新东方雅思写作最全讲义分析整理版_Topics
TopicsofTask2(2008~2009.11.21)
一、教育(共25题,占%)
1.Incountrieswherethereisahighrateofunemployment,mostpupilsshouldbeofferedonlyprimaryeducation.Thereisnopointinofferingsecondaryeducationtothosewhohavenohopeoffindingajob.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement(08.01.26)
不同意:
中学教育是一个重要的德育阶段,如果在这个时候中断,带来的不仅仅是失业这样的问题,还有青少年犯罪等社会问题vitalstageformoraleducation.Ifitwasinterrupted,numerousofsocialproblem/headachesmaycreateasjuveniledelinquency.(正如马克吐温说:你每关闭一所学校,你就必须开设一座监狱。Everytimeyoustopaschool,youwillhavetobuildajail)
教育能够帮助培养个人素质;提高劳动力的素质,从而提高生产效率,推动社会发展,从根本上解决失业的问题。doafavorto/bebeneficial(advantageous,preferable)topersonalquality,enhance/boost/promotethequalityofthelaborforce,therebyincreaseproductionefficiency,socialdevelopment,solvetheproblemofunemployment
从长远来看,如果受过更高的教育,则有更多的机会找到好的工作。Inalongrun/term,ifpupilscouldreceivebettereducation,theymayhavefarmoreopportunitiestofindbetterjobs.
教育的作用不仅仅应当局限在找工作,而是为了将来更好的发展。Thefunctionofeducationshouldbenotonlyfocusedon\limitedinjobhunting,butalsoforabetterdevelopment.
**失业的原因是综合的comprehensive/complicated,例如经济原因:经济衰退或者不景气economyrecession/depression,就业岗位剧减,导致市场对于劳动力的需求整体下降afallintheoveralldemandforlabor;社会原因,个人原因等
2.Mostcountriesspendmuchmoneyoneducation,astheystarttorealizetheimportanceofeducation.InyouropinionwhichsubjectisthemostimportantforyoungpeopleandwhichoneistheleastimportantSubjects:LiteratureSportsMathematicsEconomyPhysicsHistoryMusicGeography(08.03.01)
整个题目可以分为理论科目和实践科目两种:
理论科目的好处:智的角度
实践科目(音乐、体育)的好处:美、体、劳的角度
E.g.:WhatdoessportsbenefitsyouracademicAnysportwillhaveapositiveeffectonacademicperformancesimplybecauseexerciseisgoodforthebrain,andteamworkandstrategythatarefocaltomostsportsareapplicableaswelltomanyacademicareas.
3.Schoolteachersusedtobethesourceofinformation,however,somepeoplearguethatteachersarenotasimportantasbeforeastheincreasingvarietyofinformationresources.Whatisyouropinion(08.04.24)
和以前一样重要:(也就是说老师的重要性)
学校教育更加有利于学生的道德培养,尤其对于年龄较小的学生。老师可以帮助学生建立自信心,培养能力,塑造良好的性格最终成为一个有利于社会的人。Teacherscouldhelpthestudentstobuildupconfidence,shapeuprightcharacterandultimatelygrowafullmanbeneficialtothesociety.
通过老师的讲解,能够更加容易接受知识。Bylectures,studentsaremoreeasilytoreceiveknowledge.可以根据学生的需要而改变teachstudentsinaccordancewiththeirowncharacteristicsanddifferences
学生在学校里能够参加体育锻炼,有利于身体的健康和成长
学校教育给了学生一个交流、沟通、合作的机会,有利于团队精神teamspirit、合作精神cooperation、创新能力innovation的培养foster/cultivation。
其他信息途径的好处(远程教育的好处)
提供了一种更为新颖有效的教育形式anoriginalandeffectiveeducationalmodel;增加人们接受教育的机会increasetheopportunitiesofbeingeducated;提高参与者的科技能力developtechnologycompetencies、拓展技术面broadenskillset,从而提高就业机会jobopportunity。
可以同时和全国各地甚至全世界各地的人进行交流和学communicateandinteractwithstudentsalloverthecountryoreventheworld
文档和资料容易储存、易提取、打印和阅读documentsandmaterialsareeasilyrecorded,retrieved,printedandread
远程教育的缺点:
缺乏和老师面对面的交流lackofin-personcontactwithfacultymembers很难及时接受到老师的反馈waitforalongtimebeforereceivingfeedbackaboutassignments
不能像传统教育那样和同学之间更多地接触,没有机会提高口头交流能力和合作能力等havenochancetoenhanceoralcommunicationskillsandcooperationskills
精力和注意力会被很多东西分散manydistractionsathome
并不是所有的行业都承认网络教育的学历,缺乏就业认可。notallworkindustriesacknowledgeonlinedegrees
4.Schoolsshouldteachchildrensomeacademicsubjects,whichwillbebeneficialtotheirfuturecareers.Therefore,othersubjectssuchasmusicandsportsarenotimportant.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion(08.05.22)
同第2题
5.Universitystudentsalwaysfocusononespecialistsubject,butsomepeoplethinkuniversitiesshouldencouragetheirstudentstostudyarangeofsubjectsinadditiontotheirownsubject.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement(08.06.05)
学习多个科目的好处:
目前很多大学都倾向于专业学习(specializedorvocationaleducation),很多专业都是以就业为本(career-orientedorvocation-oriented)而最近的潮流是重新注重全面教育(generaleducation),注重学生的技能,在不同学科上的应用。
很多学科是交叉的interrelated,学习多种科目有利于了解更多的知识widenscopeofknowledge,加深对于专业科目的理解bebeneficial/advantageous/preferabletotheunderstanding/comprehensionofspecialistsubjects
毕业之后有更多的工作选择increaseemploymentopportunity,增加竞争力competiveness
当求职市场竞争日趋激烈的时候,在不同专业领域涉猎、对于跨学科学习具备经验的学生有望占据一个主导地位。Asthejobmarketisbecomingincreasinglycompetitive,studentswhodabbleindifferentspecializedareasandhaveexperienceininterdisciplinarystudyareexpectedtobeinapreponderantposition
深造的时候有更多的学科选择therearemorechoiceswhenseekingforafurthereducation.
学某些特定科目的好处:
提高专业技能increasespecializedknowledge
提高职业竞争力improvecompetitiveness
6.Somepeoplethinkthatchildrenshouldobeytherulesordowhattheirparentsandteacherswantthemtodo.Otherpeoplethinkthatchildrencontrolledtoomuchcannotdealwithproblemalone.Discussbothviewsandstateyourownopinion.(08.06.21)
父母的教育方式parenting分为:专断型authoritarian,管教型authoritative,纵容型permissive和漠不关心型uninvolved。大多数的专家认同和推荐管教型authoritative这一教育模式,即父母会制定基本的规则establishbasicguidelines让小孩去遵循,但是同时考虑到小孩的特点和要求,惩罚的时候同时注意开导孩子。
父母和老师制定规则,控制孩子的行为的好处:
孩子缺乏自制力和判断力thechildrenarelackofself-controlandjudgingability/capability
父母和老师能够根据自己的经验帮助孩子找到正确的发展方向taketherightpathtosuccess
有助于孩子形成良好的行为习惯formappropriatebehaviorpatterns,改正其不好的行为习惯等stoptheirmisbehaviors
孩子可以吸取前人的失败教训,避免走弯路candrawexperiencefromtheprecedingfailuresandavoidcommittingthesamemistakes.
父母和老师制定规则,控制孩子的行为的坏处:
导致叛逆的行为resultinrebellion,甚至对父母产生憎恨hatetheirparents,whoapplystrictrulesandimposepunishment
导致孩子产生逆来顺受的性格docileobedience,不敢尝试和面对失败afraidtotryandfail,表现出不足够的自制failtodemonstrateconsiderableself-regulation
抑制孩子的想像力,不利于孩子充分表现自我denychildrentheopportunitytoexpressindividuality
缺乏独立性lackofindependencelowself-esteem;不能独自面对和解决困难conquerdifficultiesandhandledifferentsituations
孩子的兴趣和决定应当受到尊重receiverespectfortheirhobbiesanddecisions
给父母和老师减轻负担lighten\reducetheburdenof…
7.Nowadays,moreuniversitystudentschoosetostudysomepracticalsubjects(suchasmarketing,computerprogramming,etc.)insteadoftheoreticalsubjects(suchaseconomy,math,chemistry).Somepeoplesuggestthatuniversitiesshouldfocusonpracticalsubjects,butnottheoreticalsubjects.Whatisyouropinion(08.07.05)
实践科目的好处:
增加学生适应社会的能力:increasethecapabilityofadaptingthesociety
找工作的时候更加有竞争力havemorecompetitivenessinjobhunting\seeking
更快的适应新的工作:suittothenewposition\careermorerapidly
实践性科目往往更加有趣,容易坚持和学习。也可以通过学习增加合作能力和交流能力,somesocialskillsascooperationability
理论科目的好处:
为实践科目提供理论基础和技术支持provide\supplytheoreticalfoundationforpractice
增加知识量increaseknowledgecapacity
培养逻辑和思维的能力cultivatecriticalthinking
更加有利于学生的深造bebeneficialtofurtherstudy
8.Someteachersthinkitiseffectiveforstudentstostudyin-groupwhileothersthinkitisbettertostudyalone.WhatarethebenefitsofeachwayWhichonedoyouthinkismoreeffective(08.08.30)
分组学习的好处:
增加沟通facetofaceinteraction与交流能力communicationskills
提高团队精神teamspirit,cooperationingroups;培养学生的责任感individualaccountability
提高学生解决问题的能力problem-solvingability,他们可以从各种各样的观点和经验中获益benefitfromadiversityofperspectivesandexperiences.
学习氛围更好:betteratmosphere
监督性、竞争性:monitorandcompete
适合较低阶段和较低年龄的学习:groupstudysuitsprimarystage
单独学习的好处:
培养独立思考能力:self-independent
安静、可以集中精力:quiet,bebeneficialtoconcentration
适合高级阶段的学习suitsseniorstudy
9.Oncechildrenstartschool,teachershavemoreinfluencethanparentsontheirintellectualandsocialdevelopment.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(08.09.06)
浅析:教育类的新题。目前题库中没有任何题目与之相近。然而,如果考生聪明一点,完全可以将“老师”引申为“学校”或者“教育”,这样的思路就比较宽。首先看看两个概念。一是什么是intellectualdevelopment?Intellectualdevelopmentreferstothedevelopmentofone’sabilitytothink,tounderstandideasandtoacquireknowledge.
二是什么是socialdevelopment?Socialdevelopmentreferstotheacquisitionandimprovementofskillsthatareessentialtosociallifeoractivitiesthathaverelevancetoone’sfunctioninginsociety.
