超全的自然拼读法基本规则汇总,非常实用快给孩子收藏

自然拼读法(Phonics)是指看到一个英语单词,就可以根据英文字母在单词里的发音规律把这个单词读出来的一种方法。

在美国的幼儿园和学校里,孩子们从三岁起,就开始接受自然拼读法的教育了,这种方法是美国孩子学习自己母语的方法。

以Phonics的眼光来看,单词不是由字母组成的,而是由音组成的,而音是由字母或者字母组合组成的。

这和我们理解的单词是由字母组成的完全不同,在单词和字母之间多了一个“音”,正是这个多出来的音,让老外具备了见到生词会读、听到读音会写的能力。

理论上说,有了这种技能,对80%的英语单词能够见到单词就读出来,听到读音就正确地拼写出来。

所以,Phonics作为孩子自主阅读的敲门砖,让孩子做到“见词能读,听音会写”,通过大量阅读中强化Phonics,就培养了孩子超强的阅读能力。

虽然Phonics是背单词的方法之一,但绝不是为背单词服务的,作为一种学习阅读的方法和技能,Phonics能在阅读中得到训练和提高。

所以说Phonics并非万能,它只是阅读的起点,如果把Phonics作为最终目标就错了。

字母与发音一一对应的辅音

英文的26个字母,分为元音和辅音,其中元音只有5个,即a,e,i,o,u,其余字母均为辅音。

对于大多数辅音来说,它们的发音是一对一的,而有少数几个辅音字母,每个字母有两个或以上的发音。

b:ball

d:dog

f:fish

h:hat

j:jump

k:kite

l:leg

m:man

n:not

p:pen

q:quick

r:run

s:sun

t:ten

v:vest

w:water

z:zoo

有多个发音的辅音

c字母

c后面接a,o,u的时候,c的发音与字母k发音相同,叫做“hardcsound”:

cat,cap,call,coat,cup;

当字母c后面接e,i,或y的时候,通常c的发音与字母s发音相同,叫做“softcsound”:

city,ice,rice,face,cell,cent,voice,pencil,juice;

有时在e或i前面,c会发/sh/音:

ocean,racial,social。

g字母

g后面接a,o,u的时候,所发的音叫做“hardgsound”:

girl,gas,get,give,go。

当字母g后面接e,i,或y的时候,有时g的发音与字母j的发音相同,叫做“softgsound”:

age,change,ginger,Egypt,gentle,giraffe,badge

特例:

forget,give,girl中的g发hardsound。

x字母

x在单词中间或结尾时发/ks/音:

box,next,mix,six,fox;

x在单词中间时有时发/gz/音:

exit,exam,exact;

x在单词起始位置时发/z/音:

xylophone,xerox。

y字母

y在单词起始位置时发音为辅音:

yes,you,yard,year,yell;

y在单词或音节中间或结尾时被当做元音;

y在结尾,单词只有一个音节时y发长/i/音,y在结尾,单词有两个或以上音节时y发长/e/音,y在单词或音节中间时,发短/i/音。

小测试:

my,cry,fly,sky,baby,happy

puppy,hurrygym,nymph

辅音字母组合

辅音字母组合的发音很简单,就是把每个辅音字母的发音连在一起就可以了。

之所以要把它们单独列出来,一个重要的原因就是,每个辅音字母组合是作为一个整体来看待的,在划分音节的时候是不能把这些辅音字母组合分开的。

音节的划分对于一个单词的读音至关重要,我们所学的自然拼读法发音规律,其实都是针对单个音节的,对于多音节的单词来说,要先把单词划分为一个一个的音节,然后再对每个音节应用自然拼音法发音规律。

