Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledWhoHastheMostImportantInfluenceontheYoung.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
1.有些人认为家人对青少年的影响最大。
2.有些人认为朋友对青少年的影响最大。
3.我的看法。
WhoHastheMostImportantInfluenceontheYoung
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
WillElectronicMedicalRecordsImproveHealthCare
Electronichealthrecords(EHRs)havereceivedalotofattentionsincetheObamaadministrationcommitted$19billioninstimulusfundsearlierthisyeartoencouragehospitalsandhealthcarefacilitiestodigitizepatientdataandmakebetteruseofinformationtechnology.Thehealthcareindustryasawhole,however,hasbeenslowtoadoptinformationtechnologyandintegratecomputersystems,raisingthequestionofwhetherthepushtodigitizewillresultininformationthatempowersdoctorstomakebetter-informeddecisionsoramorassofdisconnecteddata.
TheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter(UPMC)knowsfirsthandhowdifficultitistoachievetheformer,andhoweasilyanEHRplancanfallintothelatter.UPMChasspentfiveyearsandmorethan$1billiononinformationtechnologysystemstogetaheadoftheEHRissue.Whilethatismorethanfivetimesasmuchasrecentestimatessayitshouldcostahospitalsystem,UPMCisamammothnetworkconsistingof20hospitalsaswellas400doctors’offices,outpatientsitesandlong-termcarefacilitiesemployingabout50,000people.
UPMC’searlyattemptstocreateauniversalEHRsystem,suchasitsambulatoryelectronicmedicalrecordsrolledoutbetween2000and2005,weremetwithresistanceasdoctors,staffandotheruserseitheravoidedusingthenewtechnologyaltogetherorclungtoindividual,disconnectedsoftwareandsystemsthatUPMC’sITdepartmenthadimplementedovertheyears.
Onthemend
AlthoughUPMCbegandigitizingsomeofitsrecordsin1996,theturningpointinitseffortscamein2004withtherolloutofitseRecordsystemacrosstheentirehealthcarenetwork.eRecordnowcontainsmorethan3.6millionelectronicpatientrecords,includingimagesandCTscans,clinicallaboratoryinformation,radiologydata,andapicturearchivalandcommunicationsystemthatdigitizesimagesandmakesthemavailableonPCs.TheEHRsystemhas29,000users,includingmorethan5,000physiciansemployedbyoraffiliatedwithUPMC.
IfUPMCmakesEHRsystemslookeasy,don’tbefooled,cautionsUPMCchiefmedicalinformationofficerDanMartich,whosaysthehealthcarenetwork’sITsystemsrequirea"huge,ongoingeffort"toensurethatthosesystemscancommunicatewithoneanother.OneofthemainreasonsisthatUPMC,likemanyotherhealthcareorganizations,usesanumberofdifferentvendorsforitsmedicalandITsystems,leavingtheintegrationlargelyuptotheITstaff.
Sincedoctorstypicallydonotwanttochangethewaytheyworkforthesakeofacomputersystem,thesuccessofanEHRprogramisdictatednotonlybythepresenceofthetechnologybutalsobyhowwellthedoctorsaretrainedon,anduse,thetechnology.PhysiciansneedtoseethebenefitsofusingEHRsystemsbothpersistentlyandconsistently,saysLouisBaverso,chiefinformationofficeratUPMC’sMagee-Women’sHospital.Butthesebenefitsmightnotbeobviousatfirst,hesays,adding,"Whatdoctorsseeinthebeginningisthatthey’relosingtheirabilitytoworkwithpaperdocuments,whichhasbeensovaluabletothemupuntilnow."
Opportunitiesandcosts
GiventhelackofEHRadoptionthroughoutthehealthcareworld,therearealotofopportunitiestogetthisright(orwrong).Lessthan10percentofU.S.hospitalshaveadoptedelectronicmedicalrecordseveninthemostbasicway,accordingtoastudyauthoredbyAshishJha,associateprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementatHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth.Only1.5percenthaveadoptedacomprehensivesystemofelectronicrecordsthatincludesphysicians’notesandordersanddecisionsupportsystemsthatalertdoctorsofpotentialdruginteractionsorotherproblemsthatmightresultfromtheirintendedorders.
CostistheprimaryfactorstallingEHRsystems,followedbyresistancefromphysiciansunwillingtoadoptnewtechnologiesandalackofstaffwithadequateITexpertise,accordingtoJha.Heindicatedthatahospitalcouldspendfrom$20millionto$200milliontoimplementanelectronicrecordsystemoverseveralyears,dependingonthesizeofthehospital.Atypicaldoctor’sofficewouldcostanestimated$50,000tooutfitwithanEHRsystem.
TheupsideofEHRsystemsismoredifficulttoquantify.Althoughsomeestimatessaythathospitalsanddoctor’sofficescouldsaveasmuchas$100millionannuallybymovingtoEHRs,themereactofimplementingthetechnologyguaranteesneithercostsavingsnorimprovementsincare,JhasaidduringaHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthcommunityforumonSeptember17.AnotherHarvardstudyofhospitalcomputerizationlikewisedeterminedthatcuttingcostsandimprovingcarethroughhealthITasitexiststodayis"wishfulthinking".ThisstudywasledbyDavidHimmelstein,associateprofessoratHarvardMedicalSchool.
Thecostofgettingitwrong
ThedifferencebetweentheprojectedcostsavingsandtherealityofthesituationstemsfromthefactthattheEHRtechnologiesimplementedtodatehavenotbeendesignedtosavemoneyorimprovepatientcare,saysLeonardD’Avolio,associatecenterdirectorofBiomedicalInformaticsattheMassachusettsVeteransEpidemiologyResearchandInformationCenter(MAVERIC).Instead,EHRsareusedtodocumentindividualpatients’conditions,passthisinformationamongclinicianstreatingthosepatients,justifyfinancialreimbursementandserveasthelegalrecordsofevents.
Thisisbecause,ifahealthcarefacilityhas$1milliontospend,itsmanagersaremorelikelytospenditonanexpensivepieceoflabequipmentthanoninformationtechnology,D’Avoliosays,addingthattheinvestmentonlabequipmentcanbemadeupbychargingpatientsaccesstoitasabillableservice.ThisisnotthecaseforIT.Also,computersandnetworksusedthroughouthospitalsandhealthcarefacilitiesaredisconnectedandoftenmanufacturedbydifferentvendorswithoutastandardizedwayofcommunicating."Medicaldataisdifficulttostandardizebecausecaringforpatientsisacomplexprocess,"hesays."Weneedtofindsomewayofreachingacrossnotjustdepartmentsbutentirehospitals.Ifyoucan’tmeasuresomething,youcan’timproveit,andwithoutaccesstothisdata,youcan’tmeasureit."
