1.assoonas…一…就…=directly/immediately/instantly…
=thesecond/theminute/themoment/theinstant…
Eg.Hecamearoundtoseemeassoonas/themoment/immediatelyhecheckedinthehotel.
他刚一入住宾馆就来看我.
Theyinformedusthenewsimmediately/directlytheygotit.
他们一得到消息就通知了我们.
Thepolicemancametothespotthemoment/theinstant/theminutesheheardoftheaccident.一听说事故，这位警察就到了现场.
2.….before….
(1).没来得及…就…
Therooffellbeforehehadtimetodashintotheroomtosavehisbaby.
他还没有来得及冲进房间把孩子就出来，房顶就塌了.
HeranoffbeforeIcouldstophim.
Tomygreatdisappointment，myfavoritesingerlefttheconcertbeforeIcouldhaveawordwithhim.
(2).过了多久才怎么样，动作进行到什么程度才怎样
Theywalkedaboutthirtymilestothewestbeforetheysawavillage.
Theyworkeddayandnightaboutthreedaysbeforeeverythingreturnedtonormal.
ThreeyearspassedbeforeIknewit.
Itwasnotlongbefore…不久就…
Eg.Itwasnotlongbeforehesensedthedangeroftheposition.
Itwasthreeyearsbeforehecameback.
Itwillbehalfayearbeforeyougraduatefromthisschool.
4.nosooner…than…=hardly…when…一…就….，刚刚…就…
Nosooner/hardly+过去完成时，than/when+一般过去时
如果nosooner，hardly位于句首，主句要倒装.
HehadhardlysatdowntohavearestwhenthedoorbellrangandincameAllan.
Nosoonerhadhegotoffthetrainthanhisdaughterrantowardshim.
Hardlyhadwearrivedwhenshestartedcryingtogohome.
Onceyouunderstandthisrule，youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.
Onceyouhavedecidedtodosomething，youshoulddoitwell.
Onceyouenterthechemistrylab，youshouldfollowtheteacher’sinstructions.
6.since…自从….以来
Since引导的从句不论是延续性或非延续性动词，都表示的是动作或状态的完成或结束.
注意一下句子翻译：
SincehelivedinNanjing，Ihavenotheardfromhim.(=sinceheleftNanjing…)
自从他离开南京以来，我没有收到过他的信.
SinceshewasinYangzhou，shehaskeptintouchwithherformerfriends.(sincesheleftYangzhou…)
她离开扬州以来，一直同过去的朋友保持着联系.
对比：
1).Ihaveneverseenhimsincehewasill.
他病好后，我就再也没有见到他.
2).Ihaveneverseenhimsincehefellill.
他生病以后我就再也没有见过他.
Itis/hasbeentwoyearssincehisfatherdied.
=hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.=hisfatherdiedtwoyearsago.
他的父亲去世两年了.
Ithasbeen8yearssinceIgraduatedfromuniversity.
=Igraduatedfromuniversity8yearsago.
Itis3yearssincehesmoked.他三年不吸烟了.(即，从句动词延续性的，译成否定意义;从句动词非延续性的，译成肯定意义.)
Itis3yearssinceheleftschool.-----他毕业三年了.
7….until…直到…时候;not…until…直到…才…
Youaretostayhereuntil/tillyourmothercomesback.
Themeetingwasputoffuntilteno’clock.
NotuntilwewatchedtheEarthDayprogramonTVdidweknowmuchaboutglobalwarning.
=WedidnotknowmuchaboutglobalwarninguntilwewatchedtheEarthDayprogram.
=ItwasnotuntilwewatchedtheEarthDayprogramonTVthatweknewmuchaboutglobalwarming.
Notuntilhefailedintheexamdidherealizethathehadwastedmuchtimeplayingcomputergames.
8.…when…引导并列分句，“当时，突然”，强调另一动作的突然发生.
OnedayChuckwasonaflightacrossthePacificOceanwhensuddenlyhisplanecrashed.Chucksurvivedthecrashandlandedonadesertedisland.
IwaswalkingalongtheriverwhenIheardadrowningboycryingforhelp.
Iwasabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain.
对比：A：IwaswalkingalongthestreetwhenIcaughtsightofatailor’sshop.
B：Iwaswalkingalongthestreets.JustatthatmomentIcaughtsightofatailor’sshop.
9.while=although尽管
WhileIadmitthattheproblemisdifficult，Idon’tthinkthatitcan’tbesolved.
WhileIadmithisgoodpoints，Icanseehisshortcomings.
WhileIwasangrywithher，Ididn’tlosemytemper.
10.where地点状语
Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas.
Persistentpeoplebegintheirsuccesswhereothersendinfailure.
Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.
Wheremenaregreedy，thereisneverpeace.
Gowhereyoushould，keeponstudying.
11.as引导的行为方式状语从句.
Pleasedoexactlyasyourdoctorsays.
YoumustdotheexercisesjustasIshowyou
Asitis=asthingsare照现在的情形看
Hepromisedtostudyhard，butasitis，hedoesnobetterthanbefore.
Leavethehouseasitis.I’dliketobuyitasitis.
12.asif(asthough)好像
HelookedatmeasifIweremad.
Hewasingreattrouble，butheactedif/thoughnothinghadhappened.
Althoughtheyjustmetforthefirsttime，theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsformanyyears.
Theremanyblackcloudsinthesky.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.
13.though，although，as“虽然”，引导让步状语从句.
Although位于句首;though位于句首或句中;as位于句中=though=that，它的词序是把句中强调的形容词，副词，动词或名词放在连词前.注意观察下列句式变化：
Although/ThoughI’myoung，IalreadyknowwhatcareerIwanttofollow.
=Youngas/though/thatIam，IalreadyknowwhatcareerIwanttofollow.
AlthoughIrespecthimverymuch，Icannotagreewithhisidea.
=Muchas/that/thoughIrespecthim，Icannotagreewithhisidea.
Although/thoughheisachild，heknowsalotofChinesecharacters.
=Childas/though/thatheis，heknowsalotofChinesecharacters.
Althoughhetried，hecouldn’tsolvetheproblem.
=Tryashemight，hecouldn’tsolvetheproblem.
Althoughitisraining，Iamgoingoutforawalk.
=Rainingasitis，Iamgoingoutforawalk.
14.evenif=eventhough即使…也…;即便…也…
Evenif/thoughIhavetosellmyhouse，I’llkeepmybusinessgoing.
Shewon’tattendsuchpartieseventhough/ifsheisinvited.
Youarenotstupid.Eventhough/ifyouwereslowinstudy，youshouldn’tgiveupstudies.
Theboywasbadlyinjuredanddiedatlast.Evenifhehadbeenattendedwithoutdelay，
hecouldn’thavebeensaved.
15.whether…or…不管…还是…
Whethertheweatherisgoodorbad，theywillsetoffastheyplanned.
Whetherhedrivesortakesthetrain，hewillbehereontime.