老师对小孩的学习能力和社会能力的影响:
老师更具有专业性:
老师可以制定教学方法(deviseteachingmethods),练习(drills),设计功课(designassignments),甚至可以调整课程(revisethecurriculum),来提高小孩的学习能力。譬如说,绘画可以提高小孩的想象能力(abilitytovisualizedifferentsubjects),精读(criticalreading)可以提高小孩的归纳能力(abilitiestosummarizekeymessagesofareadingpassage),实验课(labexperiments)可以提高小孩的观察能力(abilitiestoobserveanddetectdifferences);家长一般是不可能有那么全面的知识,全方面的开发小孩的智力(fosterchildren’sintellectualdevelopmentindifferentaspects)
老师可以通过课程和功课的安排,来提高小孩的社会能力。譬如说,体育可以增加小孩的团队精神(injectastrongsenseofteamspirit),小组作业(groupassignments)可以让小孩习惯于相互帮助(joinefforts/makejoint-effectstodealwithproblems),参加社区活动(communityactivities)可以提高小孩对社区的理解(haveastrongsenseofcommunity)
家长对小孩的学习能力和社会能力的影响:
家长可以指导小孩完成作业(provideinstruction),从而确保教育延续到家里(consistencyofeducationbetweenschoolandhomeenvironments);家长可以通过一些课外活动来帮助小孩提高技能,譬如说gardening,提高小孩的动手能力和解决问题能力(hands-onskillsandproblem-solvingabilities)
家长在小孩的社会生活中起着重要的作用;家长决定了小孩和什么人接触,参加什么社会活动(socialactivities),决定了社会学习的效果(outcomesofsociallearning),掌握礼仪(etiquettes)
10.Studentsfrompoorbackgroundsuchasruralareasoftenfinditdifficulttoaccesstouniversityeducation,sopeoplethinkuniversitiesshouldmakeitespeciallyeasyforthemtostudyat.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(08.09.27)
同意:
对个人来讲:农村学生和贫困学生(studentsfromruralordeprivedareas)虽然受教育的机会很低,但是不代表着他们没有天赋(aptitudes),知识和态度去适合大学的要求(meetentryrequirements),为贫穷学生上大学提供便利可以保证受教育机会的均等,同时,对于贫困生来说,教育意味着改变一生的机会life-changingopportunity大学提供的经济支持和学术支持,可以帮助学生适应城市生活和大学生活adapttourbanlifeanduniversitylife对于贫困地区来说:可以有助于脱贫致富Inthelongrun,onlymorestudentsattenduniversities,canthispoorareashakeoff/getridofpoverty.对于国家和社会来说:仅仅因为经济条件而不能入学,社会就会失去一些优秀的人才(youngtalent);与此同时,因为受教育机会的不平衡(equalaccesstoeducationisnotguaranteed),贫困学生在就业方面会处于劣势(atadisadvantage),贫富的差距会维持。另外,文化普及率的提升可以提高国民素质,和一个国家的竞争力theimprovementofeducationallevelcouldgreatlyenhancethequalityofthenationbasically.Therefore,itmayleadto\contributetothenation'scompetitivenessintheworld.
11.Manypeopleusedistance-learningprograms(studymaterialpost,TV,Internet,etc.)tostudyathome,butsomepeoplethinkthatitcannotbringthebenefitasmuchasattendingcollegeoruniversity.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(08.10.23)
12.Memorizationofinformationbyfrequentrepetition(rotelearning)playsaroleinmosteducationsystems.Dotheadvantagesofthismethodoflearningoutweighitsdisadvantages(08.12.06)
优点:
容易掌握,easyhandle
普遍应用:widelyuse;basicwaytomemorize
在接受教育的初期和年龄较小的孩子中适用
缺点:
局限创造力limitcreativity;枯燥boring
不能灵活应用couldnotbeusedvividly
容易遗忘easytoforget,印象不深刻couldnotleaveadeepimpression
在较高层次的学习中就不再适用了
13.Somepeoplebelievethatacountrybenefitsgreatlywithahighpercentageofyoungpeoplewhogotouniversity,whileothersarguethatitonlyleadstograduateunemployment.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.(08.12.13)
Excessiveenrollment
扩招的好处:
更多人接受教育,提高文化普及率theenhancementofculturalpenetration,enhancetheliteracyrate,增强国家的竞争力,促进社会的发展tostrengthenthecountry'scompetitiveness,promotesocialdevelopment
提高了劳动力的素质,从而提高了生产效率
解决了一部分的就业问题solvepartoftheemploymentproblem
产生了跟高等教育有关的新的经济增长点和产业Producenewindustriesandeconomicgrowthpointrelatedtohighereducation
扩招的坏处:
教育资源有限的情况下扩招会导致毕业生学习不到充足的知识,缺乏就业竞争力whentheeducationalresourcesarelimited,excessiveenrollmentmaycreateaterriblephenomenonthatthestudentscouldnotlearnenough/adequateknowledgeandarelackofcompetitiveness
降低高等教育的含金量devaluethehighereducation
导致教育行业的不良竞争leadto/contributetodeterioratecompetition
***毕业就失业的原因(同失业的原因):
失业的原因是综合的Comprehensivereasons,例如经济衰退或者不景气recession/depression,就业岗位剧减,导致市场对于劳动力的需求整体下降afallintheoveralldemandforlabor
还可能社会原因:劳动法制约着雇主labor/jobmarketregulations,使其对员工的招聘特别谨慎;雇主对年轻人抱有偏见和不信任。Prejudicetoyounginexperiencedworkers
还可能有个人原因:教育不够inadequateeducation,没有工作经验,缺乏培训lackofappropriatetraining缺乏对于劳动力市场的清晰理解aclearunderstandingofthejobmarket对工资和职业的期望值过高exceedinglyhighoccupationalandwageaspirations/expectation,缺乏对于工作的耐性和雇主的忠诚度lackofloyaltytoemployers
14.Studentsatschoolsanduniversitieslearnfarmorefromlessonswithteachersthanfromotherssources(suchastheInternet,television).Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.01.15)
15.Moreandmorestudentschoosetogotoanothercountryfortheirhighereducation.Doyouthinkthebenefitsoutweightheproblemsassociatedwithit(09.03.14)
留学的好处:
学习不同的文化,开阔视野learndiversifiedculturesandexpandvision
有助于语言的学习bebeneficialtolanguagestudy
增强竞争力,拥有国际化的就业机会enhancecompetiveness,haveinternationaljobopportunity
独立性,生存能力independence,survivalskills
利用先进的教学设备和教育资源takeadvantageofadvancedteachingequipmentsandrecourses
留学的坏处:
想家,孤独感,无助感homesick,feellonely,helpless
巨大的经济压力economicpressure
人才流失talentdrain
因为缺乏监督,可能会沾染到不好的习惯mayaddicttobadhabits
16.SomepeoplethinkthatcomputersandtheInternetaremoreimportantforachild'seducationthangoingtoschool.Butothersbelievethatschoolsandteachersareessentialforchildrentolearneffectively.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(09.04.25)
17.Somepeoplebelievethatteenagersshouldconcentrateonallschoolsubjects.But,othersbelievethatteenagersshouldfocusonthesubjectthattheyarebestatorthattheyfindthemostinterest.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(09.05.09)
比较与第五题的区别:
主体不同:unversitystudentsVSteenagers
18.Somechildrendonotappeartohavelanguagetalent,soschoolsshouldnotrequirethenlearningaforeignlanguage.Whatisyouropinion(09.06.20)
浅析:
这是一道教育类的新题.外语学习的作文题在最近两年有所增加,是个可以注意的趋势.
支持学校强调外语学习:
全球化让外语学习成为必须完成的学习任务.Languageacquisitionhasevolvedfromaneedtoamustinaglobalisedworld.
语言学习已经成为其他科目学习的媒介物和必需品
语言学习涉及到学生未来的交流技能,甚至需要对语言非常熟练achievesuperiorproficiency.
反对学校强调外语学习:
强制教育可能会导致学生对语言学习的厌恶Demandinglanguagetasksmightengenderfrustrationamongstudents,causingtheirresentmentagainstlanguageacquisition.
语言的学习涉及到文化,过分强调外语学习可能会让学生对于本国文化的学习缺失。
学生应当全面发展,过分强调一科可能会占用学生大部分的精力。
很多科目的学习是不需要以外语为基础的,学生未必能够学以致用applywhatonehaslearnedtopractice
结论:学校应该要求学生学习外语,但是应该给予更多的灵活度.Schoolsshouldrequirestudentstolearnaforeignlanguage,butshouldbegivenmoreflexibility
Aconcludingremarkisthatschoolsshouldnotbeheldbackbysomestudents’apparentlackofcapacityforlanguagelearning.Instead,flexibilityshouldbegiveninlearningtaskdesignsoastobooststudents'interestinlanguageacquisition.Inaworldwherenobodyisexemptfromcommunicationinasecondlanguage,learningaforeignlanguagehasitsjustifications.
19.Studentsarenowsenttoboardingschoolsandevenothercountries(awayfromhome,tostudyandliveontheirown).Thishasbecomemoreandmorecommoninmanycountries.WhatarethereasonsforthisIsitapositivedevelopment(09.07.25)
大意:
学生现在被送到了寄宿学校,甚至是国外(远离家人,独力学习和生活).在很多国家,这已经变得很普遍.原因是什么是否这代表着一个积极的变化
在上面留学话题的基础上加入了寄宿学校的内容:
寄宿学校的好处:
因为父母工作的原因,有些家庭总是居无定所havetocopewithgeographicdisplacementfrequently而寄宿学校可以确保教育的延续性educationalcontinuity
学生的情况可以一直被监督regularsupervisedstudyperiods成绩会提高更快highachievementstandards
集体生活communallife可以培养学生和其他人,比如教职员工和同学的关系thecommunityatmospherefostersrelationshipbetweenstudentsandothers,asfacultyandclassmates,增加与人交往的机会培养集体意识
寄宿可以培养学生的独立自主能力和独立生活能力
寄宿学校的坏处:
导致学生和社会隔离tocausetobeinadetachedorisolatedposition.
导致孩子和父母的关系疏远alienatechildrenfromparents无法满足其情感需要emotionalneeds从而加大与父母之间的代沟
受同年龄群体的不良影响的机会增加receivenegativeinfluencefrompeergroup
Thosewhostudyataboardingschoolorgooverseasforeducationalpurposeshaveappearedtoaccountforagrowingproportionofstudentsinmanycountries.Thereareanumberofmotivatorsbehindparents'decisionstosendstudentstoboardingschoolsorforeigncountries.Thesemotivatorsmightbereasonable,butthistrendshouldnotbewelcomed.
Today,parentsareinterestedinputtingtheirchildreninaninstitutionremotefromtheneighborhood,soastoprotecttheirchildrenfromtheriskofdruguse,joininggangsandteensex.Underthesupervisionofstaffinschool,childrenarerequiredandexpectedtodisciplinethemselvesandconcentrateontheirschoolwork.Inaddition,parentsaremotivatedbytheideathattheirchildrenmightimprovetheirabilitiestocopewithdailyproblemsindependentlyinaboardingschool,wheretheycannotturntoparentsforhelp,eveninhandlingseeminglytrivialtasks,suchaslaundry.Suchchallengespreparethemwellforadulthood,inwhichtheyareoverwhelmedwithvariousproblems.
Parents'initiativesshouldbeappreciated,butitturnsoutthatboardingschoolsdonotofferananswertotheirworries.Childrenmightnothavethosebehaviorproblemscommonlyfoundamongthosefromdayschools,butthecostofthisbenefitischildren'szerosociallife.Manystudents,especiallythoseinearlyteens,sufferhomesicknessanddepressionbecauseoftheirprotractedfamilydetachment.Theseproblemscanbeevenmoredevastatingamongthosewhohavetostayoverseasallyearlong.Themundanecampuslifemightnurturethemisconceptionofwhattherealworldislikeamongstudents.Theymightgraduatefromschoolswithconfusionwhentheyexperienceproblemsinmakinganadjustmentfromschooltosociety.
Evenashallowreviewoftheproblemsassociatedwithboardingschoolsoroverseasstudycanpropelustoreassessthesetwobrand-newpreferences.Althoughtheboardingschoolactsasavacuumandcutsstudents'potentialexposuretosocialevils,itmightmeanwhilecompromisestudents'socialskillsandmakethemfeebleinadults'world.