Toqualifyforapieceofthe$19billionbeingofferedthroughtheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct(ARRA),healthcarefacilitieswillhavetojustifythesignificanceoftheirITinvestmentstoensuretheyare"meaningfulusers"ofEHRs.TheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServiceshasyettodefinewhatitconsidersmeaningfuluse
Aggregatinginfotocreateknowledge
Ideally,inadditiontoprovidingdoctorswithbasicinformationabouttheirpatients,databasesofvitalsigns,images,laboratoryvalues,medications,diseases,interventions,andpatientdemographicinformationcouldbeminedfornewknowledge,D’Avoliosays."Withjustafewofthesedatabasesnetworkedtogether,thepowertoimprovehealthcareincreasesexponentially,"D’Avoliosuggested."Allthatismissingisthecollectiverealizationthatbetterhealthcarerequiresaccesstobetterinformation—notautomationofthestatusquo."Downtheroad,theadditionofgenomicinformation,environmentalfactorsandfamilyhistorytothesedatabaseswillenableclinicianstobegintorealizethepotentialofpersonalizedmedicine,headded.
1.InAmerica,itisslowtoadoptinformationtechnologybecause.
A)thefundsinvestedbythegovernmentisnotenoughinthepast
B)EHRshavereceivedlessattentionofthepublicinthepast
C)whetheritwillbeusefultodoctorsornotisdoubtful
D)UPMCknowshowdifficultitistodigitizethehospital
2.TheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter(UPMC).
A)isthefirstmedicalcentertoadoptinformationtechnology
B)satisfytherequirementofthegovernmentoninformationtechnology
C)spentlessmoneyoninformationtechnologythanitwasestimated
D)attemptedtocreatedauniversalEHRsystem,butmetsomedifficulties
3.Thehealthcarenetwork’sITsystemsrequirealotofefforttoensureitcancommunicatewithoneanothermainlybecause.
A)theintegrationamongdifferentsystemislargelyuptotheITstaff
B)UPMCislikemanyotherhealthcareorganizationsintheUnitedStates
C)UPMCmakesEHRsystemslookeasy
D)UMPCbegandigitizingsomeofitsrecordsin1996
4.ThesuccessoftheEHRprogramisdecidedby.
A)thefactwhethertheinformationtechnologyisavailableornot
B)thefacthowwellthedoctorsaretrainedtousetheinformationtechnology
C)notonlythepresenceofthetechnologybutthedoctor’strainingontechnology
D)thefactwhetherphysicianscanseethebenefitsofusingEHRsystems
5.ThemostimportantreasonofmosthospitalsbeingreluctanttoadoptEHRsystemisthat.
A)thecostistoohighforthehospitaltoafford
B)physiciansareunwillingtoadoptit
C)thereisalackofstaffwithadequateITexpertise
D)doctorworryaboutitsnegativeinfluenceonpatients
6.AccordingtothestudyledbyDavidHimmelsteinthroughhealthIT.
A)itispossibletocutthecostsofthehospital
B)itispossibletoimprovethehealthcare
C)itensureneithercostsavingnorimprovementincare
D)itcouldsaveasmuchas$100millionannually
7.Thehospital’smanagerspreferto.
A)spendmoneyonanexpensivepieceofequipmentthanoninformationtechnology
B)chargepatientsaccesstotheinformationtechnologyasabillableservice
C)purchasetheinformationtechnologytoimprovethehealthcareofthehospital
D)investmoremoneyonthetrainingofthephysicianstochargepatientsmoremoney
8.Jhasaidthemereactofimplementingthetechnologyguarantees______________________.
9.D’Avoliosaystheinvestmentonlabequipmentcanbemadeupby_____________________.
10.Databasesofvitalsigns,images,laboratoryvalues,medications,diseases,interventions,andpatientdemographicinformationcouldbe____________________.PartⅢListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
11.A)Hedoesn’tknowthewaytothetheater.
B)Hedoesn’tusuallygetupat7:30.
C)Hewantstoleavethetheaterbeforethedramaisover.
D)Hewantstogoearlytoavoidatrafficjam.
12.A)Shegotaweekendjobatthebeach.
B)Sheoftengoestothebeach.
C)Shemissesthetripstothebeachsheusedtotake.
D)Herhomeisnearthebeach.
13.A)Hewillmakeareservationattherestaurant.
B)Thewomanshouldaskherparentsforasuggestion.
C)ThewomanshoulddecidewheretoeatSaturday.
D)HealreadyhasplansforSaturdaynight.
14.A)Hedoubtsthewomanwilllikethenovel.
B)He’lllendthewomanthenovelafterhehasreadit.
C)Heenjoyedreadingthenovel.
D)Hehasn’tstartedreadingthenovelyet.
15.A)Thedoctor’sofficewillbeclosedtomorrow.
B)Thedoctor’sscheduleisfilledtomorrow.
C)Thedoctorhasstoppedseeingnewpatients.
D)Thedoctorcanseethemantomorrow.
16.A)Shewassorrythemancouldn’tfinishhislaundry.
B)Shesawthemanrunout.
C)Shethoughttheman’slaundrywasdonebadly.
D)Shethoughttheman’slawnwastoodry.
17.A)Hiscoachdidn’thelphimenough.
B)Hehadnochanceofwinning.
C)Hiscoachdidn’tlistentohim.
D)Hedidn’tfollowhiscoach’sadvice.
18.A)Shegradespapersveryquickly.
B)Sheisn’tteachingthissemester.
C)Shedidn’trequireanypaperslastsemester.
D)Shewasmoreflexiblelastsemester.
Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
19.A)Fatheranddaughter.
B)Colleagues.
C)Friends.
D)Husbandandwife.
20.A)Theyarediscussingwhethertheyshouldgoforaholiday.
B)Theyarediscussingwheretheyshouldgofortheholiday.
C)Theyarediscussinghowtheycouldsaveenoughmoneyfortheholiday.
D)Theyarediscussinghowtheycouldpayfortheirhouseandthefurniture.
21.A)Sheffield.
B)Hawaii.
C)WalesorScotland.
D)Florida.
Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
22.A)Inaskatingrink.
B)Onabikepath.
C)Onthecampussidewalks.
D)Inthestreet.
23.A)Hehastroublestopping.
B)Therearetoomanyrocks.
C)Goinguphillisdifficult.
D)Therearetoomanycurves.
24.A)Pullhimupthehills.
B)Catchhimifhestartstofail.
C)Findsomeskatesforhim.
D)Teachhimhowtostoponskates.