Anyperson，whetheryoungorold，hashisworth，independentofachievements，bankaccountsorlooks.
16.疑问词+ever
Whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever，wherever，whoever均引导让步状语从句，相当于nomatter与what，who，which，when，where，how连用.
Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)mayhappen，weshallnotlosehope.
Whoever/Nomatterwhocomes，hewillbewelcome.
Whenever/Nomatterwhenithappened，itwascertainlynotyesterday.
Wherever/Nomatterwherehewent，hemadefriendswithpeople.
17.unless除非，如果不(=if…not)
Ishallgotomorrowunlessitrains.
------ShallTomgoandplayfootball
------Notunlesshehasfinishedhishomework.
Unlessthesunweretoriseinthewest，Iwouldn’tbreakmyword.
Iwon’tattendhisbirthdaypartyunlessinvited(=unlessIaminvited)
18.as/solongas只要
So/aslongasyoukeepontrying，youwillsurelysucceed.
So/aslongasyousticktoyourplansforyourstudy，youaresuretomakegreatprogress.
-----Whatareyougoingtodothisafternoon
-----Iwillprobablygoforawalklateronsolongasitstaysfine.
19.supposing/suppose(that)假定;假如
Suppose/supposing(that)Idon’thaveadayoff，whatshallwedo
Supposexequalstoy，thenyoucanworkouttheresult.
Providing/provided(that)=onconditionthat假如，在…条件下
I’lllendyouthemoneyonconditionthatyoucanreturnitinthreemonths.
I’llgoproviding/providedthatmyexpensesarepaid.
20.given(that)…=take….intoconsideration鉴于，考虑到
Giventhegovernment’srecordonunemployment，theirchancesofwinningtheelectionlookpoor.
Giventheirinterestinchildren/giventhatsheisinterestedinchildren，Iamsureteachingistherightcareerforher.
Grantedthat的确
Grantedthatit’sasplendidcar，buthaveyouseenwhatitcosts
21.incasethat…万一;以防;incaseof+n万一
Incase(that)Johncomes/shouldcome，pleasetellhimtowait.
(incasethat后谓语用一般现在时或should+动词原型)
PleaseremindmeaboutitincaseIforget/shouldforget.
Pleasetakemyumbrellaincase(that)itrains/shouldrain.
Incaseoffire，whatshouldwedo
22.祈使句(表条件)+orelse/or/otherwise+主句(表结果)….否则…，要不然….
Pleasecallmeupbeforeyoucome，otherwise/orelse/orwemightbeout.
Hurryup，oryouwillbelate.
祈使句(表条件)+and+主句(表结果)
Givehimaninchandhewilltakeamile.
Beunitedandcooperatewitheachotherandonlyinthiswaycanwesaveourearth.
23.as(so)…as…和…一样
HenryisasgoodaplayerasPeter(is).
Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker(did).
Wewillgiveyouasmuchhelpaswecan.
24.形容词/副词比较级+than
注意：形容词和副词的比较级前还可以加一个表示程度的修饰语，常用的修饰语是：
(1).alittle，abit，slightly稍微;一些
(2).Much，alot，greatly，agreatdeal，far，byfar….得多
(3).Still，even，rather更
(4).Any一般用于疑问句，表示‘一些”;“稍微”
(5).倍数或数量词.
Thistextisalittle(abit)moredifficultthantheother.
Hehasmadefargreaterprogressthistermthanhedidlastterm.
Withthedevelopmentofsociety，peopleinChinaareagooddealricherthanbefore.
Heistwoyearsolderthan=heisolderthanIbytwoyears.
AsiaisthreetimeslargerthanEurope.
=AsiaisthreetimesaslargeasEurope.
=AsiaisthreetimesthesizeofEurope.
还应注意，当more作为many，much的比较级时，其修饰语分别是
(1).many，afew，+more+可数名词复数
(2)much，alittle，abit，agreatdeal+more+不可数名词
(3).alot，some，far，any+more+可数或不可数均可，more译作“另外”
I’vemadealot(many)moremistakesthanyou’ve
Hehasbuiltupalargebusinessandearnedmuchmoremoneythanbefore.
25.byfar最….;比….得多
注意：byfar既可修饰比较级又可修饰最高级，注意byfar在句中的位置.
Heworkedharderbyfarthanhiselderbrother.
Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobasketballplayers.
Heisbyfarthetallestofalltheplayersontheteam.
Hisexplanationisbyfarclearerthantheoldone.
26.the+比较级….，the+比较级……越…，越…..
Themoreyouneed，thebetteryouunderstand.
Thehigherupyougo，thecolderitbecomes.
Abodyweighslessthefurtheritgetsfromthesurfaceoftheearth.
=Thefurtheritgetsfromthesurfaceoftheearth，thelessthebodyweights.
Thesooner，thebetter.
27.no+比较级+than表示“A和B都不……”
Not+比较级+than表示“A不如B……”
Thisbookisnomoreinterestingthanthatone.
HeworksnoharderthanI.他和我都不用功.
Hedoesn’tworkharderthanI.他不如我用功
Morethan不仅仅nomorethan只不过，仅仅notmorethan=atmost不多于
Therearenomorethantenstudentsintheclassroom.
Therearenotmorethantenstudentsintheclassroom.
Heisnomorethanachild，soIdon’ttakehimtooseriously.
Inourstudents’eyes，heismorethanateacher，heismorelikeourfriend.
More+adj/n+than+adj/n与其说……倒不如说……
Heismoreofastudentthanofateacher.与其说他是个老师，倒不如说他是个学生.
Heismorediligentthanclever.与其说他聪明，倒不如说他勤奋.
28.superior较高的，上好的，出众的，高傲的
Senior年长的，资格较老的，地位较高的，高级的
Junior年少的，下级的，和to搭配
Thiswesternrestaurantissuperiortotheonewewenttolastweek.
Heisthreeyearsjuniortome=Heisjuniortomethreeyears.
Sheisseniortoeveryoneelseinthecompany.
29.so+adj/adv+that;such(a/an)+adj+that“如此…..以至于…..”引导结果状语从句.
HisEnglishwassolimitedthathecouldn’tunderstandwhatthenativespeakerssaid.
Hewassodevotedtohisstudentsthatheoftenfellillfromoverworking.
Itwassuchwarmweatherthatwewentswimming.
Tabletennisissuchapopulargamethatpeopleallovertheworldplayit.
还应注意：
(1)当名词前有many/much/few/little修饰时，
用so+n=that结构.即somany/much/few/little+n+that…
Thereweresomanypeopleinthestreetwatchingthefirethatfirefighterscouldn’tgetclosetothebuilding.
TheWesternerseatsomuchfatandsugarthattheyputonweighteasily.
Thecountryhassolittlecoalthatithastoimportlargequantitiesofcoal.
Therearesofewfishinthepoolthatwecan’tfishthemeasily.
