1、山东自考本科英语二课本原文及翻译Unit1TextAHowDifficultIsEnglish英语有多难LikethenationalpushforAsianliteracyn.有文化,有教养,有读写能力inAustralia,therehasbeenforeignlanguagesfervorinChina,withEnglishontopofthelist.就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样,中国也掀起一股外语热,在这股热潮中,英语高居榜首。Englishisnotonlytaughtatschools,colle
2、gesanduniversities,butalsoateveningclasses,onradioandTV不仅各级学校教英语,夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parentshireprivatetutorsfortheirschoolchildren;adultEnglishlearnerswouldsacrificetheweekendatanEnglishcornerinapublicparkpracticingtheirspokenEnglishwithpeop1eofthesameinterest
4、题,那么毫无疑问,我的答案是:是的。Frommypersonalexperience,IthinklearningEnglishmeansfarmorethanlearningitspronunciation,itsgrammaticalrules,itswords,etc从我个人的经验来看,英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规那么、词汇等,Itinvolveslearningeverythingaboutthecountrieswhereitisusedandthepeoplewhouseit它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族
5、有关的所有内容。Withoutsuchacompleteunderstandingofthelanguage,theEnglishaforeignerspeakswillinevitablysoundstrangeorevenunintelligiblethoughthereisnotanythingwrongwithhispronunciation,sentencestructureandthewordsheuses对英语没有这样全面的理解,即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误,一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇乖僻甚至难以理
6、解。ThesocialcustomsandhabitsoftheEnglish-speakingpeoplecontributealottothedifficultyaforeignerhasinlearningit讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。TaketheChineseEnglishlearnersforexample以学英语的中国人为例,"Hello"and"Goodmorning"maysoundalittlebitsimpletoChinese
9、语侵犯了西方人的隐私。Bythesametoken,"Haveyoueaten"(whichisanotheraddressingtermtheChinesepeopleusuallyuse)willsoundtonativeEnglishspeakersthattheChinesearesohospitablethattheyinvitepeopletomealsoff-handedly.同样,英语母语者听到"你吃了吗"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语),会觉得中国人非常好客,会在事先毫
12、orChineseEnglishlearners对学习英语的中国人来说,为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。ButtheproblemisthatmemorizingEnglishwordsmechanicallywouldbedevastatingandinefficientiftheydidnotknowwhathadhappenedinBritishhistory问题在于如果不懂英国历史,死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。ThuslearningEnglish(andotherlanguagesaswell)involvesl
13、earningthehistoryofthecountrieswhereitisspoken所以说,学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。AtaskofthiskindismoredifficultforChineseEnglishlearnersthanforpeoplewhospeakawesternlanguageotherthanEnglishbecauseChinesehasnothingincommonwiththealphabeticEnglishandChinahad
14、littlecontactwiththeWesternworldinmodernhistory学习英语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难得多,因为汉字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之处,并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很少接触。Consequently,thebackgroundknowledgeofEnglishfascinateslargenumbersofinterestedanddeterminedEnglishlearnersinChinabutatthesametimedisheartensquiteafew所
15、以,在中国,英语背景知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者,也使许多人丧失信心。TheWesternandOrientalvaluesarefoundtobeinconfrontationinlearningEnglish英语学习中,东西方的价值观念是相互冲突的。NativeEnglishspeakersmaycomplainaboutChineseconfusionwhenusing"he"and"she",forthetwowordssoundthesame,though,differentinw