25.A)Lookfortheman’sskates.
B)Haveameal.
C)Lookforsomethingtodrink.
D)Startskatingonthepath.
SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
PassageOne
Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
26.A)Thebeefislost.
B)Somethingisnotasgoodasdescribed.
C)Thebeefisnotasgoodasitissaidtobe.
D)Thefoodhasturnedbad.
27.A)Becausetheyaremadefrombeef.
B)Becausetheyarecheaperthananyotherkindoffood.
C)Becausetheyareservedquicklyandatalowprice.
D)BecausehamburgeristheonlyfastfoodinAmerica.
28.A)Becausehamburgersaregoodtoeat.
B)Becausetheyareeasytomake.
C)Becausetheycouldsellhamburgersthroughoutthecountry.
D)Becausetheythoughttheycouldmakelargeprofit.
PassageTwo
Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
29.A)Theyoftentakeplaceinhermajorindustries.
B)Britishtradeunionsaremorepowerful.
C)TherearemoretradeunionmembersinBritain.
D)Britainlosesmoreworkingdaysthroughstrikeseveryyear.
30.A)SuchstrikesareagainsttheBritishlaw.
B)Suchstrikesareunpredictable.
C)Suchstrikesinvolveworkersfromdifferenttrades.
D)Suchstrikesoccurfrequentlythesedays.
31.A)TradeunionsinBritainarebecomingmorepopular.
B)MoststrikesinBritainareagainsttheBritishlaw.
C)UnofficialstrikesinBritainareeasiertodealwithnow.
D)Employer-workerrelationsinBritainhavebecometenser.
PassageThree
Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
32.A)Education.
B)Wealth.
C)Diligence.
D)Politicalstatus.
33.A)Thechangeofthenatureofoccupations.
B)Thedecreaseofsocialwealth.
C)Thechangeofeducationaldegree.
D)Theincreaseofjobopportunities.
34.A)Farmers.
B)Politicians.
C)Manualworkers..
D)Clerks.
35.A)White-collarworkers.
B)Farmworkers.
C)Blue-collarworkers.
D)Notmentioned.
SectionC
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.
Dailynewspaperhasaneditorialpage.Hereopinionisexpressedoneventsand36inthenews.Buteditorialjudgmentissopersuasively37thatmanypeopleaccepttheseopinionsasfacts.Goodjournalists38acodeofethicswhich39betweennewsandeditorialopinion.Thiscodeholdsthatinaneditorial40thepublisherisentitledto41anycausehechooses.Itisunderstoodthatthereheisspeakingasapartisanandmayexpressanyviewhe42.Becauseamodernnewspaperissoexpensivetoproduceandso43toestablish,newspapershaveincreasinglybecomebigbusinessorganizations.Althoughthereareexceptions,44_________________.Inthenewscolumns,however,thecompleteandunbiasedfactsshouldbereported.Thebettermetropolitannewspapersand45_____________.Butthelessethicalpublications46_______________.PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)
Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.
Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Currently,thereareanincreasingnumberofnewtypesofsmalladvertisementbecomingincreasinglycommoninnewspaperclassifiedcolumns.Itissometimesplacedamong"situationsvacant",althoughitdoesnotofferanyoneajob,andsometimesitappearsamong"situationswanted",althoughitisnotplacedbysomeonelookingforajob,either.Whatitdoesistoofferhelpinapplyingforajob.
"Contactusbeforewritingyourapplication",or"Makeuseofourlongexperienceinpreparingyourcurriculumvitaeorjobhistory",ishowitisusuallyexpressed.Thegrowthandapparentsuccessofsuchaspecializedserviceis,ofcourse,areflectiononthecurrenthighlevelsofunemployment.Itisalsoanindicationofthegrowingimportanceofthecurriculumvitae(orjobhistory),withthesuggestionthatitmaynowqualifyasanartforminitsownright.
Therewasatimewhenjobseekerssimplywrotelettersofapplication."Justputdownyourname,address,ageandwhetheryouhavepassedanyexams",wasabouttheaveragelevelofadviceofferedtoyoungpeopleapplyingfortheirfirstjobswhenIleftschool.Theletterwasreallyjustforopeners,itwasexplained,everythingelsecouldandshouldbesavedfortheinterview.Andinthosedaysoffullemploymentthetechniqueworked.Theletterprovedthatyoucouldwriteandwereavailableforwork.Youreagerfaceandintelligentrepliesdidtherest.
Later,asyoumoveduptheladder,somethingslightlymoresophisticatedwascalledfor.Theadvicethenwastoputsomethingintheletterwhichwoulddistinguishyoufromtherest.Itmightbetheaggressiveapproach."Yoursearchisover.Iamthepersonyouarelookingfor",wasawidelyusedtrickthatoccasionallysucceeded.Oritmightbesomespecialfeaturespeciallydesignedforthejobinterview.
Thereisnodoubt,however,thatitistheincreasingnumberofapplicantswithuniversityeducationatallpointsintheprocessofengagingstaffthathasledtothegreaterimportanceofthecurriculumvitae.
47.Thereareanincreasingnumberofnewtypesofsmalladvertisementinnewspapercolumns______.
48.Nowadaysademandforthisspecializedtypeofservicehasbeencreatedbecause______.
49.Inthepastitwasexpectedthatfirstjobhunterswould______.
50.Later,asonewentontoapplyformoreimportantjobs,onewasadvisedtoinclude______intheletter.
51.Thecurriculumvitaehasbecomesuchanimportantdocumentbecause______.
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Computersarenowemployedinanincreasingnumberoffieldsinourdailylife.Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputer’sprogressintheabilitytolearnfromexperience.
Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.Allaprogrammerhastodoistogivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40,000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten(andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata.
Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogram,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to"think"foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.
Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblems,whichcanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfaminecanperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.
52.Accordingtothepassage,computerscannotbeusedto______.
A)solvethethreatofworldfamine
B)easeinternationaltension
C)defeatworldchampionchessplayer
D)workoutsolutionstotheindustrialproblems
53.Intheauthor’sopinion,______.
A)playingchessshowscomputer’sprogramhasbeendevelopedintoanewstage
B)itispracticallypossiblenowthatcomputercanwineverychessgamenow
C)computersevenwithlessthancompletedatacanbeprogrammedtodefeattheworldchampionchessplayer
D)computerscanbeprogrammedtoplayandreasonbutnotlearn
54.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthefutureuseofcomputeris______.
A)negative
B)positive
C)indifferent
D)critical
55.Inorderto"think",computershould______.
A)beprogrammedtohavemorethanenoughdata
B)learnfromtheexperienceandtoreason
C)dealwithalltheunstructuredsituation
D)predicateeverymoveinthechess
56.Today,thechess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedto______.