(2)such+a/an+adj.+n+that=so+adj.+a/an+n+that
Heissuchanhonestpersonthatyoucandependonhimwhenyou’reintrouble.
Heissohonestapersonthatyoucandependonhimwhenyou’reintrouble.
(3)由so…that和such…that引导的结果状语从句的倒装结构.当so和其后的形容词或副词;such连词后的名词放在句首时，主句使用倒装结构
Suchgreatprogresshashemadeinhisstudiesthatwealladmirehim.
(4)such…that句型的特殊性：such后可以不出现adj和n，也可以倒装.
Hisbehaviorwassuchthatallhisfriendsdesertedhim.
=Suchwashisbehaviorthatallhisfriendsdesertedhim.
Theforceoftheexplosionwassuchthatallthewindowswerebroken.
=Suchwastheforceoftheexplosionthatallthewindowswerebroken.
30.inorderthat;sothat(为了….)引导目的状语从句
Hegotupearlyinorderthat/sothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.
Heclosedallthewindowswhiledrivingsothatheshouldn’tcatchcold.
(sothat否定句要用shouldn’t)
Sothat引导结果状语从句
对比：(1).hesetoffearly，sothathecaughtthefirstbus.
(2).hesetoffearlysothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.
31.soasto/inorderto/to为了.作目的状语
Hewenthometoseehismother.
Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.
Johnhurriedsoasnottobelatefortheparty.
Modernequipmentisfittedinourclassroomforallthestudentstostudywell.
Theletterwasreadoutforallinthecourttohear.
注意：todo/inordertodo可放在句首，soasto不可
(1)._____lateinthemorning，Bobturnedoffthealarm.
A.HavingsleptB.TosleepC.SleepingD.Sleep
(2).-------Dad，Whydoyoubuysomanytapesformetolistento
-----______yourlistening.
A.ImproveB.ImprovingC.HavingimprovedD.Toimprove
(3).Dowhateveryoucould_____him.
A.helpB.tohelpC.helpingD.helping
注意：只有不定式todo/inordertodo/soastodo可以作目的状语
Onlytodo表示未曾料到的愉快或不愉快的结果：
Shewokeearlyonlytofinditwasraining.
Hegothomeonlytolearnthathisfatherwasill.
Hegottothestationonlytofindthetrainhadgone.
“Liftingarockonlytodropitonone’sfeet”isaChinesefolksaying.
ShehurriedbackonlytofindheroldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.
现在分词表示主句动作所造成的结果：
Hewascaughtintherain，thuscatchingcold.
Theircarwascaughtinthetrafficjam，thuscausingthedelay.
Todo作结果状语：(表示不愉快或意外结果)
Hemustbedeafnottohearthat.他聋得听不见.
Shewentabroadnevertoreturn.她出国了，结果再也没回来.
32.so+adj/adv+asto如此…以至于…作结果状语：
Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle
Hewassofoolishastobelievesuchaman.
Such…..asto如此…以至于…作结果状语：
Don’tbesoupset，myillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.
Heissuchafoolastothinkthatheissomebodyandinfluenceothers.
他愚蠢地认为他是个了不起的大人物，可以影响其他人.
33.….enoughto….作结果状语，“足够…可以…”
Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
Toourgreatsurprise，childasheis，heisboldenoughtorobpassers-by.
Weareoldenoughtomakeagreatdifferencetotheworld.
Thechampionranwellenoughtosetupanotherworldrecordindeedifshehadtriedharder.
她的确跑得相当快，不过要是她再努力一些，作为冠军就会再次创造一个世界记录.
34.too…to作结果状语，“太….而不能”
Inmyopinion，theproblemwithmoststudentsliesinthefactthattheyaretooshytospeakEnglishinpublic.
Wearenevertoooldtolearn.
Heistooclevernottoreadourtricks.他非常聪明完全可以识破我们的诡计.
35.can’t/cannever和too，toomuch，enough，over搭配表示“无论怎样……都不过分”
Whileyouaredoingyourhomework，youcan’tbecarefulenough.
Heissuchagreatmanthatwecan’tpraisehimtoomuch.
ThedevelopmentofsocietyhasmadeitnecessaryforustohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish，sowecan’toveremphasizetheimportanceoflearningEnglish.
Sinceit’sagoodthing，wecan’tdoittoosoon.
36.不定式作主语，it作形式主语
It+系动词(be，seem….)+adj/n+(forsb)+todosth.
It’simportantforustohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.
It’sourdutytohelpothers.
It’sapleasure(forus)togopicnickinginsuchpleasantweather.
It’snormalfortheprofessionalworkersthesedaystoprefertoliveinthecountryside.
It’sapityfortheretobeanydisagreementinthefamily.
It+系动词(be，seem….)+adj/n+(ofsb)+todosth.(adj.表示了人物的品质特征)
Itishonestofhimtoreturnallthemoneytotheloser.
Howrudeofhimtotreatachildlikethat!=It’srudeofhimtotreatachildlikethat.
37.不定式作宾语，it作形式宾语
主语+think/believe/feel/make+it+adj/n+of/forsb+todo
Ibelieveitquitepossiblefortheenemytotakeusbysurprisetonight.
Ithinkitgoodmannerstosayhellotoyourteacherswheneveryoumeetthem.
Ifeelitgreedyofhimtotakepossessionofhisparents’house.
Thedevelopmentofsciencehasmadeitquiteconvenientforustogetintouchwithothers.
Thegoodatmosphereofstudyhasmadeitpossibleforustostudywell.
38.have+n=do让某人去干….(一次性动作)
have+n+doing让……持续(反复进行)
have+n+done请人干……/使遭受到…../使某事完成
hehadhisstudentstranslatingsentencesallthetimeinclass.
I’llhavethereporttypedbythesecretary.
Yesterdayonthebushehadhismoneystolen.
Don’tbeworried，I’llseetothematterandhaveeverythingpreparedwellinadvance.
39.won’t/can’thave+n+doing/done不能容忍某行为发生
It’srudeofyoutospeaktomotherlikethatandIwon’thaveyouspeakingtoMotherlikethatinfuture.
Ican’thaveyousmokinglikethat.
Wecan’thaveanythingdoneagainsttheschoolrules.
40.get+n+todo让某人去干……(一次性行为)
get+n+doing使……开始……/使……动起来
get+n+done请人干…../使某事做完
theteachergotthestudentoreadthenewstohisclassmates.
Theboyisalwayskeepingsilent.Canyougethimtalking
Theworkersareonstrike.Canyougetthemworking
41.catchsbdoing撞见……正在干……
Thethiefcaughtstealingwassenttothepolicestation.
Severalstudentswerecaughtcheatinginthecollegeentranceexaminationandwerepunishedseverely.
Send+n+doing使…..快速…..
Thearrivalofpolicesenttherobbersrunningawayquickly.
Workcamethathisfatherwasbadlyill.Thesadnewssenthimgoinghomeatonce.