16、rittenformsinChinese英语母语的人会混淆汉语中"他""她"的用法,因为这两个字尽管字形不同,读音却相同,他们因此常常抱怨。Asaresult,somenativeEnglishspeakersconcludethattheChineseareunabletotellthedifferencebetweenthetwosexes结果有些英语母语的人得出结论,认为中国人不区分两种性别。ButnativeEnglishspeakersaremoregenderblindthanth
18、developinganunderstandingandtolerance忍受ofdifferentculturalvaluescanaChineseEnglishlearnerreachthegoalofcommunicatingwithnativeEnglishspeakers学习英语的中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的理解和宽容,才能到达与英语母语者交流的目标。AChineseEnglishlearnercouldnothaveagoodcommandofEng1ishunlessheovercomesthec
19、ulturalbarriers(notall,ofcourse!)inlearningEnglish学习英语的中国人,只有在学习英语的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化障碍!)ManyChinesetranslatewhattheythinkaboutinChineseintoEnglishwhentheytalkorwrite很多中国人说话或写作的时候,将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英语,ThiskindofEnglishinevitablyaffectsthefluencyandflowofspeech
21、lstounderstandwhatheissaying英语母语者被外国人误解的时候可能会说:"你们外国人不懂地道的英语!""Whyshouldl"1wouldprotest,thoughStill,Ihavetokeepaskingmyself:IsitpossibleforaforeignertocommandEnglish我要反驳:"我们为什么要懂"我还要问:一个外国人可能精通英语吗练习1、LikethenationalpushforAsianliteracyi
24、enunintelligiblethoughthereisnotanythingwrongwithhispronunciation,sentencestructureandthewordsheuses.对英语没有全面的理解,即便有完美的发音、句子结构、措词,一个外国人所讲的英语也会是稀奇乖僻甚至难以理解的。5、Socialcustomsandhabitscontributetothedifficultyinlearningaforeignlanguage.社会风俗习惯增加了学习外语的难度。6、Bythesametoken,“
25、HaveyoueatenwillsoundtonativeEnglishspeakersthattheChinesearesohospitablethattheyinvitepeopletomealsoff-handedly.由于同样的原因,英语母语者听到“吃了吗?,会觉得中国人非常好客,在事先毫无准备的情况下会请人吃饭。7、Theforeignerwillrespond答复“Oh,itsveryniceofyou.When,ifhehappenstohaveacraving渴望forChinesecook
26、ingandhasnothad现在完成时hisdinneryet.如果这位外国人此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食,而且又碰巧没有吃饭,他会答复:“太好啦,什么时候?8、ChinesehasnothingincommonwithEnglishandChinahadlittlecontact联系withtheWesternworldinmodernhistory.汉字和英语这两种文字毫无共同之处,并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很少接触。9、Thebackground背景knowledgeofEnglishfascinates使着迷large
30、9;reluckyifitfeelsasgoodandservesyouaswellastenyearsago身体的这些变化不容易觉察,但是如果你的身体如十年前一样好的话,你是非常幸运的。Inthatperiodoftimeithaschanged但是在这十年间,你的身体已经发生了变化。ItisthesamewithLanguage.语言的变化也是这样的。Themostcommonandthemostnoticeable可觉察的kindofchangeiswhathappenstovocabulary语言的变
31、化中,最常见、最容易发觉的是词汇的变化。Newwordsappear;oldwordstakeonnewmeanings.新词出现,老词增加新义。Eventhenativespeakermightfeelsurprised.即使是母语者对这些变化也会感到吃惊的。Mousebegantomeanasmall,hand-helddevicewhichcanbeusedtogiveinstructionstoacomputertowhichitisconnectedbyashortcable(电缆)Mouse一词开始表
32、示一种小型的手动装置,这种装置通过一根短短的导线连到计算机上,可以向计算机发指令。Todescribeapersonasgreenisawayofsayingthatheisnaive(缺少经验的)orinexperienced可以用来描述一个人缺少经验。Nowthewordindicatesawholephilosophyoflifeorapoliticalopinion,andwehavegreenism(绿色主义)whichissupportedbygreenists目前这个词表示一整套生活哲学和政治观点,我们现在
33、有绿色主义这种提法,绿色主义者支持这种提法。Intheirshoppingtheywilllookforproductswhichcarrygreenlabeling(绿色标志)whichindicatesthattheyhavebeenmadeinawaywhichisnotharmfultotheenvironment.购物时,他们寻找带有绿色标志的产品。绿色标志代表该产品的生产过程对环境是无害的。Suchproductsareeco-friendly(有利于生态环境的)andtheyarepreferredbytho
34、sewhoareeco-conscious.这种商品是无害于生态环境的,有生态意识的人偏爱这种产品。TextBLearningaLanguage学语言Moststudentswouldliketoknowhowtolearna1anguagemoreeasily.大局部学生都想知道如何能够轻松地学好一门语言,Mostlinguistsandlanguageteacherswouldalsoliketoknowthis大局部语言学家和语言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。Linguistsareworkingonthisprob