A)havetrillionsofresponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemoveandwinthegame
B)storecompletedataandbeatthebestplayers
C)learnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegame
D)predicateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtime
Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Largeanimalsthatinhabitthedeserthaveevolvedanumberofadaptationsforreducingtheeffectsofextremeheat.Oneadaptationistobelightincolor,andtoreflectratherthanabsorbthesun’srays.Desertmammalsalsodepartfromthenormalmammalianpracticeofmaintainingaconstantbodytemperature.Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody,whichwouldinvolvetheexpenditureofwaterandenergy,desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant’sgazelles.Theoverheatedbodythencoolsdownduringthecolddesertnight,andindeedthetemperaturemayfallunusuallylowbydawn,aslowas34degreesCelsiusinthecamel.Thisisanadvantagesincetheheatofthefirstfewhoursofdaylightisabsorbedinwarmingupthebody,andanexcessivebuildupofheatdoesnotbeginuntilwellintotheday.
Anotherstrategyoflargedesertanimalsistotoleratethelossofbodywatertoapointthatwouldbefatalfornon-adaptedanimals.Thecamelcanloseupto30percentofitsbodyweightaswaterwithoutharmtoitself,whereashumanbeingsdieafterlosingonly12to13percentoftheirbodyweight.Anequallyimportantadaptationistheabilitytoreplenishthiswaterlossatonedrink.Desertanimalscandrinkhugevolumesinashorttime,andcamelshavebeenknowntoimbibe(吸收)over100litersinafewminutes.Averydehydratedperson,ontheotherhand,cannotdrinkenoughwatertorehydrateatonesession,becausethehumanstomachisnotsufficientlybigandbecauseatoorapiddilutionofthebodyfluidscausesdeathfromwaterintoxication.Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert,asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparsepastures.Desert-adaptedmammalshavethefurtherabilitytofeednormallywhenextremelydehydrated.Itisacommonexperienceinpeoplethatappetiteislostevenunderconditionsofmoderatethirst.
57.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
A)Animalsdevelopeddifferentstrategiestosurvive.
B)Largeanimalscantakestrategiestoreducetheeffectofextremeheat.
C)Animalscantoleratethelossofbodywater.
D)Averydehydratedpersoncandrinkenoughwatertorehydrate.
58.Whylightincolorisimportanttolargeanimalsindeserts
A)Ithelpedthemmaintainaconstantnormalbodytemperature.
B)Itreflectsratherthanabsorbsthesun-light.
C)Ithelpsthemseetheirpeersatnight.
D)Ithelpsthemkeepcoolduringthenight.
59.Whatwillbefataltonon-adaptedanimals
A)Keepinganormalbodytemperature.
B)Drinkingpollutedwater.
C)Drinkinghugevolumesofwaterinashorttime.
D)Feedingwhendehydrated.
60.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutdesert-adaptedmammals
A)Theydonotneedtoeatmuchfood.
B)Theycaneatlargequantitiesquickly.
C)Theyeasilylosetheirappetites.
D)Theycantravellongdistanceslookingforfood.
61.Whatisthefollowingstrategynotmentionedbytheauthor
A)Thebodytemperaturecanbeextremelyhighandcold.
B)Toleratethelossofbodywaterandreplenishitimmediately.
C)Lostappetiteundertheconditionofmoderatethirsty.
D)Tobelightincolor.PartVCloze(5minutes)
Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
Memoryisaspecialthinginourlife.What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyou62thunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom63eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool,justaschildrenyoungerthanthreeorfour64retainanyspecific,personalexperiences.Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen65bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia"(儿童失忆症).Onearguesthatthehippocampus,theregionofthebrainwhichisresponsibleforformingmemories,doesnotmature66abouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory67that,sinceadultsdonotthinklikechildren,theycannot68childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwords,andtheirlifememories,arelikestoriesor69—oneeventfollows70asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental71forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory,theydon’tfindanythatfitsthe72.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary.
NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew73forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimply74anyearlychildhoodmemoriestorecall.AccordingtoDr.Simms,childrenneedtolearntouse75spokendescriptionoftheirpersonalexperiencesinordertoturntheirownshort-term,quickly76impressionsofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother77,childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout78—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon79lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis80reinforcement,saysDr.Simms,childrencannotform81memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences.
62.A)listenedB)feltC)touchedD)heard
63.A)involveB)interpretC)recallD)resolve
64.A)largelyB)rarelyC)merelyD)really
65.A)canceledB)figuredC)proposedD)witnessed
66.A)untilB)onceC)afterD)since
67.A)magnifiesB)intervenesC)containsD)maintains
68.A)reflectB)attainC)accessD)refer
69.A)narrativesB)forecastsC)regulationsD)descriptions
70.A)therestB)anotherC)theotherD)others
71.A)outputsB)dreamsC)flashesD)files
72.A)footstepB)patternC)frameD)landscape
73.A)emphasisB)arrangementC)explanationD)factor
74.A)aren’tB)weren’tC)isn’tD)wasn’t
75.A)anyoneelseB)anyoneelse’sC)someelseD)someoneelse’s
76.A)forgottenB)rememberedC)forgettingD)remembering
77.A)sensesB)casesC)wordsD)means
78.A)himB)theirsC)itD)them
79.A)usedB)chosenC)takenD)spent
80.A)habitualB)verbalC)prettyD)mutual
81.A)permanentB)consciousC)subordinateD)spiritual
PartⅥTranslation(5minutes)
Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.
82.Childrenareveryeager___________________________inthefilm(成为像电影中英雄那样强壮勇敢的人).
83.Theessenceofthescientificattitudeis______________________________.(人类一定能将宇宙探究清楚).
84.Itis_____________________________thatkeepsfreedomalive(是冲突而不是绝对的一致).
85.Withfulldetermination,weare___________________________________(有能力最终解决这个棘手的问题).
86.Therewassomething_______________________________abouttheplanthatpleasedallofthem(富于创造性，独出心裁，很有气势).