42.独立结构：
无论是不定式，现在分词，过去分词作状语，一般情况下要求前后逻辑主语一致.但有些结构表明说话人的态度，判断或一般看法，不要求逻辑主语的一致性，是一个独立的插入成分.
不定式：
Tobefrank;tobehonest;totellthetruth;tobesafe;tobeshort
Tobeshort，wearefacedwithmanyissuesandneedtotakeimmediateactiontosolvethem.
现在分词：
Comparatively/frankly/exactly/generally/honestly/properly/roughlyspeaking
Speakingof/talkingof谈到/说道……judgingfrom从….来判断
Considering考虑到……鉴于.;就…..而论
Granting假定;姑且认为
Talkingoflookingforjobs，whatkindofjobwouldyouliketodointhefuture
Judgingfromthelookonhisface，hewaslying.
Grantingthistobetrue/thatthisistrue，whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromit
43.It形式主语
It+系动词(be./seem…)+nogood/nouse/useless+doingsth
Itisnogoodreadingwithoutfullunderstanding.
Heistoostubborntochangehismind.It’snousearguingwithhim.
Asastudent，it’snogoodstayinguptoolate.
There+系动词(be/seem….)+nodoingsth=it’simpossibletodo….做…..是不可能的
Thereisnofinishingtheworkinsuchashorttime.
=it’simpossibletofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.
Thereislittletimeleft，sothereisnoarrivingthereontime.
There’snosayingwhathe’llbedoingnext.
44.with独立主格结构作定语或状语：
(1)with+n+n(with可省略)
Theworkforceismadeupof400workers，(with)mostofthemwomen.
=theworkforceismadeupof400workers，andmostofthemarewomen.
=theworkforceismadeupof400workers，mostofwhomarewomen.
(2)with+n+adj(with可省略)
Thestudentswerelisteningtotheteacher，theireyeswideopen(=andtheireyeswerewideopen).
(3)with+n+adv(with可以省略)
Themeetingover，wereturnedtotheclassroom.=whenthemeetingwasover，wereturnedtotheclassroom.
Hepulledonhisshirt，wrongsideout.=hepulledonhisshirt，butthewrongsidewasout.
(4)(with)+n+prep–phrase
Theoldmansatonthechair，withapipeinhismouth/pipeinmouth.
Thesoldierstoodthere，guninhand.
(5)(with)+n+todo/tobedone(表示将来动作)
Wearrivedatthestationat10：00，withthetraintoleaveat10：30.
Withsomanypeopletohelpthepeopleintheflood-strickenarea，theyaresuretogetoverallthehardship.
(6)(with)+n+doing/beingdone(表示正在进行)/havingdone(动作已经完成)
Itbeingsunny，thechildrendecidedtogoouting.=asitwassunny，thechildrendecidedtogoouting.
Hismotherfallingillsuddenly，hehadtocancelhistriptolookafterher.=becausehismotherfellillsuddenly，hehadtocancelhistriptolookafterher.
Weatherpermitting，we’llflytoGuangzhoutoday.=ifweatherpermits，we’llflytoGuangzhoutoday.
Theguestshavingleft，shesetouttotidyuptheroom.=aftertheguestshadleft，shesetouttidyuptheroom.
Thefreewaybeingrepaired，wehadtotakeotherwaystoreturntoBeijing.=becausethefreewayisbeingrepaired，wehadtotakeotherwaystoreturntoBeijing.
(7)With+n+done/havingbeendone
Herglassesbroken，shecouldn’tseethewordsontheblackboard.
Hestoodthere，hishandscrossedonthechest，lookingratherproud.
Eg.1.______littletimeleft，you’dbetterwalkasfastaspossible.B
2.As______notimeleft，you’dbetterwalkasfastaspossible.D
A.BeingB.TherebeingC.ItbeingD.Thereis
3.It______Sunday，wewentouttoplay.B
4.Becauseit_____Sunday，wewentouttoplay.A
A.wasB.beingC.wereD.tobe
5.Hesatthere，hiseyes_____(fix)ontheblackboard.(fixed)
6.Theteacherwasgivinglessons，severaloldmen_____(seat)atthebackoftheclassroom.(seated)
45.疑问词+不定式=疑问词+weshall/shoulddo…
WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.
WhenweshouldleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.
Mr.Smithdidn’tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.
IaskedprofessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.
Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.
Idon’tknowwhattodonext.=Idon’tknowwhatweshoulddonext.
46.it+seem/appearthat句型
句型转换：
(1).Itseemsthatheisenjoyinghimself.=heseemstobeenjoyinghimself.
(2).ItseemsthathehasbeenadmittedtoBeijinguniversity.=HeseemstohavebeenadmittedtoBeijinguniversity.
(3).Itappearsthattherehasbeenamistake.=thereappearstohavebeenamistake.
47.itisthought/considered/believedthat…..句型
(1).It’sbelievedthatChinapromisestobeamongthepowerfulcountriesintheworld.
=Chinaisbelievedtopromisetobeamongthepowerfulcountryintheworld.
(2).Itisbelievedthathehasbeenworkinghardandwillbegivenarisebytheboss.
=Heisbelievedtohavebeenworkinghardandtobegivenarisebytheboss.
48.hadhopedtodo=hopedtohavedone表示没有实现的希望，打算，意图.
类似的词还有expect，think，intend，mean，suppose，want
Wouldlike/lovetohavedone….;was/weretohavedone….
Ihadhoped/intended/meant/expected/wantedtocallonmygrandfathertheotherday，butIwaspreventedbyaheavyrain.
------Didyougotoseethefilm“Titanic”yesterday
------Iwouldliketohave，butmymothersuddenlyfellillandIhadtoattendher.
DidyouattendTom’sbirthdaypartyyesterday
I’dliketohave，butIwasonduty.
49.主语+be+adj+todo….不定式说明主语在那些方面存在形容词所具备的特点.
Heiseasygoing，soIthinkheisquitetogetalongwith.
Thesolutiontotheproblemisdifficulttoseek.
Thepollutedriverisunfittobathein.
50.ing形式作宾语
Admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feellike，finish，forgive，giveup，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practice，putoff，resist，risk，suggest，understand，can’thelp，fancy，can’tstand+v-ing.
Eg.朗读并背诵下列句子：
Imustapologizefornotlettingyouknowaheadoftime.
Theflighttoshanghaiwasputofftakingoffduetothefog.
-----Whatareyougoingtodothisafternoon-----I’mthinkingofgoingtovisitmyaunt.
HaveyoumadeanyplanforcelebratingyourbirthdayOnreachinghome，shegotdowntocooking.
Theyhurriedonforfearofbeingcaughtintherain.
Themanwilldiewithoutbeingoperatedon.
Heusedtoplaycardswithhisfriends，butnowheisusedtotakingawalkafersupper.
WelookforwardtomakingatriptoHangzhou.
Aftercooking，Mothersetaboutmakingtea.
Shetakesgreatpleasureinhelpingothers.