35、lemintwoways语言学家从两个方面研究这个问题。First,theyaretryingtounderstandhowchildrenlearntospeakandunderstandtheirnativelanguage.一方面,他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母语、理解母语的。Theyarealsotryingtolearnhowpeoplelearnasecondlanguage另一方面致力于研究人是如何学习第二语言的。Linguistsarenotsurehowchildrenlearntospeak语言学家
36、并不确定儿童是如何学说话的。Somelinguiststhinkthatchildrenarebornwithanabilitytolearnandusea1anguage一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有学习和使用语言的能力。Thisdoesnotmeanthattheycomeintotheworldknowingtheirnativelanguage.这并不是指一个人的母语是与生俱来的;Itmeansthat,alongwithmanyotherthings,theyarebornwiththeabilityt
37、olearntheirnativelanguage.而是指一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力,这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的能力是相同的。Withjustalittleexposuretothelanguage,andalittlehelpfromtheirparents,theyareabletolearntospeak孩子只要与要学习的语言有一定接触,在父母的些许帮助下就能够学会说话。Anothergroupoflinguistsdoesnotthinkthisiscorrect另外一派语言学家那么对此持有异议。Thissec
38、ondgroupoflinguiststhinksthatchildrenlearntousea1anguagefromtheirparents持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟着父母学会使用语言的。Theybelievethatparentsteachtheirchildrentoproducesoundsandwordsintheirlanguage他们认为父母首先教孩子发声、吐字。Whenchildrenknowsomewords,theirparentswillbegintoteachthemtosayse
39、ntences当孩子掌握一定词汇以后,父母就开始教他们如何组织句子。Theselinguistsdonotthinkthatparentsteachtheirchildreninthesamewaythatadultsaretaughtasecondlanguage但是他们认为,父母教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第二语言的方法。Instead,parentsprobablyteachtheirchildrenbytalkingtothemandcorrectingtheiruseof1anguage.相反,父母是通过与孩子交谈
40、并纠正他们的语言错误来教孩子说话的。Theselinguistsfeelthatchildrenlearntheirlanguagemainlyfromtheenvironment.这一派语言学家认为,儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言的。Inthiscase,theenvironmentistheirfamilyandtheirhome.这种情况下,语言环境是家庭和生活环境。Asyousee,thefirstgroupoflinguistsdisagrees可以看出,第一派语言学家对此并不赞同。Therearesomeother
41、theoriesabouthowchildrenlearnalanguage关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他理论。ManypeoplearestudyingtheprocessoflanguagelearningbychildrenThisworkisbeingdoneinmanycountries许多国家中有很多人正着手研究儿童学习语言的过程。LinguistsarenottheonlypeoplewhoareinterestedinthisprocessManypsychologists,doctors,andp
42、arentsarealsointerestedPeoplewhoteachforeignlanguagesareinterested,too不仅语言学家,许多心理学家、医生和父母都对儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教师也对这一过程很感兴趣。Foreignlanguageteachersareinterestedinhowchildrenlearntospeaktheirnativelanguageforaveryimportantreason外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴趣,有其很重要的原因。Iftheyknewhowchildre
43、nlearntheirnativelanguage,perhapstheywouldhaveaneasywaytoteachadults,aswellaschildren,asecondlanguage他们如果知道儿童如何学习母语,就可能找到一种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第二语言。Thisisaveryinterestingidea这是一种非常有意思的想法。Someforeignlanguageteachersbelievethatadultslearnasecondlanguagethesamewaychildre
46、yForeignlanguageteachersusingthisspokenlanguagemethoddothesamething.外语教师采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言使用规那么,而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话是正确的。Forsomestudents,thismethodissuccessful对一些学生来说,这种方法是成功的,Theylearntospeakquicklyandeasily他们能够轻而易举地、很快地学会所学的语言。Theyseemtoenjoyusingthelanguage,andt