PartIWriting
【写作思路】
青少年的成长一直是一个有争议的话题，有人认为家庭的影响至关重要，会作用于青少年的一生;也有人认为人以群分，朋友在青少年的成长发育过程中具有不可替代的影响作用。
大学生也属于青少年，经历着成长过程中父母和朋友的影响。本篇作文以考生自身为题材，难度不大。
第二段讨论不同的观点，即认为同龄人对青少年的影响更大。因为青少年喜欢和朋友一起玩，喜欢互相学习，喜欢追逐流行。
第三段谈论作者本人的观点。首先肯定两方观点都有合理的部分，青少年孩提时代和父母在一起，父母的所作所为为孩子以后的发展奠定了基础，也影响了孩子的价值观和世界观。当孩子长大时，他们需要独立和认同，需要得到同龄人的认可，受到朋友的影响更多一些。所以得出结论：父母和朋友对青少年的影响都很大，只是在不同的阶段。
【参考范文】
Manypartiesareoccupyingimportantpositionsinthegrowthoftheyoung.Somepeoplethinkthattheparentsarethemostessentialinthisprocess,arguingthattheyounghavebeentogetherwiththeirparentssincebirthandthattheyareinfluencedwithouttheirnotice.
Otherpeopleholdtheopinionthatthepeersoftheyoungplayamajorroleintheirgrowingup.Theyoungprefertohangoutwiththeirfriends,liketolearnfromoneanother,andaremorelikelytofollowtheso-called"fashion".
Ofcourse,bothviewshaveanelementofreason.Inthefirstfewyearsoflife,theyoungseewhatevertheirparentsaredoingandlearnfromthem,whichlaysabasicfoundationfortheirlaterdevelopmentaswellastheirvalueonlife,theiroutlook.Whentheygrowolder,theyhaveasenseofindependenceandidentity.Theywanttoberecognizedasmembersofcertaingroups.Thus,bothparentsandfriendsgreatlyaffecttheyoung,butindifferentstages.
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
原文精译
电子病案能提高卫生保健吗
【2】Pittsburgh大学的医疗中心(UPMC)拥有第一手资料，只是知道实现前者很难，而陷入后者的困境却很容易。UPMC历经五年，在信息技术体系方面花费10多亿美元，在HER计划中处于领先地位。尽管它的花费是最近预估的一个医院系统所需花费的五倍，但UPMC现在拥有一个庞大的网络机构，包括20家医院，400个医生办公室，门诊处，长期护理机构，这些机构有5万多名员工。
UMPC早期试图建立一个普遍的EHR体系，比如2000年—2005年之间推出的流动电子医疗记录，就受到了医生、员工以及其他使用者的抵制，他们或者不用新技术，或者只用个人记录，不和UPMC的IT部门近年来推行的软件和系统联网。
情势好转中
UPMC早在1996年就开始将自己的记录数字化，而转折点却出现在2004年，它的电子记录体系(EHR)已在整个医疗保健网络铺展开来。现在电子记录包括360多万病人的信息，其中有图像和CT扫描结果，临床试验信息，放射治疗数据，还有图片库和交流系统，使图像数字化，在个人电脑上得以显示。EHR系统有29000名用户，包括5000多名内科医生，其中有些是UPMC的医生，有些则附属于UPMC。
UPMC医疗信息的主要负责人DanMartich警告说：如果UPMC让EHR系统看似简单，千万不要上当。他说，卫生保健网络的IT系统需要巨大的、不间断的努力，以确保这些系统交流顺畅。【3】主要原因之一是，UPMC，以及很多其他卫生保健组织，都从很多不同的卖主那里购买医疗和IT系统，而最后的整合工作则由IT成员来做。
由于医生一般不愿意为了某个计算机系统而改变工作方式，【4】因而EHR项目的成功，不仅仅在于技术，更在于医生如何能接受好的培训，学会使用新科技。UPMC的Magee女子医院的信息部门主管LouisBaverso说，内科医生需要看到EHR系统带来了持久的好处。同时他又说，这些好处刚开始也许并不明显，刚开始医生看到的是，他们没有办法再和纸质文件打交道，而这些文件对他们来讲是迄今为止最重要的。
机会和代价
鉴于在整个卫生保健体系中，并没有完全使用EHR系统，因此还有很多机会可以做好，也可能做糟。哈佛公共卫生学院、健康政策与管理专业的副教授AshishJha组织了一项调查，结果表明，美国只有不到10%的医院采用了电子医疗记录系统，而且是以最基本的形式;只有1.5%的医院使用了综合的电子记录系统，包括医生的记录、医嘱以及决策支持体系，这些都可以警示医生，他们的医嘱可能会导致潜在的药物反应或其他问题。
9月17日，哈佛公共卫生学院研讨会上，Jha认为EHR系统的优势很难量化。有些人估计说，使用EHR，医院、医生办公室每年至少可以节省10亿美元;【8】而单单安装这个系统并不能保证节省开支，也不能保证医疗的改进。【6】同样哈佛关于医院电子化的另一个调查表明，通过现有的卫生保健IT来缩减开支，改进医疗水平是痴心妄想。这项调查由DavidHimmelstein主导，他是哈佛医学院的副教授。
情况变糟的代价
LeonardD’Avolio是麻省退伍军人传染病研究和信息中心(MAVERIC)的生物医学信息学中心副主任，他认为，节省开支的预想和目前的现实之间的区别，源于迄今为止实施EHR技术并不是为了省钱或提高病人护理，相反，它是为了记录单个病人的情况，将这些信息在临床中传递用以治疗其他病人，合理解释医疗费用，也可成为法律证据。
D’Avolio说，这是因为保健机构若有一百万美元可花，【7】管理阶层更愿意把它花在实验室设备上，并非信息科技上。他接着说，【9】用在设备上的投资可以通过向使用设备的病人收费得以弥补，而IT系统却并非如此。还有，医院和保健机构使用的电脑和网络系统并没有联网，由不同的厂商制造销售，没有统一的交流方式。他说，很难对医疗数据统一标准，因为护理病人是个复杂的过程。我们需要找到某种方法，不仅在各个部门，而是在所有医院中互相搜索。不能衡量，就无法改进提高。得不到这些数据，就不能衡量。
美国复兴和再投资法(ARRA)提供了190亿美元，想要有资格拿到这笔钱，保健机构必须说明他们的IT投资有意义，保证他们有效使用了EHR。而健康和社会服务部还没有确定什么是有意义的用途。
收集信息创造知识
D’Avolio说，从理想的角度出发，【10】除了EHR可以给医生提供病人的基本信息外，包括重要标记、图像、实验室数据、用药、病史、治疗中断、病人人口信息的数据库，可以用来发掘新知识。D’Avolio建议，仅仅几个此类的数据库联网，就可大大提高改进医疗保健的能力。缺失的是这样的集体意识：健全的医疗保健需要更全面的信息，而并非现状能自动改变。他接着说，沿着这条路走，这些数据库中还会增加染色体信息，环境因素，家族史，使临床医生开始意识到用药个性化的潜在可能性。
1.答案C
2.答案D
3.答案A
解析：根据题干，考生可锁定第一个小标题下面的第二段。从不同卖主那里购买系统，想要保证交流畅通，IT成员必须做最后的整合工作。
4.答案C
解析：根据题干中EHR项目的成功，考生可锁定第一个小标题下面的第三段，其中讲到，成功不仅仅在于有科技，还在于如何培训医生使用这些新科技。
5.答案A
6.答案C
7.答案A
8.答案neithercostsavingsnorimprovementsincare
9.答案chargingpatientsaccesstoitasabillableservice
10.答案minedfornewknowledge
PartIIIListeningComprehension
11.