Afraidofbeinglateforschool，hewalkedingreathurry.
Heinsistedonbeingsenttotheplacewherehewasmostneeded.
Educationisthekeytospeedingupourmodernization.
Hedoesn’tfeellikegoingtotheexhibitiontoday.
Notbeingabletostandbeinglaughed，hehittheboyintheface.
Onthewayhome，Billkeptonaskinghisfathersuchquestions.
Nowadaysindevelopedcountries，peoplepreferredlivinginthecountrysidetolivinginthecity.
Thedeerwassoluckythatitjustmissedbeingshotbythehunter.
-----Whatdoyouthinkofthefilmlastnight
-----Oh，excellent.It’swellworthseeingasecondtime.
Iwouldhighlyappreciateyourcallingbackthisafternoon.
Weareconsideringchangingtheplan.Onaccountoftherain，headvisedpostponingholdingthesportsmeettillnextweek.
Hearingtheexcitingnews，Icouldn’thelpjumpingwithjoy.
HaveyoufinishedrepairingtheTVset
It’sgoodhabittopracticereadingaloudearlyinthemorning.
Asyouknow，studyingmeansworkinghard.
Thelakeispolluted.Wedon’tallowswimminghere.
Whyhavetheydelayedholdingthesportsmeet
Sue’sfailingintheexaminationmadeherparentsveryangry.
Idon’tlikestrangerslisteningtoourtalk.
Iunderstandyournotwantingtogotothemeeting.
Wemustdosomethingtopreventthelakebeingpolluted.
Theywouldratherspendtimestudyingthanwonderinthestreet.
Theyisnouseourdiscussingitanyfurthernow.
-----whatmadeyousoworried------Missingtheplane.
51.–ing作宾语
Forget，remember，regret，try，mean，goon，stop
Forgetdoing忘记曾做过……forgettodo忘记去做(没做)……
It’sfunnythatIforgottellinghimandwenttotellhimagain.
Whenyouleavetheclassroom，don’tforgettoputawayallthethings.
Rememberdoing记得做过……remembertodo记着要去做……
IstillrememberbeingtakentoBeijingwhenIwasyoung.
Whenyoupassbythepostoffice，doremembertoposttheletterforme.
Regretdoing后悔;遗憾做过……regrettodo很遗憾要做……
Ididn’tpasstheexam.HowIregrettedhavingwastedsomuchtimeplaying.
Iregrettotellyouthenewsthatyouwillbefirednextmonth.
Trydoing尝试做……trytodo尽力干……
Ifyoucan’tworkoutthemathsprobleminthisway，whynottryusinganotherway
Asastudent，weshouldtrytobeall-around，weshouldsimplyseekhighmarks.
Meandoing意味着……meantodo打算要……
Ihadmeanttocomeearlyforthemeeting，butIwasheldupbythetrafficjam.
Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanothertwohours.
Goondoing继续干原来所做的事情goontodo做完一件事，接着做另一件事
Tiredandthirstyastheywere，theywentonworkinginthesun.
AfterwefinishlearningLessonOne，wewillgoontodosomelistening.
Stoptodo…..停下来去做…….Stopdoing…….停止做……
Stopspeakingandjustlistentome.
Whenhesawwewereintrouble，hestoppedtohelpusout.
Thanksbfordoing谢谢某人做过……
Thanksbtodosth拜托某人干……
Thankyouforhelpingmesomuch.
I’llthankyoutoleavemythingsalone.It’snoneofyourbusiness.
Need/require/want(需要)/deserve(值得)+doing(主动表被动)
Beworthdoing主动表被动
Ithasbeenalongtimesincethehousewasthoroughlycleaned.NowasNewYear’sDayisaroundthecorner，Ithinkthehouseneeds(requires，wants)cleaning.(=thehouseneeds/requires/wantstobecleaned)
Heisworthpraising.=hedeservespraising，forhehasdonesomanygoodthings.
Hiscarhasbeeninbadrepairandnowitbadlyneedsrepairing.
Devote….to/lookforwardto/stickto/beusedto/objectto反对/getdownto着手干+doing(to为介词)
Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.
Hedevotedallhislifetoteachingandhasnotimetoattendhischildren.
Mymotherstronglyobjectedtomyplayingcomputergamesinthecyberbar.
Wellprepared，theygotdowntoshootingtheTVplay.
But/except+todo/do
这种句型如介词前有行为动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do，则接带to的不定式.
Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.
Howhappilythebabylives，itdoesnothingbuteat，sleepandplay.
Facedwithdisasters，thereisnothingforustodobutkeepupourcourageandtakeaction.
Incoldwinter，mostcold-bloodedanimalshavenochoicebuttoliedownandsleep.
Hadbetter/bestdo….最好干…..
Whenhurricaneiscoming，you’dbetterstayindoor.
Nowthatyouhavebeenboredwiththelifeinthecountryside，you’dbettergotothecitiestoseekmorechances.
Prefertodoratherdo….愿意干….而不愿意干….
Wouldratherdothando=woulddoratherthando……
Ratherthanrideonacrowdedbus，healwayspreferstorideabicycle.
I’dratherreadsomethingathomethangototheparkinsuchweather.
Cannotbut，/cannothelpbut，/cannotchoosebut+do不得不….;只好…..
Wecouldnotbutweepatourbadluck.
It’sraininghard.Icannothelpbutstayathome.
Beingendangered，mostanimalcannotchoosebutwantfortheirdestiny.
Therebe句型表示什么地方有…..
52.注意：therebe之后如有几个并列主语时，用is或are取决于第一个主语是单数还是复数，单数用is，复数用are.
Thereisapen，apencilandtwobooksonthedesk.
Thereareseveralstudentsplayingontheplayground.
TherewillbeanimportantconferencenamedTheEarthSummittobeheldhere.
Therehavebeengreatchangesinmyhometowneversince1978.
Theremustbesomethingwrongwiththecellphone.
注意：therebe句型也可以有其它形式变化，常见的有seemtobe，happentobe，appeartobe，usedtobe，islikelytobe
Thereseems/appearstobemuchhopeofourteamwinningthematch.
Thereislikelytobemoredifficultiesthanexpectedwhilecarryingouttheexperiment.
Thethiefbrokein，tohisdelight，therehappenedtobenobodyintheroom.
注意therebe句型中的be动词，也可以替换成其它词，常见的有live，remain，come，stand，lie，occur，exist，follow等动词.
Oncetherelivedmanydinosaursheremillionsandmillionsofyearsago.
Therestandsaskyscraperinfrontourteachingbuilding.
Therecameatimewhenmostofpeoplehadnofreedomtospeak.
Thereoccurred/existedhumanbeingsabout5000yearsago.
Therefollowedadeadsilenceafterastrangenoise.
Thereexistseriousproblemsintheworldandweshouldtakeactiontosolvethembeforeitistoolate.
注意：therebe句型的独立主格形式作状语：
Therebeingnobuses，wehadtowalkhome.
