1、英语国家概况之英国翻译（EnglishtranslationofEnglishspeakingcountries）FifthunitjudicialTheBritishjusticesysteminBritainsoldestandmosttraditionalorgansystem,duetohistoricalreasons,England,Welsh,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandhavetheirownindependent,legalsystem,lawhasbeenrecordedinthedifferencebetweenthem,andthenameofthecourtprocess.Thereare,however,manymodernlawsthatareappliedthroughoutbritain.However,onthemainfunctionsofthestateandpower,such
2、asthedevelopmentoflegal,administrativeandjudicialonthesepoliticaltheoryhasbeencontroversial,thattheyshouldkeepaclearseparation,someconstitutionismandatory,especiallytheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates,butthesedonotexistintheuk.Britainslawandpoliticsarealmostlinkedtogether.Legallanguage,conceptsandstandardsarereasonable,penetrationintheimplementationoftheoryandpolicy,notjustdepartmentintheUK,isthehighestlawenforcementintheh
3、ouseofLordsandthehouseofLordsinEnglandWelsh,theministerresponsibleforallassumemanagementlaws,governmentdepartmentsandagenciesareresponsibleforthecontrolofthelegalsystem,includingtheDepartmentandtheMinistryofinterior.LegalstandardsBritishlegalstandardshavelongbeenregardedasoneofthemostbasicprinciplesoftheunwrittenconstitutionoftheUnitedKingdom.Nowtheseprinciplesoflawinvolvemanybasicassumptions.1.everyoneislimitedbythelaw
4、.Noonecanoverridethelaw.Ministersandsocialofficialsarealsorestrictedbythelawandhavenorighttodoanythingoutsidetheboundsofthelaw.2.everyoneisequalbeforethelaw.Everycitizenhastherighttoturntothelaw.Thelawisequaltoeverycitizen.3.,lawsandordersmustbemaintainedthroughgovernmentpersonnelandstateorgans,thestateshouldprotectcitizensinviolenceandpoliticalchaos,ontheotherhand,citizensmustbestronglyforbiddentotalkaboutt
5、hemeritsofthelawprivately.4,whentheyfeelthattheyhaveanunfairexperience,citizenscan,withinreasonablelimits,complainandcomplainagainstothers,organizations,orcountries.5,lawandreasonableprocessandstaffshouldnotbedisturbedbypolitics.Inpractice,thelawshouldbeindependentandfreefrompoliticalinterference.SourcesoflawThethreemainsourceofthelawsofBritainandWelshiscommonlaw.BritainswrittenlawsandEuropeancombinedlawandthelawsderi
6、vedfromthelawsofRomearetheverydifferentlawsprevailinginthecontinent.TheEnglishlawmayextenditonthebasisofcommonlawonthebasisofcourtdecisions,butapreviouscase,thatis,aprecedent,ischanged.NowitretainsthefoundationofBritishlaw,exceptthatithasbeenreplacedbylegislation.TherulesofEnglandandWelshwereusuallymadebythehouseofLordsandtheSupremecourt.Thecurrentlawrulingstatebyeachcourtapplication,sociallawisanothermajor
7、sourceofthelaw,statutelawisofficiallywrittenlaw,istogothroughtheBritishParliament,bythegovernmentandtheScotlandparliament.ThisstatuteistheultimatesourceofBritishlaw,anditshowshowitaffectsthewholenationscivillife.Theyaresupreme,exceedingotherformsoflaw,includingcommonlaw.In1973,whentheUnitedKingdomjoinedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity,theEuropeanUnionLawbecamepartofBritishlaw.Itismainlyrestrictedtoeconomicandsocialpr
8、oblems,inparticularenvironment,theEuropeanUnionislegalinBritainbeforeparliament,whenthetwoconflict,theBritishcourtwillbeforcedtoaccepttheEuropeanUnionLaw,evenifitcannotcompelothercountriestodobetterorimposetheirruletoothercountries,butitisstillthehighestauthorityentrustedbytheEuropeanCourtofjustice,andaboveall,BritishcitizenscanStrasbourgaccordingtotheEuropeanCourtofhumanrightstoenjoytheirhumanrights.InScotland,reas
9、onablemoralprinciples,legalrulesandthelegalconceptsofScotlandcanbetracedtodifferentsources,includingRomelaw,BritishreligiouslawandinfluentialEuropeansystem.ThemainsourcesofthelawsofScotlandaretheBritish,theScotlandParliamentandthecommonlawprescribedbytheEuropeanUnionActandthelegislation,includingtheactionsoftheBritishgovernmentandtheparliamentoftheScotlandrelatingtothedevelopmentofScotland.ThelegalsystemofNorthernIrelandandScotlandandWelshthesame,inadditiontotheBritishregulationsaffectingNorthernIreland,theNorthernIrelandAssemblywithlegislation,from2000hastheauthorityforallissuesofdevelopment,alsocanmakelawsinnorthernireland.legalsystemInthecorrespondinglegalprocedures,thecourtsystematalllevelsisdividedintocriminalandcivilcourts.Criminalandcivilaretwodifferentlegaleffects.Thecriminalisthemostvi