47、heydonotpaymuchattentiontowhethertheyuseexactlytherightrulesforwhattheysay他们似乎很喜欢去用所学的语言,并不很在意是否使用了正确的语言规那么。Somestudents,however,cannotlearnalanguagethiswayLinguistsaretryingtofindanotherwaytoteachthemalanguage另外一些学生那么不适合这种方法,语言学家着手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。Asecondmethod,the
49、orizingthemandmustpracticesayingthingsinthelanguageandusingtherulescorrectly学生必须通过记忆来学习语言使用规那么,必须练习使用这种语言,练习正确地使用这些规那么。Theselinguiststrytoteachstudentstherulesofthelanguagetheywanttolearn语言教师首先教学生要学的语法规那么,Thentheygivethemmanysentencesinthelanguagetosayoverand
50、overagain再给学生一些例句让他们反复练习,Thestudentsareencouragedtomakeupnewsentences,usingtherulesthattheyhavelearnedandthewordsthattheyknow同时鼓励学生使用所学过的语法规那么和他们所掌握的词造句。Somestudentsareverysuccessfulwiththissecond,rule-learningmethod一些学生使用这种语法规那么学习法效果非常好,Theylearnthelanguagequitequ
51、icklyandcanuseitwell.他们学得很快,用得也好。Theyknowtherulesforusingthelanguageandcanspeakthelanguageandunderstandit,too他们掌握了语言使用规那么,能够使用所学的语言,也能够理解别人的话。Formanystudents,thisisthebestwaytolearnaforeignlanguage对一些学生来说,这是学外语最好的方法。Forsomestudents,bothofthesemethodsmaywork.对另
52、外一些学生来说,两种方法都行之有效。Sometimesteachersuseacombinationofthesemethodsinclass,hopingthateveryonewillbeabletolearnthelanguagewithonemethodortheother.有时候,老师在课堂上将两种方法结合起来用,目的是让每个学生都能受益。Somepeoplecangotoacountryand"pickup"thelanguagesimplyfromhearingitandtryi
53、ngtocommunicateinit有些人能够到国外通过倾听,与人交流等手段自然而然的学会那个国家的语言。Thesepeoplearerare但这毕竟是少数人。Mostpeopletrytolearnalanguagebytakingclassesandstudyingitinsomeway.大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式来学语言的。Mostteacherswilltrydifferentwaystohelpstudentslearnalanguagequicklyandeasily大多数老师也通过不同的教法来帮助学
54、生轻松快速的学会一门语言。Linguistsandpsychologistsaretryingtounderstandhowpeoplelearnandusealanguage语言学家和心理学家正致力于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言的。Perhapslanguage1earningwillbeeasierwhentheyhaveaclearunderstandingofhowpeoplelearnandusealanguage也许在解决了这个问题之后,语言学习会变得容易一些。Unit2TextACaughtBetween
55、TwoCultures夹在两种文化之间IwasbornandraisedinHongKong.我是土生土长的香港人。ForthepastsixyearsIvebeenlivingintheUnitedStates六年来一直生活在美国,Iworkasasalesgirlinalargedepartmentstore.是一家大百货商店的女售货员。RightnowImgoingthroughadifficultperiodofmylifewhichishardformetotalkabout目前我正
56、经历人生中一段痛苦,自己也很难讲述。Afewmonthsago1wenttoHongKongforavisit几个月前,我回香港探亲,ItwasthefirsttimeIdgonebacktheresincecomingtotheUnitedStates这也是我到美国后第一次回家探亲。Iwaseagertoseemyparents,mybrothersandsisters,andmyfriends我期待着见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。IreallygotashockwhenIarrived到达时,我确实大
57、吃一惊。HongKongwasnotthesamecitythatIleftsixyearsago香港已经不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。ThingshadchangedsomuchthatIdidntrecognizepartsofit这儿发生了巨大的变化,一些地方都认不出来了。Myelementaryschoolwasgone我读书的那所小学已经不复存在。ThehousesonthestreetwhereIusedtolivehadbeentorndownandreplacedbyofficebuil
58、dings曾经住过的那条街上的房子已被拆掉,代之而起的是办公大楼。Theshockfromthephysicalchangesinthecity,however,wasnothingcomparedtotheconfusionandhurtIsoonbegantofeelinmyparentshome但是,我到了父母亲家里不久,就发现了一些令我想不通的问题,情感上也受到了挫伤。与之相比,香港外观上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。MyfamilygreetedmewarmlywhenIarrived我的家人热情地迎接我回家。Whilemymotherwasbusypreparingaspecialdinnerinmyhonor,therestofthefamilyeagerlyaskedmequestionsaboutmylifeintheUnitedStates我母亲忙