”Whatisintelligence,identify,or
consciousnessWhatmakeshumanshumans”
Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.
Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”
Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.
Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.
OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.
Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.
Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvaluesOnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.
31.MaryShelley’snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit
A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.
B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.
C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.
D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.
32.InDavidEagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness
A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.
B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.
C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.
D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.
33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles
A.canhardlyeverbefound.
B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.
C.causeslittlepublicconcern.
D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.
34.Theauthor’sattitudetowardGoogle’spledgeisoneof
A.affirmation.
B.skepticism.
C.contempt.
D.respect.
35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
A.AI’sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants
B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI
C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable
D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl
31-35参考答案及解析：
32.【D】istoolimitedforustoreproduceit；观点细节题。可通过关键词consciousness回文定位至原文第2段尾句部分：wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.可知我们将意识注入机器的能力是有限的，因为没有好的理论可以解释。
34.【A】affirmation；态度题，根据题干中的theauthor’sattitude,Google’spledges.回文定位到第八段，，开头while转折，whilethestatementisvague,与vague相反的即是观点，所以表示正向情感的词即是正解。affirmation表示确定。
35.【C】Frankenstein,theNovelpredictingtheAgeofAI；主旨题。本文首段通过引用MaryShelley的书引出本文要探讨的话题新技术所引发的道德问题。特别是在最后一段指出AI所涉及的道德问题已经触手可及。全篇复现了AI和conscience这两个关键词，所以答案选C
Text4
StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.
TheSupremeCourt’sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.
Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer’spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn’thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn’thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren’tchargedit,butmostdidn’trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.
JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”
Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn’tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.Amazon.com,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon’thaveto.
Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven’tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate’ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.
Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.The
SmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”
36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill
A.Dettebusiness’relutionswithstates
B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma
C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax
D.forcessomestatestocutsalestax
37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions
A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce
B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears
C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases
D.wereconsideredupfavorablebystates
38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas
A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment
B.broughtprosperitytothecountry
C.harmedfairmarketcompetition
D.boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue
39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling
A.InternetentrepreneursB.Big-chainowners
C.Third-partysellersD.Smallretailers
40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor
A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences
B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking
C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem
D.citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications
36-40参考答案及解析：
36.【C】makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax；本题为细节题，根据题干关键字“theSupremeCourtdecisionThursday”定位到原文第一段“StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythat...”前半句已经明确提出各州的在线购物可能要交税，对应选项C，原词“online”加“shoppers”对“purchase”的同义替换。其他三个选项均为提及。
37.【D】wereconsideredupfavorablebystates；根据题干“learned”可知本题为推理题，根据关键字“theoverruleddecisions”定位到原文第二段的两句，大意为“州政府抱怨以前的政策使每年税收损失惨重，因此以前的政策很难再收取网上营业税”两句表示出的意思都是对州政府的不利，对比四个选项，得出答案D,州政府认为原政策对州会不利，因此驳回这项决定会对州有有利，为正话反说。
38.【C】harmedfairmarketcompetition；本题为细节题，根据题干关键词“JusticeAnthonyKennedy”“thephysicalpresencerule”定位到原文第四段的第二句和第三句，大意为实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损，接着下一句Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedfromonanevenplayingfield.”该规定限制了州政府长期繁荣，并妨碍市场参与者参与公平竞争。对比四个选项，D选项为“破坏了公平市场竞争”和原文“competing”“marketparticipant”一一对应，为正确答案。
39.【B】Big-chairowners；根据题干“likely”得出本题为推理题，利用关键词“welcometheSupremeCourtruling”定位到原文第五段第一句“Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,since....”对于大公司来说这项规定是一种胜利，因为...，只需找到关键词“bigchain”即可选出B选项：大型连锁公司。
PartB
Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)
A.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding—thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.
B.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.
C.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.
D.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Parisofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.
E.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“thereisonlyoneway…togetthe
bestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit.“Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.
F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon’tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.
G.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,“yes,”andIyell.“No,”neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother’spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.
41→42→F→43→44→C→45
41-45参考答案及解析：
EDGBA
41.E[Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“thereisonlyoneway…togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit.]
42.D[Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.]
首段为Carnegie的观点信息，故下段复现应为该人物的观点承接，故通过扫读剩下的选项可知该题只有D选项可以承接。
43.G[Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.]