音节的划分规律在后面我们会讲述,目前只需要熟记这些字母组合,以备后用。

带有l的字母组合

bl:black,blame,bless,blue,blast

cl:clock,class,clap,clue,close

fl:flag,fly,flat,flash,flower

gl:glass,glad,glide,glue,globe

pl:plate,plane,place,plus,plan

sl:sled,sleep,slow,slide,slim

带有r的字母组合

br:bridge,break,brave,brown,bread

cr:crab,crack,crop,crown,creek

dr:dress,drag,drink,drive,drop

fr:frog,fresh,free,from,front

gr:grape,grade,grass,grin,grunt

pr:press,pride,price,print,proof

tr:truck,track,true,train,tree

带有s的字母组合

sc:scale,scar,score,scare,scuff

sk:skate,skip,skill,skull,skin

sm:smoke,smile,smog,smell,smear

sn:snake,snap,snore,snow,snug

sp:spoon,spin,spot,spell,sport

st:stop,stack,stay,step,still

sw:swim,swell,swing,sweet,swift

三字母组合

shr:shrink,shred,shrill,shrimp,shrub

spl:splash,split,splice,splint,splurge

spr:spread,spring,spree,sprain,spray

squ:square,squad,squirrel,squat,squeak

str:string,strip,straw,stream,street

thr:throw,three,throne,thrift,thrill

在结尾的字母组合

ck(只发一个/k/音):duck,pack,quick,luck,rock

ld:cold,gold,held,mild,bald

lk:milk,silk,elk,sulk,skulk

mp:lamp,damp,champ,hump,dump

nch:inch,ranch,lunch,bench,crunch

nd:hand,kind,bend,stand,mind

ng(这个音比较特别,是舌头抵住上颚后方所发出的鼻音):--ring,long,sing,wing,lung

nk:sink,bank,trunk,pink,ink

nt:tent,ant,hunt,sent,mint

sh:fish,rash,brush,wish,trash

st:vest,last,test,list,lost

复合字母构成的单音

ConsonantDigraphs

简单地说,consonantdigraph就是两个(或三个)辅音字母在一起只发一个音,通常指以下四种组合:

ch(tch),sh,wh和th。

ch和sh的发音有点类似中文“吃”和“湿”发音的前半部分,比如下列例词:

chair,check,shoe,shop。

wh的发音可能会比较令人混淆,不同的历史时期,不同地方的人wh的发音会有一些不同。

但现在在美式发音里,公认的说法是,一般来说wh与/w/发音相同,但在o前面发/h/音,比如:

when,what,whale,who,whole。

th的发音则需要一些记忆力了,在下面这些常用词里,th发浊音(舌尖在上下牙齿中间,声带需要振动,声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来):

they,them-,their,theirs,the,this,that,these,those,then-,than,though,thus,there-

注意:

如果一个单词后面带有小横线,就是指以这个单词开始的所有单词,比如them-包括there,therefore,thereafter等。

其它以th开始的单词基本上都发清音(舌尖在上下牙齿中间,声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来,但是声带不振动),比如think,thank,thirty等。

不发音的辅音字母

在有些辅音字母组合中,其中一个字母是不发音的,该组合所发的音与发音的那个辅音字母所发音相同。

下面列出了这些组合:

字母组合--不发音字母

gh--h:ghost,ghetto,ghastly

gn--g:gnat,gnarl,gnaw,gnome,sign

kn--k:knife,knit,know,knock,knee

mb--b:comb,lamb,thumb,dumb,climb

pn--p:pneumonia

ps--p:psalm,psychic,psychology

rh--h:rhinoceros,rhyme,rhythm

sc--c:scissors,scent,scene,scenery,scenario

wr--w:wrong,wrist,wrap,wretch,wrench

gh--gh:light,high,eight,sigh,night

元音概述

英语里元音的发音比较复杂,每个元音都可以发多个音,掌握了元音的发音规律才能对整个单词的发音有比较准确的掌握。

TheBasicsAboutVowels

常说的元音字母有五个:a,e,i,o,u,另外y在一个单词的中间或结尾时也被当做元音。

每个单词里都包含有至少一个元音。

每个单词的每个音节里都包含有至少一个元音。

元音是单词的“最强音”。

元音所发的音取决于该元音在单词中的位置或它是如何与其它元音组合的。

一般来说,除了以下几种情况外,元音都发短音:

1、该元音是元音字母组合的一部分2、该元音后面有字母r3、该元音在一个单词或重读音节的结尾4、单词以字母e结尾5、该元音是元音规则的特例

短元音

Aa:ant,and,cat,fast,mapEe:egg,net,let,bed,tentIi:inch,bit,stick,pin,pigOo:ox,hot,top,not,gotUu:up,bus,sum,cup,mudYy(在单词中部,发短i音):pyramid,lynx,typical,bicycle,symbol

