1、剑91-2Someexpertsbelievethatitisbetterforchildrentobeginlearningaforeignlanguageatprimaryschoolratherthansecondaryschool.DotheadvantagesofthisoutweighthedisadvantagesTraditionallychildrenhavebegunstudyingforeignlanguagesatsecondaryschool,butintroducingthemea
2、rlierisrecommendedbysomeeducationalists.Thispolicyhasbeenadoptedbysomeeducationalauthoritiesorindividualschools,withbothpositiveandnegativeoutcomes.Theobviousargumentinitsfavouristhatyoungchildrenpickuplanguagesmuchmoreeasilythanteenagers.Theirbrainsarestill
3、programmedtoacquiretheirmothertongue,whichfacilitatesleaninganotherlanguage,andunlikeadolescents,theyarenotinhibitedbyself-consciousness.Thegreaterflexibilityoftheprimarytimetableallowsformorefrequent,shortersessionsandforaplay-centredapproach,thusmaintainingle
4、arnersenthusiasmandprogress.Theircommandofthelanguageinlatelifewillbenefitfromthisearlyexposure,whilelearningotherlanguagessubsequentlywillbeeasierforthem.Theymayalsogainabetterunderstandingofothercultures.Thereare,however,somedisadvantages.Primaryschooltea
5、chersaregeneralists,andmaynothavethenecessarylanguageskillsthemselves.Ifspecialistshavetobebroughtintodeliverthesesessions,theflexibilityreferredtoaboveisdiminished,ifprimarylanguageteachingisnotstandardised,secondaryschoolscouldbefacedwithagreatvarietyo
6、flevelsindifferentlanguageswithintheirintake,resultinginaclassroomexperiencewhichundoestheearliergains.Thereisnoadvantageifenthusiasticprimarypupilsbecomedemotivatedassoonastheychangeschool.However,theseissuescanbeaddressedstrategicallywithinthepolicyadopted.A
7、nythingwhichencouragelanguagelearningbenefitssocietyculturallyandeconomically,andearlyexposuretolanguagelearningcontributestothis.Youngchildrensinnateabilitiesshouldbeharnessedtomakethesebenefitsmoreachievable.剑92-1Thechartbelowshowsthetotalnumberofminutes(
8、inbillions)oftelephonecallsintheUK,dividedintothreecategories,from1995-2002.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.UKtelephonecalls,bycategory,1995-2002100908070g60x3E40E3020100Caliltype:LocaJ-fixedlineNa
9、tionalandinternational-fixedlineMobiles(aNcalla)199519961997199819992000200120Q2ThechartshowsthetimespentbyUKresidentsondifferenttypeoftelephonecallsbetween1995and2002.Localfixedlinecallswerethehighestthroughouttheperiod,risingfrom72billionminutesin1995toj
10、ustunder90billionin1998.Afterpeakingat90billionthefollowingyear,thesecallshadfallenbacktothe1995figureby2002.Nationalandinternationalfixedlinecallsgrewsteadilyfrom38billionto61billionattheendoftheperiodinquestion,thoughthegrowthslowedoverthelasttw
11、oyears.Therewasadramaticincreaseinmobilecallsfrom2billionto46billionminutes.Thisrisewasparticularlynoticeablebetween1999and2002,duringwhichtimetheuseofmobilephonetripled.Tosumup,althoughlocalfixedlinecallwerestillthemostpopularin2002,thegapbetweenthe
12、threecategorieshadnarrowedconsiderablyoverthesecondhalfoftheperiodinquestion.剑93-2Somepeoplesaythatthebestwaytoimprovepublichealthisbyincreasingthenumberofsportsfacilities.Others,however,saythatthiswouldhavelittleeffectonpublichealthandthatothermeasu
13、resarerequired.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Aproblemofmodernsocietiesisthedeclininglevelofhealthinthegeneralpopulation,withconflictingviewsonhowtotacklethisworryingtrend.Onepossiblesolutionistoprovidemoresportsfacilitiestoencourageamoreac
14、tivelifestyle.Advocatesofthisbelievethattodayssedentarylifestyleandstressfulworkingconditionsmeanthatphysicalactivityisnolongerpartofeitherourworkorourleisuretime.Iftherewereeasy-to-reachlocalsportscentres,wewouldbemorelikelytomakeexercisearegularpartof
15、ourlives,ratherthanjustcollapsinginfrontofascreeneveryevening.Thevarietyofsportsthatcouldbeofferedwouldcaterforallages,levelsoffitnessandinterests;thosewithpainfulmemoriesofPEatschoolmightbehappierintheswimmingpoolthanonthefootballpitch.However,there
16、maybebetterwaysoftacklingthisproblem.Interestinsportisnotuniversal,andadditionalfacilitiesmightsimplyattractthealreadyfit,notthosewhomostneedthem.Physicalactivitycouldbeencouragedrelativelycheaply,forexamplebyinstallingexerciseequipmentinparks,asmylocal
17、councilhasdone.Thishastheaddedbenefitthatparentsandchildrenoftenusethemtogetherjustforfun,whichdevelopsapositiveattitudetoexerciseatanearlyage.Aswellasphysicalactivity,hightaxpenaltiescouldbeimposedonhigh-fatfoodproducts,tobaccoandalcohol,asexcessive
18、consumptionofanyofthesecontributestopoorhealth.Evenimprovingpublictransportwouldhelp:ittakeslongertowalktothebusstopthantothecar.Inmyopinion,focusingonsportsfacilitiesistoonarrowanapproachandwouldnothavethedesiredresults.Peopleshouldbeencouragednoton
19、lytobemorephysicallyactivebutalsotoadoptahealthierlifestyleingeneral.剑94-1Thegraphbelowgivesinformationfroma2008reportaboutconsumptionofenergyintheUSAsince1980withprojectionsuntil2030.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmak
20、ecomparisonswhererelevant.USEnergyConsumptionbyFuel(1980-2030)slcnu,9wprtjnoThegraphshowsenergyconsumptionintheUSfrom1980to2012,andprojectedconsumptionto2030.Petrolandoilarethedominantfuelsourcesthroughoutthisperiod,with35quadrillion(35q)unitsusedin1980,risingto42qin2012.Despitesomeinitialfluctuation.From1995therewasasteadyincrease.Thisisexpectedtocontinue,reaching47qin2030.Consumptionofenergyderivedfromnaturalgasandcoalissimilarovertheperiod.From20qand15qrespectivelyin1980,gas