该题上一段最后一句话为“Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin--inoneway.”可知thesetricks是对上文信息的否定，下文应该复现winarguments的肯定的表述，根据选项分析可知G选项首句Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.正好与F选项尾句形成首尾衔接。
44.B[Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.]
该题上段为G段，尾句讲述的是Nowwecanunderstandeachother’spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.而根据衔接可确定G段讲述的是成功的讨论，B选项首句notsosuccessful正衔接上文，转折讲述不成功的案例。
45.A[Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument--notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.]
上段C选项中Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.最后这几句话主要讲的是有关于谈话的四种手段，正好与A选项首句中的Thesetools形成呼应关系，故本题答案应为A选项。
PartC
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.
WhyissomuchbadsciencepublishedArecentpaper,titled“TheNaturalSelectionofBadScience”,publishedontheRoyalSociety’sopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasbecomealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork:(47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Nevermindthequality,then,countthenumber.
(48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheassessmentofanapplicant’spapers.Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatistosaythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenquotedelsewhereinthescientificliterature,theassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbecitedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.(49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublications,orgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavours.
Boilingdownanindividual’soutputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberofpublicationsorjournalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energyandambiguity.Unfortunately,thelong-termcostsofusingsimplequantitativemetricstoassessresearchermeritarelikelytobequitegreat.(50)Ifweareseriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.
46-50参考答案及解析：
(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.
考点：therebe句型、定语从句、状语从句、词义选择
结构分析：含有定语从句和状语从句的复合句。句子主干为：Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsense.inthemedicaljournals为介词短语作状语修饰主干内容，其中名词journals又带有一个由which引导的定语从句，which指代nonsense,而定语从句中又含有一个由when引导的状语从句，从句层层包裹，形成复合句，翻译时注意理清从句间的关系。
参考译文：医学期刊中由很多类似的无稽之谈，这些说法一旦被广播公司和新闻媒体报道，就会引发健康恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。
(47)Nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.
考点：分词短语作定语、被动语态、比较结构
结构分析：含有分词结构和定语从句的复合句。句子主干为：nowadaysanyone…hastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapers….其中，“applyingforaresearchpost”为现在分词短语作定语修饰anyone,“thatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago”为定语从句修饰papers,“twicethenumberof…”为比较结构。
参考译文：如今，任何申请研究职位的人都必须发表两倍于10年前同一职位所需的论文数量。
(48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheassessmentofanapplicant’spapers.
考点：被动语态、插入语、介词短语作状语、词义选择、语序调整
结构分析：本句为主谓结构的简单句。句子主干为：Attemptshavebeenmade….其中，“tocurbthistendency”和“by…”分别为不定式短语和介词短语作状语修饰句子主干内容。
参考译文：人们已经做出努力来遏制这种趋势，例如，将质量和数量标准纳入申请者的论文评估中。
(49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublications,orgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavours.
考点：状语从句、虚拟语气、同位语从句
结构分析：本句为含有状语从句的复合句。主干为：Thiswouldbereasonable…；“…thatscientistscan…”为that引导的同位语从句解释说明fact内容。“arrangetocite….“和”getassociatestodoso…“为动宾结构并列和前面名词scientists构成主谓宾结构。
参考译文：如果不是因为科学家们可以很容易地在未来的出版物中引用自己，或者让同事为他们这样作以换取类似的好处，这将是合理的。
(50)Ifweareseriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.
考点：状语从句、宾语从句
结构分析：本句为含有状语从句和宾语从句的复合句。主干为：…wemustensurethat…其中，“ifweareseriousabout…”为条件状语从句，“ensuringthat…”为现在分词结构作介词宾语；“…thatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience”为ensure引导的宾语从句。
参考译文：如果我们确实要保证我们的科学既有意义又可再生，那么我们必须确保我们的机构鼓励这种科学的进步。
SectionⅢWriting
51.Directions:
Suppseyouareworkingforthe“AidingrurdPrimarySchool”projectofyouruniversity.Writeanemailtoanswertheinquiryfromaninternationalstudentvolunteer,specifyingdetailsoftheproject.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheemail.Use“LiMing”instead.(10points)
【参考范文】
Dearfriend,
IamgreatlypleasedtoreceiveyourletterandIamwritingtoyoutoexpressmysincerehopethatIcanofferyousomedetailsabouttheprojectofAidingRuralPrimarySchool,thedetailsareasfollows.