=becausetherewerenobuses，wehadtowalkhome.
Therehavingbeennorainforalongtime，thecropsinthefielddied.
=becausetherehadbeennorainforalongtime，thecropsinthefielddied.
(有连词用句子，没有连词用therebe独立主格形式作状语)
Therebe句型的非谓语形式：
Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingsbetweenus.
What’sthechanceoftherebeinganelectionthisyears
It’snotunusualfortheretobeagenerationgapbetweenteachersandstudents.
Thereisnopoint/senseindoingso.
53.It’suptosbtodo…..由…..来;靠….来…
Whetherwegiveuporgoonwiththeexperiment，it’salluptoourtutorprofessortodecide.
It’suptoyoutobabysitmysonwhenIamawayonbusiness.
Beuptosth胜任，从事于
Michaelisnotreallyuptothatjob.
Theyarewhisperinginthecornerasiftheyareuptonogood.
54.do，does，did用于一般现在时或一般过去时强调谓语动词
Heisanall-aroundstudent.//Hedoesbeanall-aroundstudent.
Hetookgreatpainstohelpus.//hedidtakegreatpainstohelpus.
Becareful!//Dobecareful!
Youteenagersdomakegreatdifferencetoyourparents.
55.it强调句
强调句的基本构成：Itis/was+被强调部分+who/that+剩余部分
原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来时态用Itis….that/who….
如原句的谓语动词是过去时态，则用Itwas….that/who….
(1)Isawhiminthestreetyesterdayafternoon.
---ItwasIwhosawhiminthestreetyesterdayafternoon.
(2)whendidyouseehiminthestreet
----whenwasitthatyousawhiminthestreet
(3)whodidyouseeinthestreetyesterday
----whowasitthatyousawinthestreetyesterday
(4)hedidn’tgotobeduntilhismothercameback.
----Itwasnotuntilhismothercamebackthathewenttobed.
(5)Idon’tknowwhenhewillcomeback.
----Idon’tknowwhenitisthathewillcomeback.
(6)Itisonlywhenyounearlylosesomeonethatyoufullyrealizehowmuchyouvaluehim.
----Onlywhenyounearlylosesomeone，youfullyrealizehowmuchyouvaluehim.
(7)Itwasn’tuntilhisfathercamebackfromworkthathegotdowntodoinghishomework.
(8)Itwasbecausethetrafficwasveryheavyduringtherushhour，Iwaslateagain.
56.as/sofaras…….就……而言
SofarasIknow，thebookwillbepublishednextmonth.
AsfarasI’mconcerned，chattingonlineisawasteoftimeandmoney.
57.what/howabout……怎么样，表示建议
Howaboutsigningupforthephysicscompetition
WhataboutthetwoofusgoingpicnickingthisSunday
58.Itfollowsthat……因此…..
Itisnaturalforpeopletobeattractedtobeautifulthings.Itfollowsthatmostwomendesirenothingbuttolookbeautiful.
Withthedevelopmentofsociety，itisnecessaryforusstudentstohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglishandcomputer.ItfollowsthatweshouldworkhardatEnglish.
59.Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想到…..
ItoccurredtomethatIhadeverseenhimbefore.
ItoccurredtomethatIshouldaskthepoliceforhelp.
60.thereisnoneedto…没有必要….
Asaboyofeighteen，heknowshowtotakecareofhim，sothereisnoneedtobeworriedabouthim.
Thereisnoneedtoworryaboutsuchasmallmistake.
61.it’syourturnto…轮到你….
It’syourturntomakeafewremarksatthemeeting.
Whoseturnisittobeonduty/it’smyturn.
62.it’stimetodo….该是做….的时候了
It’stimeforustomeetchallengesandtoproveourabilities.
It’stimeforustofightagainsttheenemyanddefendourmotherland.
63.usedtodo….过去常常…
Get/beusedtodoing….习惯于…..
Thereusedtobemanyoldhousesinthecenterofthecity.
Ihavebeenusedtolivingoncampus.
Thegirlusedtobefat.Butafterbeingonadietforalongtime，shewasmuchthinnerthanbefore.
64.what’s…..like…….如何/怎么样用于问事物的外表特征和内在品质
Whatdoes….looklike“…..长得怎么样”仅强调外表特征
------what’stheweatherliketoday-------Itseemstobeclearingup.
------what’shisfatherlike-----hisfatherishandsome，andeasy-going.
类似的句型：
Whatdoyouthinkofsth/sb
Howdoyoulikesb/sth
Howdoyoufindsb/sth
Howdoyoufeelaboutsb/sth
65.it’slikesbtodosth.这很象….的所作所为
It’squitelikehimtohavebeensorudetothestrangers.
It’squitelikehimtoanswerforwhathehasdone.
66.whenitcomestosth….当谈到…..;临到….情况
Whenitcomestohelpinghiswifewiththehousework，Johnnevercomplains.
Whenitcomestoplayingcomputergames，hewouldbeveryexcitedandfullofenergy.
67.howdidsbcometo….=howcome(that)….为什么….;是怎样….
固定表达，要求对发生的事情解释或说明理由
Howdidyoucometofindoutwhereshe’sliving
=Howcomethatyoufoundoutwhereshe’sliving
Howcomethatyousattheredoingnothing
=howdidyoucometositthere，doingnothing
Howdidyoucometobesofoolish
Howcomeyouarelateagain
68.betodo….
分析并背诵betodo在下列句子中的意义：
(1)I’mtoinform(=mustinform，表示责任或必要)youthatyouaretomake(表正式的，不以个人意志而改变的安排)aspeechatthemeetingtomorrow.
(2)youaretobecongratulated.你应受到祝贺.
(3)thebookisnottobefound.书不可能找到.(表可能)
(4)everymemberofthepartywastopayhisownexpense.(表示命令)
(5)atwhattimeamItobethere(命令)
(6)ifitweretoraintomorrow，themeetingwouldbeputoff.(表示虚拟)
(7)heescapedfromhishometownandhewasnevertoseehiswifeandhisfamily.(表示预示命运)
69.nonethe+比较级毫不……
Heisnonetheworseforfallingintotheriver.
Aftertakingthemedicine，I’mnonethebetter.
Afterastayofthirtyminutesinthesea，hewentout，coldandwetthrough，butnonetheworsefortheexperience.
70.it’sonly/justamatterofdoing…….只不过是…..;….无非是…..
(1)LearningEnglishisjustamatterofdoingmorelistening，speaking，readingandwriting.
(2)Bringupachildisnotonlyamatteroffeeding，clothingandhousinghim.Youmustgivehimaself-confidenceandalsolethimknowsomeimportantvaluesinlife.
71.youhavetobe+adj+todo……要想…..，你还需……
(1)youhavetoberichtoliveinsuchanexpensiveandbeautifulhouse.
(2)yuohavetobeoldtofightwithme.
(3)youhavetobeyoungtoclimbupthemountainasfastasI.