W:WhyareyouleavingsoearlyThedramadoesn’tstartuntil7:30.
M:Iwanttobeatthetrafficthere.It’sanightmareonthehighwayduringrushhour.
Q:Whatdoesthemanmean
答案D
解析：选项是关于男士的做法，在听力过程中，考生要特别注意男士的选择。女士问，你为什么出发这么早歌剧7:30才开始呢;男士在回答中用到了一个动词beat，beatthetraffic，意为避开交通高峰期，随后他进一步解释到，高峰期在高速公路上行驶，简直是场噩梦。从中考生可以肯定男士想早点出发，来避开行车高峰。
12.
W:Jessica’sgoingtotheseashoreagainthisweekend.
M:Well,she’salwaysbeenabeachperson.
Q:WhatcanbeinferredaboutJessica
答案B
解析：根据选项，考生可推断听力对话可能是关于女士和海滩。女士说，Jessica周末要再去海边;男士附和，并说她对海边情有独钟。从中可以判断Jessica经常去海边。
13.
W:Myparentsarecomingthisweekend,andIthoughtthefourofuscouldgoouttodinneronSaturdaynight.Anysuggestions
M:It’suptoyou.Idon’tknowtherestaurantsaroundherethatwell,soyou’dknowabetterplacetogothanme.
答案C
解析：选项是关于周末的安排。女士说，父母要来，想在周六晚上一起出去吃饭，并咨询男士的意见;男士使用了一个常用的动词短语，beuptosb.，意为由......决定，进一步解释说自己对周边的饭店不是很了解，从中可以推断男士希望女士决定吃饭的地方。
14.
W:IhopeyoulikedthenovelIlentyou.Iwasn’tsurewhetheritwasthekindofbookyou’dbeinterestedin.
M:Ihadthesamedoubtfirst,butonceIstarteditIsimplycouldn’tputitdown.
15.
M:I’dliketomakeanappointmentwiththedoctorfortomorrow.
W:Unfortunatelyhe’scompletelybooked.
Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean
解析：选项是关于医生明天的安排。男士说，明天想去看医生;女士回答说，很遗憾，医生已经约满了。选项B中的thedoctor’sscheduleisfilled和听力原文中的he’scompletelybooked同义。
16.
M:Iranoutofcoinswhiledoingmylaundry.
W:That’stoobad!
答案A
17.
W:It’sashameyoudidn’twinyourbadmintonmatch.
M:ImighthavewonifI’dlistenedtomycoach.
Q:Whatdoesthemanimply
解析：选项是关于男士的做法。女士说，没有赢得羽毛球比赛，太遗憾了;男士使用了虚拟语气，说如果听从教练的建议，可能就赢了。因此男士暗示，他没有采取教练的建议。
18.
W:ProfessorLouisseemstothinkthere’sonlyonewaytowriteapaper,andthat’sherway!
M:NokiddingShesurewasn’tlikethatlastsemester.
Q:WhatcanbeinferredaboutProfessorLouis
ConversationOne
W:【19】Bob,canwereallyaffordaholidayWe’repayingforthishouseandthefurnitureisonHPand...
M:Nowlisten,Peggy.YouworkhardandIworkhard.【20】We’renottalkingaboutwhetherwecanhaveaholiday.We’retalkingaboutwhereandwhen.
W:ShallwegotoSweden
M:SwedeniscolderthanSheffield.I’drathernotgotoSweden.
W:WhataboutFloridaFlorida’swarmerthanSheffield.
M:Yes,butit’salongway.HowlongdoesittaketogetfromheretoFlorida
W:Allright.Let’sgotoHawaii.
M:Youmustbejoking.Howmuchwoulditcostforthetwoofus
W:Butthebrochuresaystheproblemofmoneywilldisappear.Bob,wheredoyoureallywanttogo
M:【21】I’mthinkingofWalesorScotland.Doyouknowwhy
W:Yes.They’rerightonourdoorstepandsoclosetohome.
19.Whatmightbethepossiblerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers
20.Whataretheytalkingabout
21.WheredoesBobwanttogo
19.答案D
解析：从选项可以判断问题是关于两个人之间的关系。听力对话一开始，说两个人已经买了房子，还买了家具，随后两个人讨论度假的问题。从中可以判断两个人最有可能的关系是夫妻。注意听力开头提到的HP指hirepurchase，为分期付款的意思。
20.答案B
解析：根据选项，考生推断问题可能是两个人讨论的话题。听力开始，男士说，我们要讨论的，不是能不能去度假，而是什么时候，去哪里度假。所以选项B为正确答案。
21.答案C
解析：四个选项都是地点，考生推断问题可能是他们度假的地方。听力最后，男士想着要去威尔士或苏格兰。而选项A、B、D都是女士建议的地方。ConversationTwo
W:Whatabeautifulday!It’sashametostayinsideallday.
M:Doyouhaveasuggestion
W:Actually,IguessIdo.Whydon’twegoforarun
M:Well,Ireallydon’tlikerunning.
W:OK,then.HowaboutrollerskatingDon’tyouhaveapairofskates
M:Nowthatyoumentionit,Idohaveapair.ButwherecouldweskateThat’snotanindoorskatingrink.
W:【22】Youknowthebikepathontheothersideofcampus—theonethatgoesthroughthetrees
M:Yes
W:Well,I’veseenpeopleskatingthere,andit’sareallyprettyarea.
M:That’strue,butIalsorememberthattherearesomehillsoverthere.
W:Sowhat
M:So,Idon’tmindgoinguphills,butIhategoingdownthem,【23】becauseI’mnotgoodatstopping.Infact,theonlywayformetostopistojumpoffthepathandhopeIlandonsomethingsoft.
W:Tellyouwhat.【24】I’llshowyouhowIstop,andifitdoesn’tworkyou’llstillhavethegrasstofallbackon.
M:OK.I’mready,but【25】Ithinkweshouldbringsomethingtodrink.