Inthefirstplace,theaimofthisprojectistohelpruralchildreninapoorfinancialconditiontoimprovetheirEnglish,whichneedsyoumakeanEnglishteachingplaninadvance.Inthesecondplace,thisprojectwillbeheldatJune,lastingabout15days,thereforeitisessentialforyoutopreparesomeclothesanddailynecessities.Inthelastplace,importanceshouldbeattachedtotheroleplayedbythelanguageduetothefactthatthereisafewpeopleunderstandingEnglish,whichneedsyouarecapableofspeakingbasicChinese.
Iwishmyintroductioncouldsatisfyyourrequirement,andlookforwardtodiscussingmoredetailswithyou.
YoursSincerely,
LiMing
51【参考范文译文】
亲爱的朋友：
我很开心收到你的来信，我写这封信主要是为你详细介绍一下关于“援助乡村小学”项目的信息，细节如下：
首先，这个项目是为了帮助乡村家庭条件不好的孩子提高他们的英文水平，需要你提前做一份英语教学计划，其次这个项目将在6月进行并将持续15天，因此你需要准备一些衣物和日用品。最后，由于当地的人基本不懂英语，所以你最好学习一些汉语的基本表达。
我希望我的介绍回答了你想知道的问题，期待和你讨论更多的细节。
你最真挚的，
李明
【题目点评】
52.Directions:
Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingpictures.Inyouressay,youshould
1)describethepicturesbriefly,
2)interpretthemeaning,and
3)giveyourcomments.
YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)
52【参考范文】
Thecartoonprovidesuswithathought-provokingscene:twomenareclimbingahill,butoneofthemdesirestogiveupduetotiredness,whiletheotheroneencourageshimtokeepgoing.
Undoubtedly,thecartoonistaimsatremindingusofthesignificanceofpersistence.Atthetopofthelist,weshouldattachimportancetoperseverancemainlyduetothatitcanenableustoameliorateourselvessowecanbequalifiedforfuturecareerpromotion,andbereadyformeetingtheforthcomingchallenges.What’smore,weoughttoplaceahighvalueontheroleplayedbypersistenceinpersonalgrowth.Putitanotherway,inthisever-changingworld,perseveranceistopersonalgrowthwhatwateristofish.Tosumup,ifpersistencemissesourattentioninanypossibleway,wewillsufferagreatlossbeyondimagination.
Hence,itisvitalforustoderivepositiveimplicationsfromtheabovecartoon.Foronething,weshouldfrequentlyuseittoenlightentheyoung.Foranother,weshouldcultivatetheawarenessofteenagersthatitisveryvitaltokeepgoingtowardourgoals.Onlybydoingso,canwebecomewinnerinthefaceofdifficulties.
【参考范文译文】
这个漫画给我们呈现了一个发人深思的情景：两人正在爬山，但是其中一个人因为疲劳想要放弃，而另一个人鼓励他继续下去。
毫无疑问，图画的作者旨在提醒我们坚持重要性。首先，我们应该重视坚持，主要是因为坚持可以让我们完善自身，这样我们未来才有资格得到职业生涯的进步，才能做好准备迎接以后的挑战。另外，我们也应该重视坚持在个人成长方面的作用。在这个多变的时代，坚持对于个人成长就像水对于鱼一样重要。换言之，如果我们以任何可能的形式忽视坚持，我们将遭受非常巨大的损失。因此，从以上图画中得出积极的含义非常重要。一方面，我们应该经常用它来启迪年轻人。另外一方面，我们应该培养青少年重视坚持的意识。只有这样，我们才能成为困难面前的赢家。
一方面，“坚持”这个话题可以说是考研英语写作传统话题，早在2004年就考过坚持题材的漫画：“终点又是新起点”，今年的考题再次验证反复研读真题的重要性；另外，坚持话题宏观上属于个人成功品质类话题。另一方面，这次作文的难点主要集中在图画描述和主题词的书写上，只要考前安心备考的同学都能顺利作答。整体而言，2019考研英语（一）大作文属于难度适中的题目。
“大鹏一日乘风起，扶摇直上九万里。”乾坤未定，你我皆是黑马！备战考研的路上，你们种下名为初心的种子，浇灌名为努力的肥料，必将收获名为成功的果实。曾记否，那些两点一线的寂寞日子；曾记否，那些做过的题，背过的书；曾记否，那些给予温暖与感动的人儿们。人生一定没有白走的路，明天的金榜题名一定属于坚持到最后的你们！
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