感恩节与英语语法学习

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EveryyeararoundtheThanksgivingholiday,astrangeceremonyhappensinWashington,DC.ThepresidentstandsoutsidetheWhiteHouse,givesabriefspeechandthenofficiallypardonsaturkey.

Apardonisadeclarationthatsomeonewillnotbepunished.

Inthisceremony,PresidentBarackObamapromisesnottocookandeatacertainturkey,eventhoughturkeysarethetraditionalThanksgivingmeal.

Youmightbeaskingyourself,"Whatistheconnectionbetweenturkeys,Thanksgivingandgrammar"

Intoday'sreport,weexplorewhatturkeyscanteachyouaboutEnglishverbs.

Inparticular,wewillshowyouhowThanksgivingcanteachyoutousestativeverbs.Wewillalsoshowyouthedifferencebetweenstativeandprogressiveverbs.

Whatisastativeverb

Thetermstativeverbreferstoaverbthathasastativemeaning.Inotherwords,theseverbsshowordescribeconditionsorsituationsthatdonotdoanythingbutexist.

Verbsthatcommonlyhaveastativemeaninginclude:

Inthepresenttense,averbwithastativemeaningisgenerallyusedinitssimpleform."Iloveturkey,"or"Americansliketurkey"aretwoexamples.

Verbsthathavestativemeaningsaregenerallynotusedintheprogressivetense.So,youwillprobablynothearanativespeakersay,"Iamlovingturkey,"or"Americansarelikingturkey."

Thanksgivingandstativeverbs

Donotfear:wecanuseourThanksgivingexampletomakethepointclearer.

ImagineyouareatanAmericanstore.Youhearaconversationbetweenacustomerandastoreemployee.Thecustomerwantstobuyaturkeythatweighs10pounds,or4.5kilograms.

Unliketheturkeyfromthepardoningceremony,thisturkeywillhaveasadfate:thedinnertable.

Theconversationyouhearmightgolikethis:

Customer:Howmuchdoesthatturkeyweigh

Butcher:Itweighs10pounds.

Customer:Howmuchdoesitcost

Butcher:Itcosts20dollars.

Inthedialogue,youcanheartwoexamplesofstativeverbs:weighandcost.

Thebutchersaid,"Theturkeyweighs10pounds,”and"Theturkeycosts20dollars."Inbothcases,theverbshaveastativemeaning:Thebutcherisdescribingaconditionorsituationthatsimplyexists–theweightandcostoftheturkey.

NowimagineyouareeatingThanksgivingdinnerwithanAmericanfamily.Youmighthearanyoneofthefollowingsentences:

"Iloveturkey!"

"Idisliketurkey."

"Theturkeysmellswonderful!"

"Thefoodtastesgreat!"

"Theturkeyseemsundercooked."

"Theturkeylooksawful."

Allthesesentencesincludestativeverbs.Youmightnoticethattheverbsarealsointhesimplepresentform.

Whynotuseaprogressiveverb

So,whywouldanEnglishspeakernotsay,"Theturkeyisseemingundercooked,"or,"Iamdislikingturkey."

SusanConradandDouglasBiberaretwoEnglishgrammarexperts.Theysaythat,ingeneral,Englishspeakersusetheprogressivetenseonlywhenthesubjectoftheverbactivelycontrolsthestateoraction.

Inaddition,Englishspeakersgenerallyusetheprogressiveonlywhentheverbdescribesanactionorstatethathappensoveranextendedperiodoftime.

So,youwouldnothearanEnglishspeakersay,"Theturkeyisseemingundercooked"becausethesubjectoftheverb,theturkey,doesnotcontrolitsstate–beingundercooked.

Forthesamereason,youwouldnothearanEnglishspeakersay,"Iamdislikingturkey,"becausetheverb'ssubject,I,probablydoesnothavecontrolovertheactionofdislikingturkey.

Now,someverbscanhavestativeandprogressivemeanings.

Considertheseexamples:

"Thefoodtastesgood."

"PresidentObamaistastingthefood."

Inthefirstsentence,thefooddoesnotcontrolwhetheritisgoodorbad.Asaresult,theverbtastehasastativemeaningbecauseitsimplydescribestheconditionofthefood.

Inthesecondsentence,"PresidentObamaistastingthefood,"thesubjectoftheverb,PresidentObama,hascontroloverhisaction.

Inaddition,theactiontakesplaceoveranextendedperiodoftime:Obamamustthinkabouttastingfood,thenraisethefoodtohismouth,thenconsideritsquality.So,youcouldsaythattheverbtasteinthisexamplehasaprogressivemeaning.

Whatcanyoudo

Thenexttimeyouarereadingorlisteningtothenews,payspecialattentiontotheverbs.

Noticewhentheprogressiveformisused,andwhenthesimpleformisused.Thenaskyourselfwhy.Doestheverb'ssubjectcontroltheactionDoestheactionoccuroveranextendedperiodoftimeOrdoestheverbsimplydescribeaconditionthatexists

Ifyouarestillconfusedaboutwhetheryoushoulduseasimpleorprogressiveverbinyourownconversations,ConradandBiberhaveonetipthatmighthelpyou.

Theysaythatinconversations,Englishspeakersusesimpleverbsaround120timesinevery1,000words.

Progressiveverbsaremuchlesscommon:theyappearfewerthan20timesinevery1,000words.*

I'mAliceBryant.

AndI'mJohnRussell.

JohnRussellwrotethisstoryforLearningEnglish.KellyJeanKellywastheeditor.

Wewanttohearfromyou.WritetousintheCommentsSection.

*SeeConrad,SusanandBiber,Douglas.RealGrammar:ACorpus-BasedApproachtoEnglish.Pearson-Longman.2009.Pgs.4-6

________________________________________________________________

stative–adj.expressingastate,condition,orrelation

progressive–adj.oforrelatingtotheprogressivetenseofaverb

THE END

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