20.Theauthoritiessuchasthegovernmentdecidethesubjectsandcoursecontents.Somepeoplearguethatteachersshouldmakethedecision.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.08.13)
21.Somepeoplethinkthatstudentsshouldgotocollegeforfurthereducation.However,othersstatethatstudentsshouldlearntheskillsoffixingcarsortakejobsinindustriessuchasconstruction,whicharemorevaluabletosociety.Whatisyouropinion(09.09.05)
大学教育的优势:
有助于学习技能,提高思考问题criticalthinkingskills、分析问题analyticalskills、解决问题的能力problemsolvingability
为未来的实践工作提供理论基础layasolidfoundationforpractice
学生在大学这样一个环境中得到的是综合素养Comprehensivequality的提高,例如主流社会的价值观念,道德观Thevaluesandmoralconceptsofmainstreamsociety
技术课程的优势:
对于收入较低的家庭更为经济morerealistic
forlower-incomefamilies
弥补大学教育的不足,例如,很多人经过大学教育后并不能很好的就业,再如很多人因为入学要求entryrequirements等条件而被大学拒之门外
很多人具有特殊的天赋,职业技术课程更有利于这些人发挥自己的才能
22.Caringforchildrenisprobablythemostimportantthingtothesociety.Allparentsshouldthereforetakethechildcaretrainingcourses.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement(09.09.13)新题
ModelAnswer:
Childrenrepresentboththepresentandthefuture.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasurgeofinterestintransformingchildcareintoaformalsubjectofacademicstudies.Traditionalchildcareskills,whicharepassedonfromonegenerationtoanotherthroughoralandinformalinstruction,arenotsufficienttoguaranteequalitycare,soparents'participationincaretrainingisadvisable.
Manyparentsmightbeaccustomedtotheideathatchildcareisallaboutlove,butthisnotionismisleading.Whileitiseasytoadmitthatparentsareresponsibletoattendtochildren'sneeds,itisalsoimportanttonotethatchildrenaretooofteninsatiable.Unlikeadults,theyhavenoideaofwhattheirbehaviorsleadto.Forexample,childrenarecandyloverswithoutknowledgethatcandycancauseobesityandtoothdamage.Parentsshouldnotrespondtochildren'sneedsforcandypermanently.Parentswhogivewhateverchildrenwant,knownasindulgentparents,canbeblamedfortheirchildren'sbehaviorproblemsandunhealthyhabits.Childcaretrainingteachesparentshowtotakeaholisticapproachtocarefortheirchildrenandpreventsthemfromansweringchildren'sinappropriateneeds.
Anothermisconceivedideaofchildcareisthatitisasimpleprocessoffeedingchildrenandmakingthemtosleepregularly.Contemporarychildcareisnotlimitedtothis.Equallyimportantforthisscienceareemotionalandmentalwellbeing.Forexample,somechildren'sfirststepcomesearlierthanotherchildren'snotnecessarilybecausethesechildrenhaveintakeofmorenutritionbutsimplybecausetheyaremoreintelligentandcuriousaboutthephysicalenvironment.Childcareisacomplexsciencethatgoesbeyondnutrition.Whetherparentshavehelpedchildrenimprovemotorskillsandcognitiveskillsaccountsforchildren'soverallwellbeing.
Thepointsputforwardabove,Ibelieve,offersomeinsightsintochildcare.Successfulchildcaredoesnotlieonlyinlovebutalsoinskills.Children'shealthydevelopmentismeasurednotonlybyphysicalwellbeingbutalsobygrowthinotherdimensions.Withtheseborneinmind,parentsmightnowbecompelledtojoinchildcaretraining.
23.Insomecountries,someschoolleaverschoosetoworkortravelforaperiodoftimebetweenfinishinghighschoolandattendinguniversity.Discussadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisdecision.(09.09.26)剑桥系列原题
24.Oncechildrenstartschool,theteacherswouldhavemoreinfluenceintheirintellectualandsocialdevelopmentthanparents.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.10.08)
25.Somepeoplethinkthatauniversityshouldpreparestudentsforemployment,whileothersdisagreeandbelieveithasotherfunctions.Discussbothsidesandgiveyourownopinion.(09.10.24)
大学教育的作用
二、工作生活与意识形态(共15题,占17.6%)
工作生活与意识形态这一类考题在一些参考数目中也被叫做生活方式和社会观念类考题。一般来说,这一类题目可以从三大角度来考虑:1、外部环境(自然环境、生活环境的变化和影响)2、社会因素(家人的利益、朋友的选择、社会地位)3、个人因素(收入情况、个人爱好、年龄结构、受教育程度的变化)
26.Theoldergenerationshaveverytraditionalideasaboutthecorrectwaysoflife,thinkingandbehavior.However,somepeoplethinkthattheseideasarenothelpfulfortheyounggenerationtoprepareformodernlife.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion(08.01.19)
老年人的思维和生活方式不会制约年轻人:
每个人的观念是不同的,也很难受到他人的影响。尤其对于年轻人来说更是这样,因为他们更为独立。
Differentindividualsholddifferentperceptions;itishardtoreceiveinfluencefromothers.Especiallyfortheyoungpeople,fortheyaremoreindependent.
老年人的传统思维和生活方式有助于年轻人形成良好的道德观念和生活习惯。Thetraditionalwayofthinking\thoughtsandlifestyleareadvantageous\beneficialtotheyoungpeopletoformgoodvirtueandhabits.Asacaseinpoint,theoldpeopletendtodoexerciseinthemorning,whichmaydoafavortohealth.
老年人的生活经验能够提高我们对于现代社会的了解、避免走弯路。Theexperienceoftheoldercanprovideusabetterunderstandingofmodernsociety.Forinstance,therichexperienceoftheoldpeoplemaypaveaway\layafoundationfortheyoungpeople,helpthemavoid\escapefromthesamemistake,promote\improve\enhancetheworkefficiency.
27.Peoplelivinginbigcitiesfacemanyproblemstoday.WhataretheproblemsShouldthegovernmentencouragepeopletoliveinregionaltowns(08.02.14)
问题:
Trafficjams
Pollution
Housingshortage(housingprice;realestateprice)
Highpressure
Overpopulation
Highconsumption(mostofincomehastospendondailynecessities)
Beoccupiedeveryday(owningtothefastdevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,peoplehavetoreceivefurthereducationandon-the-jobtraining)
乡村生活的好处:
Beinclosecontactwithnature,livinginpeaceandquiet.
Gowithoutthetroubleofpollution,trafficproblems
Lesspressure,slowpaceoflife
城市生活的好处:
Medicalcare
Educationalresources
Shopping
Transportation
Jobopportunity
迁移可能造成一些社会问题,例如犯罪
28.“Tomorrowisthemostimportantthinginlife.”-USmovieactor&directorJohnWayne.Whyisitimportantforindividualsandcountriestothinkaboutthefutureratherthanfocusingonthepresent(08.02.16)
Tomorrowisanotherday.Althoughlivinginthecurrentsocietykeepsusawayfromtheshadowsofthepast,itismoreimportantforindividualsandcountriestothinkaboutthefuturethanfocusingonthepresent.Threeepisodesfromhistoryserveascompellingexamplesofthisfact.
有未来的地方就有希望,即使是在1954年最高法院废除种族隔离之后,对于人权在法律和习俗方面的进攻仍然充斥在美国的很多地方。在马丁路德金和他的运动之前,一个勤劳而受人尊敬的女裁缝RosaParks被扔进监狱仅仅是因为简单的她没有在阿拉巴马州的一辆公交车上给一个白人让座位;一个6岁的黑人小丫头被一个密西西比流氓枪杀仅仅是因为她想要和白人上同样的学校。几百年来,美国人已经厌倦了这种美国人所宣称的自由世界的伪善。然而马丁路德金却没有丧失他的希望,他坚信非暴力永远不能扭转局势,从他开始宣布蒙哥马利公车联合抵制,他就预言了一个未来的美国,孩子们将不会被根据肤色来决定学校。紧接着,大量的人在3月的华盛顿云集在那里呢,他发表了著名的我有一个梦想的演说,在那一天他看到了明天,在危险之上他看到了希望,这就是他成功之所在.
Thefactthatthefuturedeservesmoreattentionthanthepresentalsostandstrueforacountry.DuringtheGreatDepression,ideologuesinAmericabelievedthattheeconomicdownturnhadimposedthecountryaeitherchoice:ifyouabandonlaissez-faireyouarecondemnedtoatotalbetrayalofcapitalismanddemocracy.FranklinDelanoRoosevelt,however,stoodfirmlyinAmerica'sabilitytoregaincontroloveritsfuture.HisNewDealswiftlyintroducedmeasuresforsocialprotection,regulationandcontrol.Hisactionssucceededinprotectingthenationfrommajoreconomiccrisisfornearly80years.
HadtheprejudiceofhundredsofyearsdisbelievedMartinLutherKingofafreeworld,hewoulddieinvain.HadthefailureofcapitalismblindedAmericafromlookingforward,nochangeswouldbemadetobetteritsadministration.Allinall,thefuturealwaysweighsheavierthanthepresent.
如果马丁路德金关于自由世界的梦想在几百年来被怀疑,他的死将是没有价值的。如果资本主义的失败蒙住了美国人向前方看去的视野,它的行政将不会有任何的转机。总之,未来永远比现在更加重要。
29.Peopleshouldlookaftertheirhealthasadutytothesocietytheyliveinratherthanpersonalbenefits.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(08.03.13)
同22、26、28考察的根本点是:
**公民健康和政府以及社会的关系
公民的健康状况直接关系到学习和工作的效率,从而决定整个社会的发展进度Thehealthconditionofthecitizenshasadirectrelationshipwiththelearningandworkingefficiency,therebydecidestheprogressingrateofthewholesociety.
良好的社会健康状况可以让政府减少对于公共医疗事业的投资,从而把更多的精力放在一些关键项目上,例如教育和公共交通Ahigh-qualityhealthconditionmaydecreasethegovernment’sinvestmentonmedicalcare;thereforethegovernmentcanattractmoreattentionfrommedicalexpensetoeducationandpublictransportation.
30.Somepeoplethinkitistheresponsibilityforgovernmenttoensurethatpeoplehavehealthylifestyles.Othersthinkpeopleshouldbefreefortheirownlifestylesdecisions.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(08.03.29)
31.Manypeoplearebusywithworkanddonothaveenoughtimetospendwithfamiliesandfriends.WhydoesthishappenWhataretheeffectstothewholefamilyandsociety
原因:
现代生活让人们压力增大,就业的压力、升学的压力、生存的压力等Modernlifeincreasespeople’spressure,includingemployment,attendingschoolsandsurvivalproblems.
人们为了适应竞争,需要不断接受教育和培训toadapttocompetition,peoplehavetoreceiveeducationandon-the-jobtraining.
人与人之间的亲情友情感减弱是现代社会的一个趋势thealienationbetweenpeopleisanirreversibletrend
影响:
好的影响:提高了生活水平livingstandard和个人的素质personalquality;促进了社会的发展contributetothedevelopmentofthesociety
坏的影响:人们之间的感情变淡,冷漠indifference,可能会感觉孤独,无助helpless;影响家庭的稳定stabilityofthefamily;家庭和个人是社会的细胞thecellofthesociety,如果出现不稳定,会影响社会的发展
32.Somepeoplebelievethatthefittestandstrongestindividualsandteamsalwayssuccessinsports.Othersthinkthatsuccessinsportsdependsonmentalattitudes.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinions.(08.05.31)
支持心态(mentalattitude)更重要的观点:
好的心态可以让运动员能够接受恶劣的条件(accepttheagonizingconditions),坦然面对逆境(staycalminthefaceofadversity),克服障碍(overcomeobstacles),影响着他们的表现(dictatetheirperformance),让他们在压力下也能保持注意力集中和全力以赴(theirpersistenceandtheirabilitytofocusunderpressure)
好的心态会让运动员去构想他们成功的表现(visualizetheirwinningperformance),激发他们的斗志(stimulatetheircompetitivespirit),运动员自己觉得自己能够赢(Capabletowin);反之,如果没有好的心态,运动员对自己的期望就有局限(limitexpectations),一个斗志昂扬的运动员(athis/hermentalpeak)可以发挥到自己的最佳状态(performathis/herbest)
如果两个具备同等天赋的运动员放在一起,意志坚强的总能在大部分时候胜出Iftwoequallytalentedprofessionalathletesareputtogether,thementallystrongerofthetwowillwinmostofthetime.