W:【25】Goodidea!What’sinthedormfridge
22.Wheredoesthewomanwanttoskate
23.Whydoesn’tthemanlikeskatingonhills
24.Whatdoesthewomanoffertodofortheman
25.Whatwillthespeakersprobablydonext
22.答案B
23.答案A
解析：选项是一些问题，根据前题，考生推断可能是滑冰中出现的困难。听力中间，男士说，上山没有问题，很讨厌下山，因为不擅长在滑冰中停下来。选项A用havetroubledoing的结构表示干某事有困难。
24.答案D
解析：选项使用了祈使句，前文讲男士在滑冰中停下来有困难。女士说，我可以教你，如果真的不行，你还可以摔在草地上。从中判断D为正确选项。
25.答案C
解析：选项使用祈使句表示要做的事。听力最后，男士说，可以带一些喝的东西。女士附和，冰箱里有什么呢所以接下来，他们最有可能做的事，是寻找饮料。
Everypersonusesitsownspecialwordstodescribethingsandexpressideas.Someoftheseexpressionsarecommonlyusedformanyyears.Othersarepopularforjustashorttime.OnesuchAmericanexpressionis"Where’sthebeef"【26】Itisusedwhensomethingisnotasgoodasitissaidtobe.Intheearly1980s,"Where’sthebeef"wasoneofthemostpopularexpressionsintheUnitedStates.Itseemedasifeveryonewasusingitallthetime.
Beef,ofcourse,isthemeatfromacow,andprobablynofoodismorepopularinAmericathanthehamburgermadefrombeef.【27】Inthe1960sabusinessmannamedRayKrocbeganbuildingsmallrestaurantsthatsoldhamburgersatalowprice.Kroccalledhisrestaurant"McDonald’s".【27】Kroccookedhamburgersquicklysopeopleinahurrycouldbuyandeatthemwithoutwaiting.Bytheendofthe1960stheMcDonald’sCompanywassellinghamburgersinhundredsofrestaurantsfromCaliforniatoMaine.【28】Notsurprisingly,RayKrocbecameoneoftherichestbusinessmeninAmerica.
【28】Otherbusinesspeoplewatchedhissuccess.Someofthemopenedtheirownhamburgerrestaurants.Onecompany,called"Wendy’s",begantocompetewithMcDonald’s.Wendy’ssaiditshamburgerswerebiggerthanthosesoldbyMcDonald’soranyoneelse.TheWendy’sCompanycreatedtheexpression"Where’sthebeef"tomakepeoplebelievethatWendy’shamburgerswerethebiggest.Itproducedatelevisionadvertisementtosellthisidea.TheWendy’stelevisionadvertisementshowedthreeoldwomeneatinghamburgers.Thebreadthatcoveredthemeatwasverybig,butinsidetherewasonlyatinybitofmeat."Where’sthebeef"Sheshoutedinafunnyvoice.TheseadvertisementsforWendy’shamburgerrestaurantswereasuccessfromthefirstdaytheyappearedontelevision.Aswesaid,itseemedeveryonebeganusingtheexpression"Where’sthebeef"
26.Whatdoestheexpression"Where’sthebeef"mean
27.WhyarehamburgerssopopularinAmerica
28.Whydidotherpeoplewanttoopenhamburgerrestaurant
26.答案B
解析：选项是解释说明。听力一开始讲到流行语，并且举了Whereisthebeef为例，接下来解释了这个短语的意思，某物并没有描述的那么好。选项C是个干扰项，这个短语流行开来，beef并不特指牛肉这一种东西，而是代指任何东西。
27.答案C
解析：考生可推断选项A、B、C中的they指代选项D中的hamburgers。听力中讨论了McDonald’s的出现和流行，其中提及汉堡的价格比较低，很快就能做好，忙碌的人们不用等就能买到。
28.答案D
解析：选项也是说明原因。听力中提到，RayKroc在全国好多地方都开店卖汉堡，成为美国富豪之一。其他生意人看到了他的成功，也相继开了汉堡店。联系前后文，其他人开汉堡店的原因是，也想成功和赚钱。
29.Inwhatway.arestrikesinBritaindifferentfromthoseinotherEuropeancountries
30.WhyareBritishemployerssoafraidofunofficialstrikes
31.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthispassage
29.答案A
解析：听力篇章一开始讲到罢工在英国很常见，欧洲其他国家也有很多罢工，损失的工作日要比英国的多。但英国的问题在于，最重要的行业中有罢工。由此判断，A为正确选项。
30.答案B
解析：选项是对某一类罢工的描述。听力最后讲，雇主认为非正式的罢工危害最大，因为它们不可预测。由此判断B为正确答案。
31.答案D
解析：选项是总结性语言。考生可注意听力篇章的最后部分。听力最后讲，员工和雇主之间的关系是越来越坏。选项D中的tense意为紧张的，和听力原文中的gofrombadtoworse同义。
【32】Aperson’ssocialprestigeseemstobedeterminedmainlybyhisorherjob.Occupationsarevaluedintermsoftheincomesassociatedwiththem,althoughotherfactorscanalsoberelevant—particulartheamountofeducationagivenoccupationrequiresandthedegreeofcontroloverothersitprovides.Theholdersofpoliticalpoweralsotendtohavehighprestige.
Unlikepowerandwealth,whichdonotseemtobebecomingmoreequallyshared,【34】thesymbolsofprestigehavebecomeavailabletoanincreasingnumberofAmericans.【33】Themainreasonistheradicalchangeinthenatureofjobsoverthecourseofthiscentury.【35】In1900,nearly40percentofthelaborforcewerefarmworkersandlessthan20percentheldwhite-collarjobs.Atthebeginningofthe1980s,however,lessthan5percentofthelaborforceworkedonfarmsandwhite-collarworkerswerethelargestsingleoccupationalcategory.Blue-collarworkers,thelargestcategoryinthemid-fifties,nowconstitutelessthana-thirdofallworkers.【34】TheincreaseintheproportionofhighprestigejobshasallowedamuchgreaternumberofAmericanstoenjoythesestatusesandthelifestylesthatgowiththem.