72.farbeitfrommetodo….but….=onnoaccount/bynomeansamItodo…，but….
我决不想……;我无意干…..，但是….
(1)farbeitfrommetointerfereinyouraffairsbutIwouldliketogiveyouonlyonepieceofadvice.
(2)farbeitfrommetosaybutIamproudofbeingadmittedtoOxford，thishalloweduniversityoflearning.(神圣的学府)
73.全部倒装句1
Here，there，out，in，up，down，now，then等副词放于句首，句子全部倒装.
Theregoesthebell!=thebellisringing!
Herecomesthebus=thebusiscoming
Outrushedthestudentsonhearingthecryforhelpinthedarkness.
Nowcomesyourturntomakeafewremarkshere.
Awayranthethiefthemomenthesawthepolicemen.
Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.
注意：(1)在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词，象go，come，rush等
(2)主语如是代词不倒装
Awayhewent
全部倒装句2
方位状语在句首，句子全倒装：
Infrontofthehousestoppedapolicecar.
Nearbyweretwocanoesinwhichtheyhadcometotheisland.
全部倒装句3;adj/V-ing/V-ed(+地点状语)+be….
Presentatthemeetingwerethemanager，allthedesignersandthewriter.
Sittingatthebackoftheclassroomwereseveraloldteachers，listeningattentivelytothenewteacher.
Gonearethedayswhenfarmersliveatthemercyofnature.
半倒装句1
否定副词或否定短语在句首，句子半倒装，如：little，never，hardly，rarely，seldom，notatall，bynomeans等.
NeverdidChinahaveapowershortagethataffectedsomanyareasandcausedsomuchloss.
Atnotimewasthemanawareofwhatwashappening.
LittledidIunderstandwhathesaidtomeatthattime.
It’sbeyonddescription.Nowhereelseintheworldcantherebesuchaquiet，beautifulplace.
Notasinglemistakedidhemakeintheexam.
Bynomeans(=Notatall)aretheseworksofartsatisfactory.
半倒装句型：2notonly…..，butalso……
Notonlyisbettereducationimportantforimprovingourselvesbutalsofordevelopingoursociety.
Theysuggestednotonlyshouldweattendthepartybutalsogiveaperformance.
Ifwecontinueusingtoomuchundergroundwater，notonlywillthelandsink，butalsoseawaterwillcomein.
半倒装句型3：neither，nor放在句首
“Ifyoudon’tattendtoyoursickmother，neitherwillI，”saidhiswifeinred-hotanger.
------whydidn’tyoubuyit
------Neitherwasthepricesatisfactory，nordidthecoloragreewithme.
Withoutinternationalcooperation，developingcountriescannotprosper，norwillsustainabledevelopmentbepossible.
半倒装句型4：only+状语放在句首，主句半倒装
Onlybychangingthewaywelivecanwesavetheearth.
Onlybylearningtoliveinharmonywithnaturecanwesavetheearth.
半倒装句型5：manyatime，often，onceinawhile等频度副词放在句首
ManyatimehashegivenmeahandwhenIwasintrouble.
Nowandthenwillhebelateforschoolandbescoldedbytheteacher.
Oftenhaveweseentheseboysdogoodthings.
半倒装句型6：so/as+助动词+主语……也……
Abetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentisnecessary，so/asisthewillingnesstoact.
Hebelieved，asdidhisfamily，thatyouweretellingthetruth.
Inthepast20years，oursocietyhaschangedalot，so/ashaveoureatinghabits.
So+主语+助动词.表肯定已有的观点或事实
-----wehaveallworkedhardthesedays.
-----sowehave.
主语+助动词+so(按照别人的要求去做)
ThewoundedlittleboyaskedmetolifthimupandIdidso.
Soitiswithsb=it’sthesamewithsb(前者怎么样，后者也怎样)
(前面既有否定句又有肯定句，或有多个谓语动词，助动词难以选择时，用此句型)
HelikesEnglishbutdoesn’tlikemaths，soitiswithme/it’sthesamewithme.
Heisastudentandhestudieshard，soitiswithme.
-----Hewasrallymanlyenoughtoberesponsibleforwhathehaddone.
-----Sohewas，anditwaswithyou.
74.虚拟语气句型
虚拟语气句型1.
If+were/did(动词的过去式)，主语+would/might/should/could+do表示对现在的假设
IfIwereyou，Iwouldnotbesoproud.
Idon’thaveacellphone.IfIhadone，itwouldbeconvenientformetogetintouchwithothers.
IfIwereinyourposition，Iwouldthinkbetterofit.
虚拟语气句型2.
If+haddone，主语+would/might/should/could+havedone
表示对过去或已发生事情的虚拟假设
Whatapityitisthatyoudidn’tattendtheconcertyesterday!Ifyouhadattendtheconcert，youwouldhaveseenthefamoussinger.
Anyoneinhispositionwouldhavedonethesame.=
=IfanyonehadbeenIhisposition，hewouldhavedonethesame.
虚拟语气句型3
If+were/did/(动词过去式)/should/weretodo，主语=would/might/should/could+do
(表示对将来的假设)
Ifweweretopanic，wewouldnotbeabletogiveproperfirstaid.
Ifitweretorain(=shouldrain=rained)tomorrow，wewouldnotgoforapicnic.
Ifyoushouldn’tpassthecollegeentranceexamination，whatwouldyoudo
虚拟语气条件句的倒装：在虚拟条件句中，如出现有were，had，shoud，可省略if，可将主语于这些词倒装，构成虚拟倒装句.
Shouldheactlikethatagain，hewouldbefined.
HadIknownmoreaboutgivingfirstaid，Icouldhavehelpedthem.
WereItogotothemoononeday，Iwouldseeitwithmyowneyes.
HadIenoughmoney(=ifIhadenoughmoney)，Iwouldbuyalargehouse.
虚拟语气句型4
Ifonly引起的感叹句，相当于howIwish+宾语从句，意为“但愿….，要是…就好了”
Ifonlyhecouldcome!
Ifonlywestudentsdidn’thavesomuchhomework!
IfonlyIhadn’tbeensocarelessintheexam!
虚拟语气句型5.
Ifitwerenotfor…(=wereitnotfor….)
Ifithadn’tbeenfor…(=haditnotbeenfor…)
要不是因为有…..;如果不是……
Ifithadn’tbeenfor(haditnotbeenfor)thedeterminedcaptain，allthepassengersonboardwouldn’thavebeensaved.
Ifitwerenotforyourrichparents，youcouldn’tlivesoeasyalife.
虚拟语气句型6butfor，butthat
Butfor+名词和butthat+从句，意为”倘若不是，要不是”，接虚拟语气.
ButfortheCommunistPartyofChina，thePeople’sRepublicofChinacouldn’thavebeenfounded.
Butforairandwater，nothingcouldsurvive.
Shecouldn’thavebelievedit，butthatshesawit.