在专业体育中,大部分的运动员身体状态都是出色的,真正导致不同的是他们的心理忍受能力Inprofessionalsports,amajorityofathletesareatthesamephysicalexcellence,sowhatseparatesthemfromeachotherismentalcapacity.
反对心态(mentalattitude)更重要的观点:
过分强调心态让运动员高估自己(overratehis/herowncapabilities),只会在失败后更加沮丧(feelastrongersenseoffrustration)
体育运动是以身体和团队为基础的,心态只是一个辅助因素
33.Inmodernsociety,fashionisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinpeople'schoiceofclothes.WhyDoyouthinkitisapositivedevelopmentornegativedevelopment(08.11.08)
人们追求时装的原因:
经济发展的产物:收入增加,让人们可以购买不同的衣服(expandtherangeofclothesworn)
现在的人们越来越个人化(individualistic),时装是一种表现自我的方式(aformofself-expression),可以展现人的性格、心情和审美观(personality,moodandaestheticappreciation)。
全球化的产物:全球化促进了各种文化的融合(mixtureofdifferentcultures),时装设计师可以从不同文化中获得灵感(drawuptheinspirationfromdifferentcostumes),人们接触不同文化的机会增加(exposuretodifferentcultures),因此他们接受时装就更加大胆(becomeboldfashionwearers)
支持追求潮流的观点:
创造新的经济增长点和就业机会Stimulateconsumption.Makecontributiontothedevelopmentofeconomy
新时代的时尚fashioninthenewera不一定意味着高消费,也并非一定穿着某种款式的衣服,充分考虑了消费者的需求considertheconsumerdemandfully,不象人们想的那样肤浅notassuperficialassomepeoplethink
时装是自我表达的一种体现ameansofself-expression,表现人的性格和喜好reflectone’spersonalityorlikes让人们在生活中体验不同的角色allowpeopletotryonmanyrolesinlife,同时使得世界更加多样化makeworlddiversified
反对追求潮流的观点:
潮流变化太快,盲目追求时尚可能造成过度消费followfashionblindly/slavishly/Sequaciouslymaycauseexcessiveconsumption,从而导致浪费,成为购物狂shopaholic或者fashionvictims,忽略质量neglectthequality等
失去自己的判断和喜好dwelltoomuchonwhatothersthink
鼓励人们将衣服和地位、社会阶层还有财富联系在一起associateclothingwithstatus,socialclassandwealth,造成歧视。
可能导致产业内的恶性竞争deterioratecompetition
34.Somepeoplebelievethatimprovepublichealthshouldincreasethenumberofsportsfacilities;othersbelievethatithaslittleeffectsandneedothermeasurestoimproveit.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.(09.02.28)
35.Somepeoplethinkmusicplaysanimportantroleinsociety.Othersthinkitissimplyaformofentertainment.Discussbothsidesofthisargumentandgiveyourownopinion.(09.03.07)
36.Somepeoplethinkitismoreimportanttospendpublicmoneyonpromotinghealthylifestyleinordertopreventillnessthantospenditonthetreatmentforpeoplewhoarealreadyill.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.03.21)
37.Nowadays,peopleliveinthesocietywhereconsumergoodsarecheapertobuy.Doyouthinkitsadvantagesoutweighdisadvantages(09.04.04)
好处:
为消费者带来了更大的实惠和利益bringmorebenefitstotheconsumers,inparticularforthelow-incomegroups,尤其对于低消费人群
促进消费promoteconsumption,尤其inparticular/particularly是在经济低迷的时候economydepression/recession
可能为商家带来更多的利润bringmoreprofitstothesellers
从实质上缩小了贫富差距reduce/narrowthegapbetweenpoorandrichessentially
坏处:
低价的原因可能是降低成本或者数量,从而商品的质量得不到保障,或者过时outoffashion
会影响品牌的市场定位和价值
可能会导致商家的恶性竞争
38.Somepeoplethinkmuseumsshouldbeenjoyableplacestoattractandentertainyoungpeople.Butothersthinkthepurposeofmuseumsistoeducate,nottoentertain.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(09.04.30)
应该具有娱乐性的原因:
适应社会的发展需要,吸引更多的年轻人bebeneficial/advantageousto
喻乐于教,instillenjoymentintoeducation可以激发年轻人的兴趣spark/triggerinterests,生动的形式更加有利于年轻人对知识的记忆和理解vividwayscanbenefitthecomprehension
如果博物馆具有了娱乐性,可以成为年轻人的娱乐放松场所,来释放压力Ifthemuseumwasenjoyable,itcouldbeanewentertainmenttoreleasepressure.
让博物馆更加多样化diversified,适应市场需要
应该具有教育性的原因:
大多数博物馆的气氛都是庄重严肃的,娱乐性可能会破坏原有的文化
娱乐性可能让博物馆变得商业化,从而导致恶性的竞争.
39.Ahundredyearsago,peoplethinkthathumanraceissteadilyimprovingineveryareaoflife.Nowitseemsthisisnotcertaininthatsituation.InwhichareasdoyouthinkwehavemadeimportantprogressnowadaysInwhichareasdoyouthinkwestillneedtomakeprogress(09.05.21)
科技、教育进步很大:
科技:网络、媒体化、数字化、自动化、生产效率提高……
教育:教育方式多样化(远程教育)、教育途径和受教育的机会增加(出国留学,扩招)
仍然需要改进的:
医疗:产生了很多新的流行疾病epidemicdiseases,但却没有良好的对应措施countermeasures;对于一些落后地区undevelopedareas,医疗条件很差;医疗设备不够先进advanced,医疗资源不充足medicalresourceisinadequate
环境:新型的污染物、科技发展的同时产生了不可解决的环境问题
40.Professionalworkers(e.g.,nurses,doctorsandteachers)shouldbepaidmorethansportsandentertainmentpersonalities.Doyouagreeordisagree(09.11.14)
Sportsstars,filmstarsandmusiciansarewidelyknownashigh-incomeearnersinmanysocieties.Oneissuethathassurvivedinpastdecadesiswhetherthesepeopledeservewhattheyareearning,comparedtothoseworkinginotherprofessions,suchasnursing,medicalcareandteaching.Thereareargumentsthatmakeitimpossibletogiveanyconclusiveremarkaboutthisissue.
Thefactthatentertainmentandsportsareindustriesofferingbetter-paidjobsfindsitsanswersinsomesocialtrends.Theseindustriesareexpandingrapidlyfromaneconomicperspective,becauseoftheirgrowingimportanceinpeople'sleisurelife.Peoplewatchtelevisionoperas,gotothecinemaandhavetheirfavoritesportsplayers.Theeconomicvalueofsportsmenandmoviestarsismatchless.Theirpersonalcharmisapowerfulweaponforadvertiserstostimulatethesalesofgivenproductsandservices.Thereisnodenyingthatthoseinotherprofessionscanhardlyperformasimilartask.
Whileitisevidentthatthesehigh-profilefigures'salariesarejustified,itisalsotruethattheirincomeistoooftenexcessivelyhigh.Peopleareguidedtothinkthatfamousstarsmakemulti-milliondollarssimplybyhavingabriefappearanceonaTVcommercial,whilenursesandteachersstrugglewithmoresatisfactoryincomesbydevotingmuchoftheirdailylifetotheircareers.Thiscanbeharmfultothefabricofsociety.Youngpeopledaydreamaboutthedaywhentheyrisetoprominenceovernight,ratherthanfocusingonthedevelopmentofspecializations,suchasnursing,whicharemorerealisticobjectives.
Withallthesefactstakenintoaccount,wemightfinditdifficulttojustifytheincomeofpeopleinoneindustrybycitingstandardsinotherindustries.Reputedathletesanddistinguishedactorsandactresseshavederivedmorewealthfromtheircareersthanpeoplefromindustries,afactrevealingtheirprominentroleinadvertising.However,thenegativeimpactofthistrend,especiallytheimpactontheyoungergeneration,isworrying.
三、科技(共10题,占11.7%)
科技类考题的考点主要集中在科技发展对生活的影响和人们生活方式的改变上
积极影响:
电脑和自动化automation设备equipment使得生产效率更高theproductionefficiencyisenhancedgreatlybythepopularityofcomputerizationandautomationequipment
促进了经济发展和推动了社会的进步
给人们的日常生活带来极大的便利,提高了人们的生活水平…couldbringgreatconveniencetoourdailylivesandpromotethestandardofliving.
联系方便easycontact
获得信息更加容易thescienceandtechnologymakeiteasiertoobtaininformation.
负面效应:
网络交流让人们不愿意外出inactive\immobilelifestyle(在家宅着),和外界的联系减少,性格变得孤僻Internetcommunicationmakealargeamount\tremendousofpeopleliveaninactivelife(keepa…lifestyle).Owningto\Byreasonofthedecreaseofoutsidetouch\connection,theirpersonalitiesmaybecomeisolated\solitary
人们在享受着网络娱乐和其他媒体所带来的娱乐时容易忽视和家人的交流AlongwiththeleisureliveshavebeenenrichedwhichbroughtbytheInternetamusement\entertainmentandothermedia,peoplearetendingtoneglect\overlookthecommunicationswithfamilymembers.
生产效率提高,工业化程度的加强,导致劳动力的需求减少,许多企业不得不裁员Alongwiththeenhancement\boost\elevation\improvementofefficiencyandthereinforcementofindustrialization,therequirementoflaborforceisdecreasing,therebymanycorporationshavetoreducethestaff.
快节奏的生活会引起疾病Thefastpacelifecanincreasethepossibilityoflifestylediseases,suchasobesity,stroke,diabetes,heartdiseaseandsoforth.