长元音

如果一个单词以字母e结尾,前面的元音发长音(magice)。

如果一个元音是在一个单词或重读音节的结尾,该元音也发长音,所谓长音就是该元音字母的名字,如A的长音发音为/ei/。

当一个单词或音节里只有一个元音时,该元音发短音,而当这个单词或音节后面加上字母e,刚才的元音就发长音了,而字母e只起到让前面的元音发长音的作用,自己是不发音的。

例如:

can,其中的a发短音,如果结尾加上e,变为cane,元音a就发长音了,而e不发音,我们管字母e叫做magice。

下面的例词都是属于这类的:

game,safe,make,gate,whalecomplete,athlete,nine,side,milebike,kite,nice,note,rose,globe,thosebone,cube,rule,June,mute,dune

元音u的长音听上去有两种,一种就是字母u的名字,另一种则类似汉语拼音u的发音,因为有些辅音与u在一起发不出字母u的音,就以汉语拼音u的音来代替,比如rule。

当元音在单词或重读音节结尾时,该元音发长音。

paper,be,she,legal,fiber,piano,open,future,human等等。

注意Y在单词的结尾时被当作元音来使用,当单词只有一个音节时,Y与元音I的长音发音相同。

cry,try,by,my。

当单词有两个或以上音节时,Y在单词结尾与元音E的长音发音相同。

puppy,baby,candy,city,sorry等。

这个规律可以扩展到复合元音字母的情况,当一个单词或音节里有两个元音时,通常第一个元音发长音,第二个元音不发音。

ai,ay发长A音,如sail,fail,day,say等。ea,ee,发长E音,如meal,tea,need,feed等。ie发长I音,如tie,lie,pie等。oa,oe发长O音,如load,coat,toe等。ue,ui发长U音,如glue,suit,blue,fruit等。

但是,有一些不规则情况使得phonics的规则变得复杂起来,这也正是学习英语单词有挑战性的地方。

在一些特殊情况下,单词里只有一个元音的时候,该元音是发长音的,如:i后面接gh,gn,ld,或nd时,i发长音,如sign,high,child,kind等。

o后面接ld,st时,o有时发长音,如cold,gold,most,host等,但接st时有时还是发短音的,如lost,cost。

有些复合元音字母也不遵循上述长音规律,见下表:

字母组合所发音例词

ea短e:head,bread,heavy,dead,ready

ei长a:eight,veil,neigh,weight,freight

oo长u:(类似汉语拼音的u)moon,zoo,school,pool,tool

oo短u:(类似汉语拼音的u)book,look,wood,foot,cookie

eu长u:euro,feud,eulogy,pneumonia

ew长u:new,few,stew

ie长e:yield,chief,relief,believe

ey长e:monkey,money,honey,hockey,volley

学习phonics,除了要熟记各种规则外,还应多读,多练,才能把各种不规则发音牢记在心,灵活运用。

双元音

双元音Diphthong与上节所述的复合元音字母构成的单音(digraph)的区别在于:

diphthong是两个元音在一起所发的音是两个元音音素组合在一起的,所以听上去有两个音,尽管这两个音并不是两个元音所单独发出的,而digraph是两个元音在一起,但是只发一个单音。

把什么元音组合划归为双元音有着不同的说法,一般来说下面两种发音肯定是双元音:

1、oi,oy组合,把O和I的短音组合在一起连贯发出来,比如:

coin,voice,toy,boy等。

2、ou,ow组合,发音时先发类似汉语拼音ao的音,然后末尾再加上短促的类似汉语拼音u的音,例如:

house,found,owl,now等。

带有r的元音(R-controlledVowels)元音字母与r结合起来,会发全新的音,见下表:

组合所发音例词

ar字母r的名字car,marble,far,large,party

or/or/fork,or,for,core,more,pork

/er/worm,word,world,doctor,neighbor

er,ir,ur/er/nurse,girl,ever,sir,purple

特殊元音

字母或组合所发音例词

aw:paw,law,raw,saw,dawn

all:ball,call,fall,mall,tall

au:haul,taught,caught,sauce

ou:cough,bought,brought,thought

a,e,i,o,u非重读音(schwasound),当一个元音在非重读音节里时,有时会发此类音,非常类似汉语拼音里的e,但发音很轻:

about,elephant,banana,machine,confuse

ce,ci,si,ti在同一个音节里这些字母组合后面接另外一个元音时,发/sh/音:

THE END
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