虚拟语气句型7
在suggest，propose，insist，demand，require，request，order等表示建议，要求，命令的名词性从句需要虚拟语气，基本句型：主语+(should)+动词原形
MotherinsistedthatJohn(should)gotobedat9o’clock.
ManyhospitalrecommendedthatweusetheletterDRABCtorememberwhattodowhengivingfirstaid.
Itwasrequiredthatchildren(should)besenttoschoolwhentheyreachtheageforschool.
Thesuggestionthathe(should)beinvitedwasrejected.
Thatistheirdemandthattheirwages(should)beincreased.
虚拟语气8
It’snecessary/importantthatsb.Shoulddo…(should可省略)
Withthesocietydevelopingveryfast，it’squitenecessary/importantthatwe(should)haveagoodknowledgeofEnglishandcomputer.
It’snecessarythatJohntaketheexamfirst.
虚拟语气9.
It’sstrange/apity/surprisingthatsbshoulddo…..(should表示竟然)
It’sapitythatsheshouldmissthechancetogoabroad.
It’sreallysurprisingthataprophecyshouldcoincidewiththefactsoexactly.
It’sstrangethatheshouldn’tpasstheexam.
虚拟语气10.
Wish+宾语从句，表示不大可能实现的愿望
表示现在的愿望：主语+动词过去式
表示过去的愿望：主语+had+过去分词
表示未来的愿望：主语+would(could)+动词原型
HowIwishwestudentshadmorefreetimetorelaxourselves!
Ifailedinthemathsexam.HowIwishIhadn’twastedsomuchtimeplaying.
Whatapityyoucan’tgototheparty.HowIwishIcoulddancewithyouattheparty.
虚拟语气11.
It’s(high/about)imethatsbdid/shoulddo….早就该….
It’stimethatwetookactionanddidourbitsfortheAIDSpatients.
It’shightimethatwedidsomethingtoimproveourenvironment.
虚拟语气12
Wouldratherthatsbdid….“宁愿…..;更愿意”表示现在或将来的愿望
Wouldratherthatsbhaddone….“宁愿…..;更愿意”表示过去的愿望.
I’dratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.
I’dratheryouwerenotacelebratedactor.Inthatcase，wecouldspendmoretimetogether.
I’dratherthatIhadn’tseenher.
虚拟语气13.
Asif(though)+主语+did/haddone…表示过去的情况用过去完成时，表示现在和将来的情况用过去时
Ourheadteachertreatsusasifwewereherownchildren，soallthestudentsinourclassthinkhighlyofher.
AlantalkedaboutRomeasifhehadbeenthere.
Alltoooften，peopletreatAIDSpatientsasiftheywerebadordangerous.
75.关系代词as，which的区别
(1).当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which.
Hecamehereverylate，whichwasunexpected.
(2).当as在从句中作主语是，后面常接动词的被动语态.如：beknown，besaid，bereported，beannounced.如从句的行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语.
Shehasbeenabsentagain，asisexpected.
Tomhasmaderapidprogress，whichmakesmeveryhappy.
(3).As常用在as(it)seemslikely，as(it)oftenhappens，as(it)wasprintedout，as(it)wassaidearlier，asIremember(it)，asIunderstand(it)，as(it)appears.等结构
Jackhaswonthefirstprize，asitoftenhappens.
ShehasreadwidelyinRomanticliterature，asitappearsfromheressay.
(4).As仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义.
Davidistall，asaremybrothers.
Heopposedtheidea，ascouldbeexpected.
(5).当非限定性定语从句是一个复合结构时，只能用which
Bettyalwaystellalie，whichherparentsfindstrange.
76.关系副词where的用法;高考对where的考察驱于复杂，从先行词为明显的地点，转为地点模糊化.当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事物所发展的stage，或表示某事物的某方面时都可用where.
Eg.Theaccidenthadreachedapointwhereboththeirparentsaretobecalledin.
Wherewillallthistroublelead
Thatiswhereyouaremistaken.
Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal，andthisiswhereIdisagree.
Icanthinkofmanycases，wherestudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.
77.为了增加定语从句试题难度，采用以下方法：
(1).在定语从句中，适当加入插入语.
Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay______，ofcourse，madetheothersunhappy.
A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what
Thewrongyou’vedonehimisterrible，for_____Ithink(inmyopinion)youshouldmakeanapologytohim.
A.thisB.whichC.whatD.that
(2).把先行词与定语从句隔开.
Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.
A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where
(3).综合考察对定语从句，名词性从句，状语从句，强调句的辨析能力.
//Thereisafeelinginme______we’llneverknowwhataUFOis–notever.
A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.what
Amoderncityhasbeensetupin_______wasawastelandtenyearsago.
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where
Heissuchacleverboy__as____everyonelikes.
Heissuchacleverboy__that____everyonelikeshim.
A.asB.thatC.whichD.it
Wasitinthevillage_____weusedtolivein_____theaccidenthappened
A.where;thatB.which;thatC.that;whereD.where;which
78.主动形式表被动意义
(1).系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，appear，seem，go，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，grow，keep+形容词/名词构成系表结构.
Eg.Thesteelfeelscold.
Hisplanproved(tobe)practical.
Ithasgonebad.
(2).表示开始，结束，运动的动词.如：begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，moved
Eg.Workbeganat7o’clockthismorning.
Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday.
(3).表示主语的某种属性特征的动词.如：read，write，act，iron，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut，dry，eat，drink.这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语.
Eg.Thiscoatdrieseasily.Nyloncleaneasily.
Thedoorwon’tlock.Foodcankeepfreshinafridge.
Yourspeechreadswell.Thismaterialhaswornthin.
Hisbookdoesnotsellwell.Yourpenwritessmoothly.
Thematchwon’tcatch.Theplanworkedoutwonderfully.
Therecorderwon’tplay.Theenginewon’tstart.
Thisknifecutswell.Theclothwasheswell.
(4).少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义.如：print，cook，fry，hang，build，make.
Eg.Thebooksareprinting.
Themeatiscooking.
(5).介词in，on，under等+名词短语表示被动意义.
表方位的介词于含动作意义的名词合用，含被动意义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词.
常见的有：undercontrol;undertreatment;underrepair;underdiscussion;underconstruction;beyondbelief;beyondone’sreach;beyondone’scontrol;beyondourhope(我们史料不及);forsale;forrent;inprint;insight;onsale;onshow;ontrial;outcontrol;outsight;outofone’sreach;outoffashion.
Eg.Thebuildingisunderconstruction.
Therumorisbeyondbelief.
Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise.
Thathouseisforsale.
Thebookisnotyetinprint.
Todaysometreasuresarenotonshowinthemuseum.
Theplanewasoutofcontrol.
Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacher’spermission.
(6).不能用于被动语态的及物动词或及物动词短语：
Fit，have，wish，cost，agreewith，arriveat/in，shakehandswith，succeedin，sufferfrom，happento，takepartin，walkinto，belongto