科技可能会产生新的污染
41.MobilephonesandtheInternetareveryuseful.However,itisrareforoldpeopletousethem.WhatwayscouldmobilephoneandtheInternetareusefultooldpeopleHowdoestheoldpeopletobeencouragedusingthisnewtechnology(08.06.28)
手机的好处:
老年人常有小恙(sufferillhealth),如果有突发事件,可以联系急救(makeanemergencycallintheeventoftrouble);也方便医务人员(healthprofessionals)和家庭医生(familydoctors)联系;
因特网的好处:
因特网有娱乐价值(entertainmentvalue);通过在网络上和人聊天,在留言版(discussionboard)上参与讨论,老年人不会感到被社会排挤(asenseofexclusion);
如何鼓励老年人使用因特网和手机:
减低费用(reduceservicefees)免费试用,让老年人感受电脑和手机所带来的好处couldsendtheproductstotheoldpeopleforfree.(Tryoutforfree)
商家和志愿者可以采取一些措施,教给老年人如何使用一些功能,例如拍照built-incameras、发邮件、语音留言voicecalls、下载铃声ringtones、浏览网页Internetbrowsing。帮助老年人学会使用,譬如说发一些简明的手册user-friendlypamphlets
42.Somepeoplesupportthedevelopmentsinagriculturesuchasfactoryfarmingandcreationsofnewtypesoffruitsandvegetables,whileothersopposethisview.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.(08.07.12)
支持农业技术发展的观点:
农业技术改良农作物的基因(modifythegeneofcrops),从而提高产量(raiseproductivity),譬如说减少虫害的影响(pest-resistantordisease-resistant),加速成长(hastenthegrowthofcrops);减少某些地区的饥荒问题(relievefamine)
农业技术可以让农作物大批量生产(achieveeconomiesofscale),把农作物放在温室里培植可以保证种植不受季节影响(reducetheimpactofseasonality)
对于某些地区,基因食物的产生可以增加食品的多样性(improvetherichnessoffoodvarieties),让人们吸收更多的营养(increasetheintakeofnutrition)
机械化农业可以提高生产效率productionefficiency,节约劳动力savethelaborforce,增加产量increaseoutput/production
研发新型农作物可以丰富人们的生活enrichourdailylife,提高生活质量enhancelivingquality;创造新的经济增长点createnewindustries,给农民带来更大的利益
反对农业技术发展的观点:
有一些技术改变了农作物的基因,伤害农作物的营养价值(reducethenutritionvalueofcrops);很多时候,基因食物对人体的影响还有很多未知因素(theeffectofgeneticallymodifiedfoodsonhumanbodiesisunknownoruntested)
机械化农业可能会导致失业
可能导致浪费、污染
研发新的农作物有一定的市场风险,投资巨大;可能对健康有害
因为工厂种植,很多食物的品种慢慢被我们放弃了(abandonplantvarieties),我们的农业种植集中在少数几种农作物,我们的饮食越来越单调(monotonousdiet)
43.Therearemoreworkerstoworkfromhomeandmorestudentstostudyfromhome.Thisisbecausethecomputertechnologyismoreandmoreeasilyaccessibleandcheaper.Doyouthinkitisapositiveornegativedevelopment(08.11.15)
增加工作和学习的灵活性increasetheflexibilitydramatically
增加学习工作的动力increasemotivation减少在学校以及办公室要面临的压力Themotivationcouldbeboosteddramaticallybecauseofthereductionofpressure\stress,whichwehavetofaceinschoolandoffice.
节省空间和设备,从而减少费用支出Itmaysavespaceandotherfacilitiestherebyreducecosts.
不利于管理学生和员工,缺乏监督Byreasonoflackingmonitoraboutperformance,itisdisadvantageoustomanagethestudentsandstaff.
很难保持团队精神,缺乏交流,同事和同学之间有疏远感Itisdifficulttokeepteamspiritandislackofcommunicationbetweenmembers,whichmayproduceasenseofisolation.
44.Somepeoplesaymodernchildren'sgamesdonotdevelopawiderangeofskills,whiletraditionalgamescanbemuchbetterfordevelopingsuchskills.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(08.11.29)
现代游戏的好处:
更加丰富和多样化diversity,可以开发孩子的智力developchildren’sintelligence
现代游戏是以网络为基础的basedonInternet,可以让孩子更加适应现代生活beaccustomedtomodernlife
现代游戏大多是室内的indoor,较为安全
单独的,提高孩子的独处能力
传统游戏的好处:
较为简单,可以激发孩子的创造力和动手能力Thetraditionalgamesaretendtobesimple-equipped,whichmayinspirechildren’spracticalability\capabilityandcreativity.
户外的,可以让孩子得到很好的锻炼。对身体的伤害更小causelessdamagetohealth.
传统游戏大多需要多人去玩,可以增强孩子交流能力和社交能力等
45.Somepeoplebelievetherangeoftechnologyavailabletoindividualstodayisincreasingthegapbetweenpoorpeopleandrichpeople.Othersthinkitishavinganoppositeeffect.Discussthesepointsofview.Whatisyouropinion(09.01.10)
科技加深了贫富差距:
富人能够购买科技产品,从而提高生产效率,创造更多的财富,也就是说科技所带来的便利和快捷往往只能由富人享有
核心core,nuclear、尖端的科学技术和科技产品需要巨大的金钱和地位才能获得
穷人往往没有条件和机会接触、学习新的科技,而财富的获得越来越多的需要以获得科技为基础
科技缩小了贫富差距:
网络的发达让穷人可以廉价地获得信息和接受到教育,从而有机会改变贫穷现状
科技的发达让商品更加便宜,尤其是一些科技产品,穷人和富人之间的生活差距会减小
46.Today,peoplecanworkandliveinanywheretheywant,becauseoftheimprovementofcommunicationtechnologyandtransportation.Doadvantagesofthisdevelopmentoutweighthedisadvantages(09.01.17)
47.IthasbeenbelievedthatpeoplewhoreadforpleasurehavedevelopedimaginationandgoodlanguageskillsthanpeoplewhoprefertowatchTV.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.05.16)
科技对于阅读方式的影响
看电视:直接、印象深刻、容易理解、相对轻松,同时利用听觉和视觉,效果较好,信息量更大
读书:激发想像sparktheimagination,对于文字的记忆更好更直接,对于读写能力的提高更大,方便,更有效率,有效信息较多。而人们如果通过看电视这样的方式,很能收到多种信息的interruption,注意力不集中
48.Manypeopleareoptimisticaboutthe21stcenturyandseeitasanopportunitytomakepositivechangestotheworld.TowhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththeiroptimismWhatchangeswouldyouliketobemadeinthenewcentury(09.07.23)
People'soptimismaboutthe21stcenturycanbeunderstoodbytheupsurgeintheinterestinscienceandtechnologyaroundtheworld.Thisupbeatattitudeisfurthersupportedbytheproliferationofnovelinventionsandstate-of-the-arttechnologiesthathaveemergedinrecentyears.Whiletheworld'scontinuedadvanceinvariousdomains(e.gscience)isnoteworthy,thisadvancedoesnotcomewithoutitsproblems.
Muchoftheworld'sachievementinthe21stcenturyorinthe20thcenturyhasbeenmadeatthecostofenvironmentandthepoorestpeopleandcountries.Theautomobileindustryhasdevelopedrapidly,buttheside-effectofthisdevelopmentisthedegradingenvironment,whichischaracterizedbyincreasedgreenhouseemissionsandabnormalclimates.Thegrowingdemandforcommoditieshaspromptedtheworld'sfactoriestoincreaseoutputincessantly,acceleratingtheconsumptionofenergyandotherresources.Leadingcountrieshaveadvocatedglobalizationandpromotedthisasawayofachievingcountries'sharedprosperity,butthetruthisthatthegapbetweenrichandpoorcountriesiswidening,ratherthannarrowing.
Inviewofthedownsideoftheworld'sseeminglypositivechanges,thequestionremains:whatchangescanbemadeinthenewcenturyWithoutanydoubt,howtomaintainthecurrentmomentumwithoutcausingfurtherdamagetotheenvironmentshouldbetheissueontopagenda.Scientistsandinventorsshouldupdatetheenvironmentalimpactoftheirinventionsbeforecommercializingthemandintroducingthemtothepublic.Meanwhile,leadingcountriesfortheirownbenefitsshouldnotmanipulateglobalization.Policiesandregulationsshouldbereratedandadjustedtomakesurethatdevelopingcountriescanbenefitfromcountries'closertiesintrade,politicsandsocialissues.
Measuredagainstworldstandards,changescanbeacomplextopicthatencompassesmanyissuesbuttwourgentissuesthatrequireimmediateactionsaretheenvironmentandglobalization.Aworldthatfailstoaddressthesetwoissuescanbynomeansbedeemedasperfect.
49.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyhaschangedthewaypeopleinteractwitheachother.InwhichwayshastechnologychangedtherelationshipbetweenpeopleDoesithaveanypositiveornegativeeffect(09.08.08)
四、环境与动物保护(共10题,占11.7%)
关于动物保护:
保护动物的意义:
维护生态系统maintainnaturalecosystems,保持生态平衡haveprofoundimpactsonthesustainabilityofanecosystemandthewellbeingofhumanity.食物链的稳定Allanimalsareconnectedinonewayoranotherinfoodchains,确保可持续发展consistentwiththeprincipleofsustainabledevelopment
Animals,asasignificantpartofanecosystem,haveprofoundimpactsonthesustainabilityofanecosystemandthewellbeingofhumanity.Allanimalsareconnectedinonewayoranotherinfoodchains.Forthisreason,thedemiseofaspeciescanleadtooverpopulationorunderpopulationofanotherspeciesandthenputthisspeciesatthevergeofextinction.Thenaturalbalancewillbedisruptedandtheecosystemcannotbesustained.
人类可以从动物身上获得灵感drawonanimal-basedresearchforinspiration
人类可以探知物种的起源,进行科学研究
动物有生存的权利,应该维护动物的权益animalwelfare
关于动物试验:
支持
动物不能够进行道德的判断,也不会尊重其他动物的权利因此动物不能等同于人类
Afacttosupportanimal-basedexperimentisthatanimalsarenottheequivalent\counterpartofhumans,andcanbeusedasresourcesforhumanpurpose.Animalshavenocapacitytomakemoralchoicesandcouldnotrecognizetherightsofotheranimals.Norwilltheytakeinconsiderationtheinterestsofotherspecies.Itispossibleoneofthemainreasonswhyanimalsfeedoneachother.
Humans,incomparison,useanimalexperimentationsnotonlyfortheirowninterestsbutalsoforthebenefitsofanimals.Forinstance,somemedicaldiscoveriescanbeusedbyveterinarysurgeonstogivemedicalcareandtreatmenttosickanimals.
动物的神经系统不如人类发达,痛苦已经最小化minimizepain,而如果是在人类身上做试验是不人道的vivisectionpracticedonhumanbeingsisinhumane;动物和人相似beararesemblancetohumans对外部的影响和人类反应相似respondsimilarlytoexternaldisturbances,因此最适合做替代品。而且人类目前找不到代替动物的试验品replacement,substitution
人类的利益应该建立在动物的利益之上humaninterestshouldbeplacedaboveanimalwelfare,利用动物做实验有利于科技的发展
反对
动物的生存权需要被保护,禁止虐待行为theprohibitionoftorture
很多时候,动物试验的目的只是为了一些商业用途commercialpurposes,这是不道德的,例如化妆品产业thecosmeticindustryhasbeenexploitinganimalexperimentsimplyfordiversifyingproductsandmaximizingprofits.Thefewercosmeticspeopleuse,thefeweranimalstheyhavetoslaughter.
动物试验的结果是和信息是不可靠的,具有误导性unreliableandmisleading毕竟动物和人类有很大的不同
关于动物做食物:
富含蛋白质highinprotein和必要的营养物质essentialnutrients,没有替代品alternative
动物没有道德能力(同上)
食物链foodchain有捕食者hunters也有被捕食者prey,物竞天择,适者生存,这是自然法则
肉类富含动物脂肪和胆固醇highinsaturatedfatandcholesterol,吃肉过多overconsumption有害健康
所有动物都有生命权entitledtopossesstheirownlives
50.Somepeoplethinkitisacceptabletouseanimalsforthebenefitofhumans.Otherpeoplethinkitiswrongtoexploitanimalsforhumanpurposes.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(08.02.02)
很多人为了利益,非法猎杀野生动物
现代的医学试验,虽然大多不需要杀死动物,但无可避免给动物带来痛苦
很多动物在动物园里虽然得以生存,但是失去了自由和在野外环境生存的能力
51.Onelong-distanceflightconsumesfuel,whichacarusesinseveralyears'time,buttheycausethesameamountofpollution.Sosomepeoplethinkthatweshoulddiscouragenon-essentialflights,suchastouristtravel,ratherthantolimittheuseofcars.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisview(08.04.05)
限制私家车:
操作起来更为简单carryouteasily
限制私家车可以在消除污染的同时,减缓交通压力和城市的拥挤状况Meanwhile,thetrafficpressureandcrowdedconditioncouldbereleased/reduced.
