转How to grow old (By Bertrand Russell)&原创译文Miew

1.Inspiteofthetitle,thisarticlewillreallybeonhownottogrowold,which,atmytimeoflife,isamuchmoreimportantsubject.Myfirstadvicewouldbetochooseyourancestorscarefully.Althoughbothmyparentsdiedyoung,Ihavedonewellinthisrespectasregardsmyotherancestors.Mymaternalgrandfather,itistrue,wascutoffintheflowerofhisyouthattheageofsixty-seven,butmyotherthreegrandparentsalllivedtobeovereighty.OfremoterancestorsIcanonlydiscoveronewhodidnotlivetoagreatage,andhediedofadiseasewhichisnowrare,namely,havinghisheadcutoff。

3.AsregardshealthIhavenothingusefultosaysinceIhavelittleexperienceofillness.IeatanddrinkwhateverIlike,andsleepwhenIcannotkeepawake.Ineverdoanythingwhateveronthegroundthatitisgoodforhealth,thoughinactualfactthethingsIlikedoingaremostlywholesome.

4.Psychologicallytherearetwodangerstobeguardedagainstinoldage.Oneoftheseisundueabsorptioninthepast.Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories,inregretsforthegoodolddays,orinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.One’sthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefutureandtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.Thisisnotalwayseasy:one’sownpastisgraduallyincreasingweight.Itiseasytothinktooneselfthatone’semotionsusedtobemorevividthantheyare,andone’smindkeener.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgotten,andifitisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue.

5.Theotherthingtobeavoidedisclingingtoyouthinthehopeofsuckingvigorfromitsvitality.Whenyourchildrenaregrownuptheywanttolivetheirownlives,andifyoucontinuetobeasinterestedinthemasyouwerewhentheywereyoung,youarelikelytobecomeaburdentothem,unlesstheyareunusuallycallous.Idonotmeanthatoneshouldbewithoutinterestinthem,butone’sinterestshouldbecontemplativeand,ifpossible,philanthropic,butnotundulyemotional.Animalsbecomeindifferenttotheiryoungassoonastheiryoungcanlookafterthemselves,buthumanbeings,owingtothelengthofinfancy,findthisdifficult.

6.Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsinvolvingappropriateactivities.Itisinthisspherethatlongexperienceisreallyfruitful,anditisinthisspherethatthewisdombornofexperiencecanbeexercisedwithoutbeingoppressive.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakes,bothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyou,andbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterests,youmayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyouchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillrenderthemmaterialservices,suchasmakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpers,youmustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany.

论变老

罗素作张瑄译

在健康方面我没有什么可以借鉴的经验,因为我没有多少得病的经历。我凭喜好吃喝,困意浓了就睡觉。我从来没有刻意地做过任何有益健康的事情,不过事实上我喜欢做的事情大多都裨益身体。

思想上应当预防两种情况。其一就是无休止的沉浸在过去当中。一味的回忆,为过去的那些美好时光而惋惜,为逝去的友人而神伤,对于我们,这是不应该的。人的思想应该指向未来,指向那些仍然有待处理的事情。做到这一点并不总是易事。往昔的分量会逐渐增加。人们很容易认为他们过去的情感更加生动,头脑也更加敏锐。如果这是事实,那么最好将它忘记;现在忘记,将来回想,很可能它就不再是事实了。

如果我们能够对人以外的事物抱有浓厚的兴趣,而且能够因这种兴趣而进行适当活动的话,老年时光应当是十分顺利的。正是在这一方面,丰富的阅历可以找到用武之地;也正是通过这种方式,阅历所凝结出的智慧能够得到运用,同时不会让人感到自己盛气凌人。告诉成年的子女不要犯错是没有任何用处的,因为其一他们不会听从,其二错误本身就是教育的一个重要组成部分。但如果你是一个对其它事物提不起兴趣的人,你会发现一旦停止对子女,以及他们子女的关心,生活就会变得空虚。这样的话你需要使自己意识到即使你可以为他们提供一些物质帮助,例如给他们些钱或者替他们织件毛衣,你也不能奢求他们喜欢你的陪伴。

有些老年人由于恐惧死亡而心情抑郁。这种情绪对年轻人来说无可厚非。即将奔赴战场的年轻人,他们有理由害怕牺牲;生命的礼物还没有得到就被命运骗去,感到痛苦也情有可原。但是,对于一个老人,已经饱经人生喜乐而又完成了力所能及的事业,恐惧死亡就显得可悲甚至可鄙了。缓解这种情绪的最好方法——至少在我看来——就是尽量拓展自己的爱好,使其更广泛,更脱离个人,直到个体的壁垒逐渐淡化,最终你的生命融入到万物当中。人的存在应当像是河流——最初涓涓细流,限制在狭窄的两岸之间,欢快的穿过岩石,跨越瀑布。渐渐的,两岸后退,河道变宽,河水也安静下来。最终,没有任何停留的迹象,它们融入大海,没有任何痛苦地失去了个体的存在。能够这样看待生命的人年老时就不会为死亡而恐惧,因为他知道他关心的事物会继续存在。而且,如果随着生命力的消逝,疲惫的感觉增加,那么将死亡视为休息也未尝不可。我情愿在工作中逝去,心中确定我的工作后继有人,心情愉悦因为我已为其竭尽全力。

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