私家车所带来的便利可以用其他公共交通方式来代替couldbereplacedbyotherapproaches,asbusandtube/subway,例如地铁和巴士;而长途航班用其他方式来代替则会给人们带来极大的麻烦
限制非必要航班:
跟其他交通方式相比,Comparedwithothertransportations,flightsconsumemorefuelanddischargemorepollution.从污染量上来看,航班的污染更大,从燃油的消耗量上来看,也是航班更多
非必要的航班是可以取消的,对我们的正常生活没有很大的影响;而私家车已经变成了人们的生活必需品dailynecessity,如果取消cancel会给我们的生活带来极大的不便greatinconvenience,从而影响经济和社会的发展
可以通过其他途径来解决wecanadoptotherapproaches.
52.Manypeoplethinkcheapairtravelshouldbeencouragedbecauseitgivesordinarypeoplefreedomtotravelfurther.However,othersthinkthisleadstoenvironmentalproblem,soairtravelshouldbemoreexpensiveinordertodiscouragepeoplefromhavingit.Discussthebothsidesandgiveyourownopinion.(08.06.14)
机票应当便宜:
飞行旅行对于普通人仍然是奢侈的luxurious,然而机票降价就会让他们享受到旅行的快乐
缩小穷人和富人之间的生活差距,保证secure/guarantee了社会的平等equality和人权humanright
我们可以采用其他的方式来减缓环境的压力,而不能因此拒绝航空旅行给我们带来的便利,毕竟环保不是人类发展的主题wecanadoptotherapproachestoreleasetheenvironmentalpressureratherthandeclinetheconveniencethatairtravelbringsus,afterall,environmentalprotectionisnotthesubjectofhumandevelopment与其他交通工具相比,飞机具有不可比拟的优势incomparableadvantages,例如舒适、快捷
飞机排放的气体对大气的影响要远远低于工业废气industrialairpollution和汽车尾气caremission
技术的发展已经让飞机更加省油fuel-efficient,排气量变低,一些减轻影响的措施已经实施mitigationmeasureshavebeentaken
机票应当更贵:
相较于其他的交通方式,飞机的污染是最大的,如果机票便宜了,可能会让飞机成为一种主要的长途旅行方式,增加环境负担burden。飞机排放出大量破坏环境的气体environmentaldestructivegases,会破坏臭氧层theozonelayer特别是私人使用的喷气式飞机jetplane
降价decreasetheprice可能会导致航空公司airlines间的恶性竞争,为了保证成本,undoubtedly无疑要增加航班数量,这时带来的不仅仅是更大的污染量,还可能有浪费
机票涨价之后,旅客能够享受到更加优质的服务high-qualityservice
增加搭乘飞机的费用会减少短途航班(short-haulflights),减少二氧化碳的排放(reducetheemissionsofcarbondioxide),促使航空公司购买比较节省油的飞机(fuel-efficientairliners
低的航班费用会导致乘坐固定航班的乘客人数的显著增加。Low-costairlinetravelhasbeenresponsibleforthemarkedgrowthinthenumberofpassengerswhotaketripsonscheduledairlines.
53.Somepeoplethinkinternationalcooperationhasbroughtbenefitstoworldenvironmentprotection,whilesomepeoplethinkmorebenefitshasbeenbroughttointernationalbusiness.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(08.07.26)
国际合作给环保带来的好处:
从环境问题本身来讲:很多环境问题在开始的时候可能是地区性的regional,但最后会成为全球性的worldwide,主要原因是人们共享着地球资源sharetheearthsupply,例如,空气污染和水污染会从一个地方扩展到另一个地方transportpollutionfromonelocationtoanother
单方面的努力是不够的unilateralmovesarenotenough,如果采取多变行动takestrongmultilateralactions可以互通有无,共享人力、资源、技术Internationalcooperationcancovertheshortageofthetechniqueandlaborforce
反对国际合作解决环保问题:
造成环境问题的原因因地而异causesandsolutionsdifferfromoneregiontoanother国际经验未必适合于特定的地区internationalpracticesmightnotapplylocally.
***国际合作给贸易带来的好处:
形成双赢的局势formawin-winsituation,促进全球经济发展
互通有无,共享人力、资源、技术Withitscollectivewealthofexperience,knowledge,andresources,internationalcooperationisinauniquepositiontobringenvironmentalproblemsundercontrol.
增强优势企业superiorenterprises的国际化和竞争力,淘汰劣势企业inferiorenterprises和产品,即优胜劣汰survivalofthefittest
国际贸易加强的同时,人们的生活也会得到改善和提高,例如我们可以购买到各国的产品
给了很多人才talentedperson;talent;qualifiedpersonnel;peoplewithspecialskills;competentpeople;humantalents全球化的就业机会和视野
54.Manypeoplethinkitisveryimportanttoprotectenvironmentbuttheymakenoefforttodoitthemselves.WhydoesithappenHowtosolvethisproblem(08.09.13)
很多人不清楚自己行为对环境产生的伤害(notawareoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheirbehaviors),也不知道怎么去保护环境(havelittleknowledgeofhowtoprotecttheenvironmentfromfurtherdamage);譬如说,前几天看BBC的报道,很多专家建议人们减少吃肉,因为肉类产品的生产会消耗大量的农业资源和能源,排放温室气体;这些知识极少人知道
没有经济支持,没有专业性,不知道具体应该怎样去做Therereallyexistalargeamountofpeoplewhowanttodosomethingtothiscareer,howevertheydonotwhattodospecifically.
即使有些人采取了一些环保的行为,,但因受不到支持和鼓励,没有激情和动力继续下去Becauseofseldomreceivingsupportandappreciation/encouragement,theonewhodevotedagreatdealtotheenvironmentalprotectionalwayshadnopassionandmotivationtogoon.
很多人觉得自己的努力是微弱的和徒劳的(negligibleandfutile),不可能明显地改善环境(unlikelytoimprovethesituationsignificantly)
很多人以环境为代价牟取利益Someshortsightedonesonlyfocusontheshort-termprofitinsteadoflong-terminterest.
措施:
加强宣传和教育,让人们意识到加强环保人人有责
指导人们的环保行为,使其有组织并具有科学性
增加相应的投资和鼓励机制
惩罚以环境为代价牟取利益的行为
55.Developmentintechnologycausesenvironmentalproblems.Somepeoplebelievethesolutionintheseproblemsiseveryoneacceptsasimplerwayoflife,whileotherssaythattechnologycansolvetheseproblems.Discussbothviewandgiveyourownopinion.(09.02.12)
题目理解:“如今,科技发展引起环境问题。很多人觉得我们的生活方式应该简单点,而其他人相信科学能够解决环境问题。讨论两个观点,给出你自己的看法。”
科技发展和社会发展导致了消费主义(consumerism)的产生。消费主义是指人们经常购买奢侈品或者是多余的商品(luxuryorunnecessarygoods),一方面是因为他们希望得到消费的快乐(pursuitofhappinessbroughtbyconsumption),另外一方面也是有社会因素,譬如说展示自己的社会地位(socialstatus)。譬如说很多人喜欢每年都买新的手机、电器,这些就是所谓的消费者生活方式(consumerlifestyle)或者消费文化(consumerculture)。
我们喜欢消费,无形之中会对环境产生伤害。商品的生产需要耗费资源(consume/extraresources),而最终会产生垃圾(creategarbage)。譬如说生产一台手机需要使用各种金属和非金属材料(metallicandnon-metallicmaterials),需要使用水、电和汽油,最后会产生一些很难分解的垃圾(non-biodegradablematerials).如果生活比较简朴(liveasimplerlife),产生的垃圾自然少一点。
科技是否可以解决环境问题?从一些发达国家的经验来看,确实可以。现在很多产品都使用一些容易降解的材料(bio-degradablematerials),很多工厂也变得非常节能(fuelefficient)。在可预见的未来,科技的发展会减少我们生活对环境产生的伤害。我们需要注意的是,科技的发展虽然会减少环境压力,但是却不是一个根本性的方法。
在讨论好这两个观点后,我们不难发现,在解决环境问题上,我们既要控制消费文化,也要提高环保科技(environmentallyfriendlytechnology)。
通过接受简单的生活方式来解决环境问题:
在交通上,我们减少使用一些现代的交通工具,可以减少空气污染
在通讯工具上,减少使用手机cell/mobilephone,可以减少辐射radiation污染
减少使用塑料plastic、化工产品industrialproducts可以减少白色污染whitepollution、水污染等
通过科技来解决环境问题:
我们可以使用清洁能源clean/alternativeenergy,改善交通工具,减少对于空气的污染
可以利用生物技术bio-technology,来治理水污染和土壤污染
可以使用高科技环保材料hi-techenvironmentalfriendlymaterials来代替传统材料,例如使用可降解塑料袋degradableplasticbags
56.Somethinkthattheseenvironmentalproblemsaretoobigforindividualstobesolved,whileothersthinkthatindividualscannotsolvetheseenvironmentalproblemsunlesstheymakesomeaction.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.(09.02.21)
环保对于个人来说很难解决:
很多环境问题需要人们通力合作甚至是全球合作,例如海洋污染和水污染
很多人认为环保问题并非自己的责任,不会采取什么行动
人们采取行为可以解决环保问题:
大多数的环境问题是由公众制造的,所以每个人都采取措施能够从源头上解决这一问题afundamentalsolution,gettotherootofsomething
政府或者环保组织的行为是宏观的macroscopicreadjustmentandcontrol,而人们的环保行为是微观的microscopicbehavior,可以弥补前者的漏洞toplug/closetheloopholes
57.Manycountriesusefossilfuels(coal,oil,naturalgas)asthemainsourceofenergy.However,insomecountriestheusesofthealternativesourcesofenergy(windenergyandsolarenergy)areencouraged.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisdevelopment(09.5.30)
支持使用可替代资源:
减少环境污染;可更新资源(renewableenergysources)很少排放温室气体,开采过程中也极少对环境产生伤害;
创造新的就业机会和产生新的产业,技术可以出售给其他国家;
解决能源危机,地球的化石燃料储备有限(limitedreserveforfossilfuels);
长远来说inthelongterm/inthelongrun,可以降低能源价格
发展可替代资源的困难有以下一些:
对现有的一些产业产生威胁,譬如说石油开采业(oildrilling);
很多国家目前没有资金开发可替代资源,即便开发了,成本非常高
消费不起;发达国家,譬如说德国,一直都用补贴(subsidies)来帮助这些新能源产业发展。
并不是多有地区和国家都有条件利用可再生资源
目前的技术还不够完善,不能达到fossilfuels的所有优点
58.Anincreaseinproductionofconsumergoodsresultsindamagetothenaturalenvironment.Whatarethecausesandpossiblesolutions(09.10.10)
59.Theenvironmentproblemfacingtoday'sworldaresogreatthatthereislittleordinarypeoplecandotoimprovethesituation.Governmentandlargecompaniesshouldberesponsibleforthededucingtheamountofdamagebeingdonetotheenvironment.Towhatextenddoyouagreeordisagree(09.10.31)
五、犯罪(共6题,占7.05%)
必备词汇:
犯罪行为、不良行为:criminalbehaviors,wrongdoing,law-breaking,delinquency
青少年犯罪:juveniledelinquency
罪犯:criminal,lawbreaker,offender,delinquent
常见的犯罪:抢劫robbery;绑架hijack;强奸rape;商店偷窃shoplift(shoplifter);走私smuggle;贩毒drug-trafficking(traffic交易)放火罪arson;杀人罪OffensesofHomicide\murder;故意伤害intentionalinjury\assault
犯罪的原因:
客观上:经济上的拮据和生活所迫beinfinancialstrait;beherdupformoney;beshortofmoney,家庭的负面影响negativeinfluencefromfamilymembers
媒体的负面影响和误导thenegativeinfluencefromthemedia
主观上:心理不正常abnormalpsychologyandbehavior
性格缺陷characterflaw
年轻人犯罪往往是因为同伴的压力和一时冲动theyouthtendtocommitacrimebecauseofpeerpressureandsometimesareonthespurofthemoment
惩罚的方式:
监狱
预防罪犯再犯罪,尤其是惯犯preventthecriminalsfromrecommitmentespecially\inparticular\particularlythehabitualcriminals罪犯在监狱的行为受到监控不会对外界造成伤害。Thecriminals’behaviorsmaybecloselymonitoredandwouldnotcausedamagetotheoutsideworld.
抚慰受害者solace\comfortthevictims
有震慑作用,可以警示潜在的犯罪人thedeterrenteffectsmaywarnthepotentialcriminalsfromcommittingcrimes.
是正义战胜邪恶的象征asignofthetriumphofjusticeoverevil
教育、培训、心理辅导
改造罪犯最文明的方式是教育、心理治疗和感化itisthebestwaytocorrectthecriminalsbyeducation;psychologytreatmentandinspirationarebettertobetaken最好被采取,是文明社会的标志shorterprisonsentencesarethesymbolofacivilizedsociety.一个文明的社会是以高的文化率和低的犯罪率为特征的ischaracterizedby\notedforahighliteracyrateandlowcrimerate.
符合人权Isaccordingtothehumanright.
帮助犯人回归社会,掌握自食其力的技能itisabetterwaytohelpthecriminalstoreturnthesociety,theycanmastersomeskillstosupportthemselves\earntheirbread\makealiving让罪犯可以在出狱后为社会做贡献,弥补过错theycanmakecontributiontothesocietytorepairtheirmistakes.
预防犯罪的措施:
加强自我保护意识theawarenessofself-protectionshouldbeenhanced
加强预防precautions,鼓励受害人报案encouragethevictimstoreportacasetosecurityauthorities,同时设法消除受害人担心报复的心理meanwhile,approachesshouldbeadoptedtoclearthefearofreprisal
完善法律体系perfect\betterlegalsystem.Especially,bettermentshouldbedonetotheCriminalLawandCriminalProcedureLaw,whichmaybasicallyguaranteetheliferightandpropertyright
加大法制宣传enlargethescopeoflegaladvocatingmakemoreandmorepeopletoknownlawbetter.Asacaseinpoint,somerelatedauthoritiesandorganizationscouldtakesomeeffortstopromotepeople'slegalawarenessandencouragethemtocombatsocialevils.
60.Somepeoplethinkthebestwayofreducingcrimeistogivelongerprisonsentences.Others,however,thinkthereareotherbetterwaystoreducecrime.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(08.01.12)
61.Puttingcriminalsintoprisonsisnotsoeffectiveindealingwiththem.Instead,educationandjobtrainingshouldbeofferedtothem.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(08.09.18)
62.Manypeopleareafraidtoleavehomebecauseofcrime.Somebelievethatmoreactionshouldbetakentopreventcrime,butothersfeellittlecanbedone.What'syourview(08.10.04)
63.Societyisbasedonrulesandlaws.Itcouldnotfunctionifindividualswerefreetodowhatevertheywant.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(08.10.11)
并不是每个人都会合理合法地利用自己的权利,如果每个人都有自由做自己想做的事情,势必会侵犯别人的权利Ifeachindividualhadthefreedomtodowhatevertheywant,others’rightswillbeinvaded.
一个法治的社会是建立在合理使用权利,履行义务的基础上的alegalsocietyisbasedoneveryindividualusetheirrightsproperlyandperformtheirduty/obligationstrictly.
社会应该遵循规则和法律(enforcerulesandrequirepeopletoobservethem):法律通过惩罚(imposesanctions/punishmentsuchasimprisonment监禁,compensation赔偿)来约束人的行为(control/regulateorshapecitizens’behavior),譬如说,不让人们在公众地方抽烟,不让人们使用毒品(forbidpeopletouseillegaldrugs),防止诈骗(preventanyfraudulentactivity);因为人们总是有很多欲望和动力(desiresandmotivations)去做一些伤害自己或者别人的事情。法律也会制止任何抢劫、偷盗、身体侵犯、谋杀等行为(robbery,theft,physicalassaultandmurder),保护合法公民的权益(protecttherightsoflaw-abidingcitizens),这样可以防止社会的不稳定(preventsocialunrest)。
一些法律,譬如说税法,环境保护,有利于社会的长足发展(sustainabledevelopment)和稳定。
51.Nowadays,thecriminalssetfreefromtheprisonsalwaystendtocommitcrimesagain.WhatarethecausesofthisproblemWhatmeasurescanbetakentosolvethisproblem(09.06.13)
再犯罪的原因:
在监狱中受到消极影响,改造不彻底
出狱后不能自食其力,不能重新适应社会
受到偏见和歧视,就业和家庭生活很难恢复正常
个人的自卑和心理障碍
解决的措施:
改进改造方法,让罪犯的改造更为彻底。
改造时对罪犯进行心里辅导和职业培训,让他们彻底拜托犯罪心理,掌握自食其力的技能
防止罪犯间的消极交流
保障罪犯在返回社会后的就业和生活问题,尽量减少歧视。
64.Whetherthelaborrehabilitationprogramisagoodalternativetoimprisonmentforlawoffenders(09.09.17)
65.Reasonsforincreaseofteenagers’criminalactsandgiveyourmeasurestoreduceit.(09.11.07)
青少年犯罪增多的原因:
家庭方面:
不稳定的家庭生活unstablefamilylife,单亲家庭增多single-parenthouseholds,孩子情感需求无法得到满足emotionalneedsleftunattended
父母对孩子的教育不够妥善improperparentalcare,过分溺爱孩子,导致孩子为所欲为
家庭暴力使孩子形成畸形的心理状态,导致其走向暴力和犯罪。甚至有些家长虐待孩子,将其作为发泄的工具moreandmoreparentsshowaninclinationtoabusetheirchildrenandtreatthemasanoutletofstress
教育方面:获得教育的机会不够limitedaccesstoeducation,小孩没有得到及时正确的引导导致其产生不良行为seriousmisconduct
社会方面:媒体暴力mediaviolence(Manystudieshavemadeitclearthattheupsurgeintelevisedviolenceandthevideogamesthathaveviolenceasthemainthemeiscloselylinkedtoyoungadults’aggressivebehaviors)、失业率unemploymentrate、同龄群体的影响delinquentpeergroup;年轻人对物质财富、奢侈的生活方式的强烈追求astrongdesireformaterialwealthandluxurylifestyles导致其不择手段illegitimatemeans。
解决方法:
教育方面:提供良好的教育机会和环境providefavorableeducationalopportunitiesandenvironment
社会方面:为年轻人提供更多的就业机会providemorejobopportunities树立良好的社会风气
六、媒体(共5题,占5.8%)
66.Somepeoplebelievethattimespentontelevision,videoandcomputergamescanbevaluableforchildren.Othersbelievethishasnegativeeffectsonachild.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(08.01.10)
可以更好的与人交流,获得更多的信息,拓宽知识面haveabroadknowledgeofmanysubjects.
掌握一些办公软件的应用和其他计算机操作是社会发展的需要,为孩子的职业发展奠定基础Enablethechildrentocatchupwiththepaceofmodernsociety.Theycantouchthelatesttechnologyandinformation
过多待在屏幕前会影响身体健康,破坏视力Ifthechildrenstayalongtimeinfrontofthescreens,greatdamagecouldbecausedtotheeyesightandimpairtheirhealth.
孩子的分辨力较差,一些暴力色情内容的信息不适合儿童,对他们的行为产生负面影响。Mostofthechildrencannottellrightfromwrong;theymayreceivenegativeinfluencefromthemedia,suchasviolenceanddrugs.
室内环境让孩子不愿意外出和运动Itmaymakethechildrenliveasedentarylifestyleanddonotwanttodoexerciseoutdoors.Indoorenvironment
过分依赖电脑excessiverelianceoncomputeruse可能会导致儿童思维能力下降,变得懒惰laziness,indolence
67.Childrencanlearnefficientlybywatchingtelevision,sotheyshouldbeencouragedtowatchtelevisionregularlybothathomeandinschool.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(08.05.10)
68.DetaileddescriptionofcrimesonnewspaperandTVcanhavebadconsequencesonsociety,sothiskindofinformationshouldberestrictedonmedia.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement(08.08.16)
同意:
对于潜在犯罪人:犯罪行为在媒体上很少被惩罚,因此人们可能在生活中进行模范.thecriminalbehaviorsseldomarepunishedonTV,therebyitmaycauseimitation.
媒体报道的犯罪情节可能给潜在的罪犯提供犯罪方法和手段。Thecrimeepisodemayprovidemethodsandwaystothepotentialcriminals.
对于普通观众:暴力导致观众对犯罪失去敏感性,从而认为犯罪是普遍的,无可避免的Mediaviolencemayenablethecriminalslosesensitivitytothecrimes,soitmayleaveanegativeimpressiontotheaudiencesthatcrimeisunavoidableandirresistible
警示作用:社会暴力的主要原因是一些社会原因,而媒体可以起到提醒观众暴力行为可能导致法律制裁的作用Themainfactorsthatcontributetothesocialviolencearetendingtobecomplex,howevermediacanshouldertheresponsibilitytoremindtheaudiencebeingawareoftheviolentbehaviors.
对媒体暴力的看法因人而异,很多人觉得这只是一种娱乐Reactionorviewstowardviolencedifferfromindividualtoindividual,amajorityofpeoplejustviewitasentertainment\recreation\amusement
宣传作用:可以起到预防犯罪的目的.
69.Newspapershaveanenormousinfluenceinpeople’sopinionsandideas.Whyanddoyouthinkitispositiveornegativesituation(09.03.05)
70.Ifaproductisgoodoritmeetspeople’sneeds,peoplewillbuyit.Soadvertisingisunnecessaryandnomorethananentertainment.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.05.18)
可能会增加商品的成本
70.Thenewsmediahasitsgrowinginfluenceonpeople’severydaylife.Somepeoplethinkthatitisanegativedevelopment.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.08.22)
七、全球化及其影响(共5题,占5.8%)
71.Internationaltravelsometimesmakespeoplemoreprejudicedratherthanboard-minded.Giveoutreasonswhyitcannotbringbenefitstothosevisitors.Doyouhavewaystoimprovepeople'sunderstandingofthecountriestheyvisit(08.08.21)
为什么游客不能从中获益:
游客只想看到自己想看到的,而不去理会自己看到的文化是不是正宗的(authentic);
游客只是满足于拍照,买纪念品,明信片,只是在乎有没有去过某个地方,而不在乎有没有真正了解当地文化;
Cultureandcommunicationbarriers
Irritatethelocalpeople
Maybethelocalsarenotsofriendlytothevisitors
让游客带有偏见的观点:
宣传景点(placeofinterest)的材料,譬如说小册(pamphlets),电视的宣传(TVbroadcasts),导游的介绍(informationpresentedbythetourguide),等等,都会让游客对景点产生一个期待,或者观念;很多时候,这些宣传材料刻意地去剪裁(editeddeliberately),来符合观众的偏见(fitpeople'sstereotype);
景点的当地政府让本土人(localpeopleorindigenouspeople)展示他们的传统和习俗,来突出其某些特点(highlightsomeuniquequalities);游客往往忽视了当地人文化的改变和进步。
办法:
学习当地的语言文化,融入当地生活haveanin-depthunderstandingofthelocals
求同存异seekingcommongroundwhilerespectingdifferences,更多的尊重,更多的交流
改善当地人的看法,让他们更为友好
53.Internationaltravelisbecomingcheaper,andmoreandmorecountriesopentheirdoorandwithmoreandmoretourists.Dotheadvantagesoftheincreasedtourismoutweighitsdisadvantages(08.11.20)
72.Nowadays,manycharitiesandorganizationspublicizetheiractivitiesbysettingupanumberofspecialdays,like'NationalChildren'sDay',forencouraginggoodcareofchildren,and'NationalNon-smokingDay',forencouragingpeopletopaymoreattentiontohealthy.Whydotheseorganizationstaketheseactivities,andwhatwilltheeffectbe(08.12.20)
提高组织的知名度和公众影响力
帮助更多的人,尤其是弱视群体disadvantagedgroup
提倡一种好的生活方式和理念,让人们的生活更美好
73.Richcountriesoftengivefinancialaidtopoorcountries,butitdoesnotsolvethepoverty,sorichcountriesshouldgiveothertypesofhelptothepoorcountriesratherthanthefinancialaid.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.05.07)
74.Nowadays,morepeoplechoosetotravelaroundtheworld.Howevervisitorsfindthatplacestheyvisitarebecomingincreasinglysimilartothoseintheirhometowns.Discusssomepossiblecausesofthissimilarity.Towhatextentdoyouthinktheadvantagesofthistrendoutweighitsdisadvantages(09.08.29)
75.Individualsandcountriesfailtohelpeverypersonwhoneedshelpintheworld,soweshouldonlybeconcernedaboutourowncommunitiesandcountries.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.11.21)
Today,itisnotunusualthatcountriesjoinreliefeffortsinanothercountry,mostlyoneplaguedbynaturaldisasters.Attimes,internationalaidexpandstocoverabroadrangeofareas,suchasinfrastructureandpublicserviceofrecipientcountries.Critics,however,questionthesepracticesbyarguingthatinternationalaid,despitethetremendouseffortmadebydonorcountries,isnotlikelytobenefiteveryindividualintheworld.Inmyopinion,thisargumentisillconceived.
Internationalaidisveryoftendeliveredtoboostthedevelopmentofacountryinthelongrun,sowhetherityieldsimmediatebenefitsforeverycitizenisnotamatterofimportance.Aclassicexampletoillustratethisisthemoneyspentbysomeinternationalorganizationsonacountry'sinfrastructure,namely,communications,transportandpowersupplies.Whilethiskindofinvestmentisnotaimedatindividualcitizens,itisthepreconditionforacountry'slong-termprosperity.
Besides,theworldisincreasinglyinterconnected,sotheplightofonecountrycanevolveandeventuallyaffecttherestoftheworld.Insimpleterms,anyattempttocontainaproblemthatspreadsinonecountryismeanwhileaneffectiveself-rescuetechnique.In2008,IMFinjectedenormousliquidityinsomeEasternEuropeancountriesinanefforttopreventtheircentralbanksfromcollapsing.Thestabilityofthesecountrieshelpedavoidfurtherturmoiloftheworld'sfinancialindustryandledtotheworld'safaster-than-expectedrecoveryfromtheeconomiccrisis.Inthisglobalisedworld,thereisnogroundforworkinginisolationandkeepingblindtoothercountries'issues.
Helpingothercountriesintroubledtimesalsorevealshumankindness.Humanshavetraditionsofhelpingthosevulnerabletonaturaldisasters,epidemicsandpoverty.Thisisauniversallytreasuredvalue.Countriesthatpromisetosupportlessdevelopedmembersoftheglobalcommunityaresometimesmotivatedbythismoralprinciple.Theywouldnotdiscontinuethiscausesimplybecausethereisalongqueueforaidwhileaidisscarce.
Beyondanydoubt,anypersonwhohasthesefactsinmindwouldagreethatcountriesshouldhelpeachother,notonlybecausethisisessentialtotheadvanceoftheworld'swell-beingbutalsobecauseitisanexpressionofhumans'philanthropicdisposition.
八、经济(共4题,占4.7%)
国际贸易的好处:
形成双赢的局面,促进全球化的进程和经济发展formawin-winsituation,promotetheprocessofglobalizationandeconomydevelopment
产品丰富人们的生活,提高生活水平enrichpeople’slives,enhancethelivingstandard
增强优势企业superiorenterprises的国际知名度和竞争力,淘汰discard劣势企业inferiorenterprises,survivalthebest/fittest
给一些人才talent国际化的就业机会internationalemploymentopportunity和视野
互通有无,共享人力、资源、技术Internationalcooperationcancovertheshortageofthetechniqueandlaborforce
国际贸易坏处:
widenthegapbetweenthepoorandrich
可能对国内的行业构成威胁posethreattodomestic\homeindustries
进口产品价格过高对于很多消费者支付不起thehighpricesofimportedproductsareunaffordabletotheordinarypeople
过分依赖进口会导致贸易逆差rely/dependexcessivelyonimportmayleadtotradedeficits
可能增加国家之间的冲突和摩擦confliction
76.Insomecountries,itisnowpossibleforpeopletobuyawidevarietyoffoodstransportedfromallovertheworld.Towhatextentsdothebenefitsofthisdevelopmentoutweighthedrawbacks(08.02.23)
77.Economicprogressisonewaytomeasurethesuccessofonecountry,whilesomepeoplethinkthereareotherfactors.WhatotherfactorsshouldbeconsideredWithinthesefactors,doyouthinkanyoneismoreimportantthantheothers(08.10.25)
居住条件(Livingconditions):一些国家经济发展很快,却解决不了城市拥挤(overcrowding)的问题;也有国家经济发展,但是却忽视了环境污染(environmentalpollution),譬如说,美国目前的GDP世界第一,但是它却是世界温室气体排放最多的国家。其他的因素有卫生条件(sanitation),基础设施(publicfacilities)等
人们的生活质量:很多国家的通货膨胀过高(highconsumerprices),人民的购买力很低;医疗、教育和住房问题(housingdifficulties/problems)没有得到解决;有的国家虽然经济发展很快,但是犯罪率也很高(ahighcrimerate)
社会文化(cultures)和社会行为(socialnorms):经济发展可能会让人们忘记一些传统的美德,譬如说诚实和无私(honestyandaltruism);社区的传统(communaltraditions)也慢慢消失;人们没有养成很多社会的优良习惯,譬如说相互尊重
这些因素之所以重要,是因为关系到个人的生活满足和幸福(wellbeingofindividualcitizens),也体现了经济收入是否用于提高人们生活水准(whatiscreatedineconomicgrowthcanbetranslatedintoahigherlivingstandard)
78.Asglobaltradeincreases,manygoods,evensomedailygoods,areexportedtoanothercountry,whichincludeslong-distancetransportduringshipping.Doyouthinkitsbenefitsoutweighitsdrawbacks(08.12.04)
出口的好处:
增加出口国的收益
增加就业机会
可以在无形中宣传本国文化
让国内行业参与国际竞争,优胜劣汰
出口的坏处:
可能会威胁民族产业
可能让商家为了利润对商品实行双重标准
处理不当可能会产生贸易摩擦
79.Developingcountriesrequireinternationalorganizations’helptoensurehealthyandsustainabledevelopment.Somepeoplethinkthatfinancialaidisimportant.Othersbelievethatpracticalaidandadviceismoreimportant.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(09.06.28)
九、政府(共4题,占4.7%)
80.Asthenumberofcarsincreases,moremoneyhastobespentonroadsystems.Somepeoplethinkthegovernmentshouldpayforthis.Others,however,thinkthattheusershouldpayforthecost.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.(08.03.08)
政府支付的原因:
公路属于公共设施,国家有责任为公共事业投资roadsarepublicfacilities,whichdeservetheinvestmentbygovernment
国家比起个人和组织,更加有力量投资公共事业comparewithcorporationsandindividuals,countriesaremorepowerfulinvestonpubliccareer.
Governmentcouldorganize公路系统只能由国家统一支配theroadsystemsuniformly.
使用者支付的原因:
只有使用者为道路建设买单,对于非使用者才是公平的。Onlytheuserspaybillfortheroadsconstruction,itwouldbefairforthenon-users.
使用者为道路建设买单可以让他们更加珍惜道路。Userspayingfortheroadsconstructionfeescanmakethemcherishtheroadsmore.
使用者为道路建设买单,会让政府有更多的精力去投资其他事业,例如医疗和教育。Ifuserspaybillfortheroadsconstruction,thegovernmentcansparemoretimeonotheraspects,suchasmedicalcareandeducation.
81.Insomecountries,governmentsareencouragingindustriesandbusinessestomoveoutoflargecitiesandintoregionalareas.DoyouthinktheadvantagesofthisdevelopmentoutweighitsdisadvantagesGivereasonsforyouanswerandincludeexamplesfromyourknowledgeorexperiences(08.08.09)
经济:有助于落后地区的发展(thedevelopmentofsomedisadvantagedorunderdevelopedregions),提高那里的生活水平(improvethestandardofliving)
社会:缓解大城市的交通堵塞(easetrafficcongestion),减轻空气污染(reduceairpollution),减轻对各种设施的压力(relievethepressureonfacilities)
个人:居住条件更好(betterlivingconditions)
经济:有一些地区比较偏远(remote),商业迁到这些地区会增加交通运输的费用(costoftransportation),更何况很多地区没有相应的基础设施去支持经济发展,譬如说网络(informationnetworks);
社会:影响某些地区本身的文化和生活方式(cultureandlifestyle)人口流动甚至会导致犯罪率上升(populationmobilityleadstoahighercrimerate)
可能会破坏原有的生态环境mayendangeroriginalenvironment
迁移会造成那个巨大的浪费inthecourseoftransfergreatwastesarebondtobecaused
82.Moneyforpostgraduateresearchislimited.Somepeople,therefore,thinkthatfinancialsupportfromgovernmentshouldbeonlyprovidedforscientificresearchratherthanresearchforlessusefulsubjects.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree(09.07.05)
83.Somepeoplethinkthatcompaniesandindividuals,ratherthanthegovernment,shouldpaytocleanuppollution.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement(09.07.11)
十、社会(共2题,占2.35%)
84.Somecountrieshaveanever-increasingproportionofpopulationwhoareaged15andyounger.Whatisyouropinionofthecurrentandfutureeffectsitmayhaveinthosecountries(08.04.19)
社会低龄化的影响:
坏的:
社会劳动力不足belackoflaborforce可能会影响国家的经济发展和经济建设,mayinfluencethecountry’seconomydevelopment
国家不得不把更多的钱投资在医疗保障和教育上。Thegovernmenthastoinvestmoremoneyonthemedicalcareandeducation.
青少年是社会的不稳定因素,如果没有妥善的管理和教育,容易出现麻烦例如吸毒、赌博、青少年犯罪;Adolescents,beingtheinstableelements,areeasytogetaddictedtosocialevils,suchasdruguse,gambling,juveniledelinquencyandprostitute.
未来会产生巨大的就业压力
为未来社会的发展提供人才储备。Providetalentstockforthefuture
社会更有活力Fullofenergy\energetic更有创造力
产生新的经济增长点
85.Professionalworkers(e.g.,nurses,doctorsandteachers)shouldbepaidmorethansportsandentertainmentpersonalities.Doyouagreeordisagree(08.11.14)