32.Whichistheleastimportantfactorrelevanttoaperson’ssocialstatus
33.Whichisthemainfactorfortheriseintheproportionofprestigejobs
34.WhatareagrowingnumberofAmericanabecoming
35.Whomadeupthelargestoccupationalcategoryin1900
32.答案C
解析：选项是四个名词的并列。听力篇章开始讲到决定一个人社会名誉的因素，其中有工作、收入、教育、对他人的控制权限以及政治地位，唯一没有提及的是选项C中的努力。
33.答案A
解析：四个选项表示变化。听力中间讲更多的美国人都有机会得到这些名誉，其主要原因是本世纪工作性质的巨大变化。选项A中的occupation和原文中的job同义。
34.答案D
解析：选项是四种职业，考生要特别注意，选项A和C都属于蓝领职业。听力中间讲到蓝领工人，在农场上工作的人们越来越少，人们在选择更有地位的职业。选项B是干扰项，大部分美国人不可能都成为政治家。
35.答案B
解析：选项是关于某一类职业。听力后半部分讲，1900年，40%的人在农场工作，所以选项B为正确答案。选项C是个干扰项，50年代中期蓝领工人占得比重最大。
36.答案personalities
解析：personality是个比较常见的名词，个性，特色，名人，本句话中意为名人。考生要特别注意名词复数形式。
37.答案presented
解析：present作为动词，意为呈现，展示，提出。此句使用了被动语态，考生要注意动词的过去分词。
38.答案uphold
解析：此处是个动词作谓语。uphold意为支持，赞成，鼓励。
39.答案distinguishes
解析：distinguish表示区别，常用的结构为distinguishbetweenAandB，distinguishAfromB。此处which指代前面的acode，所以distinguish使用了第三人称单数形式。
40.答案column
解析：这个名词相对来说比较常见，报纸上的column指的是专栏，栏目。
41.答案advocate
解析：advocate意为主张，提倡。这个动词比较常见，考生要特别注意拼写形式。
42.答案desires
解析：desire是个常见动词。主语是第三人称，考生要注意动词的第三人称单数形式。
43.答案costly
解析：costly和前面的expensively同义，表示昂贵地。
44.答案theselargenewspaperstendtoreflecttheviewsoftheirownersintheireditorialsoneconomicandpoliticalmatters
解析：此句大意为：大型报纸更愿意反映他们自己在经济、政治事件上的观点。editorial前文出现过，应该不能成为听力的难点。此句的重要词汇为：reflect，economic，political。
45.答案thegreatpressassociationsusuallycanbereliedontokeeptheirnewsimpartial
解析：前文讲到，应该报道完整的、客观的事实。考生可推测此句大意：大型报纸和大型出版公司，他们报道的公平性是可以信赖的。考生要注意，此句使用了被动句，动词词组relyon的被动形式中on不能省略。此句需要注意的词汇：associations，impartial。
46.答案oftendeliberately"color"thenewstofavororopposecertaingroupsormovements
解析：连词but说明此句和上一句是对比关系。大型出版社的报道比较客观公正，而没有多少道德感的出版社会故意地倾向或反对某些团体、行动。此句需要注意的词汇：deliberately，favor，oppose。PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)
它经常这么描述，申请之前请先与我们联系，或在准备简历或工作经历方面，我们可以提供宝贵经验。【48】这种特别服务的出现并获得显著成功，反映了当前极高的失业率，也暗示简历(或工作经历)越来越重要，同时也表明它本身就是一门艺术。
曾经，【49】求职者只需要写简单的求职信。我毕业的时候，对正在寻找人生第一份工作的年轻人，大家给出的一般建议是，只用写下姓名，地址，年龄，有没有通过何种考试。人们解释说，【49】求职信仅仅是开门砖而已，其他一切信息可能、也应该留给面试时提供。在那个人人有工作的年代，这样做确实有效。信件证明你能够书写，可以工作。你渴望的神情与睿智的回答则解决了剩余的问题。
随后，当你往上爬的时候，需要稍微复杂的东西。这时候的建议是，【50】信中需要添加信息把你和其他人区分开来。有可能采取强硬的态度：招聘现在即可停止，我就是你要找的那个人。这招常用，偶尔也会成功;有时候则需要为面试专门设计一些特色。
【51】但是，毋庸置疑，不管什么时候招聘，持有大学毕业证的求职者越来越多，致使简历变得越来越重要。
47.答案offeringusefuladvicetothoselookingforemployment
48.答案therearesomanypeopleoutofwork
解析：根据题干中的关键词specializedtypeofservice，考生可定位到原文中Thegrowthandapparentsuccessofsuchaspecializedserviceis，ofcourse，areflectiononthecurrenthighlevelsofunemployment。所以需要这种服务的原因在于很多人失业了。
49.答案keepanydetailedinformationuntiltheyobtainedaninterview
50.答案somethingthatwoulddistinguishonefromotherapplicants
51.答案therehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberofapplicantswithdegrees
现在日常生活中越来越多的领域内都使用了电脑。不仅教会电脑下西洋棋，它还会下国际象棋，这些相对来说比较准确的衡量了电脑的进步，它拥有了从经验中学习的能力。
因此，如果电脑想打冠军赛，必须用稍微少一点的数据来运行程序。【55】它必须能够从经验中学习，可以调整自己的程序，处理相对来说没有条理的情况，简而言之，要能自己思考。事实上，这是可以做到的。下象棋的电脑还没有打败所有的世界冠军，但有几台已经打败了级别只比冠军低一点点的玩家。【53】【56】电脑程序已经使象棋游戏度过了最开始的机械阶段，进入了推理和学习阶段，有时候会赢得比赛。
【54】有其他证据证明，可以给电脑设置程序让他们学习，但这一个例子足以说明问题。【52】的确，电脑赢得象棋比赛，也不是件震撼全球的事情。但是，人类有很多严重的问题，可以通过游戏的解决方式获得成效。国防部门使用电脑来玩战争游戏，找出解决国际争端的策略。【52】其他问题，比如国际关系，人际关系，生态和经济，日益严重的世界饥荒，都可以通过人类和智能计算机的共同努力来解决。
52.答案D
53.答案A
54.答案B
55.答案B
56.答案C
【57】为了降低酷热的影响，生活在沙漠中的大型动物已经进化来适应这种环境。【58】【61】其中一种进化适应是，颜色变浅，用以反射而不是吸收太阳光线。沙漠哺乳动物维持体温恒定的方式与普通哺乳动物不同。它们并不试图通过消耗体内水分和能量来降低体内温度。相反，它们可以允许体温上升到一般认为是发烧的温度。人们在大羚羊身上就测到过高达46度的体温。超热的体温在沙漠寒冷的夜里降下来，甚至在拂晓前会降得异常低，骆驼可以低至34摄氏度。这是个优势，吸收日照开始几小时的热量来温暖身体，过度的热量直到日中才开始聚集。
57.答案A
58.答案B
59.答案C
60.答案D
61.答案C
记忆在我们的生命中很特殊。孩提时代最早的记忆是什么你能记得学习走路或说话时的样子吗记得第一次听到雷声或第一次看电视节目的情形吗成年人很难回想起上学以前的事情，就像三四岁以前的小孩很难记得确切的个人经历。心理学家有各种不同的解释来解读这种儿童失忆症。其中一个认为，脑内的海马状突起，即大脑负责记忆的区域，到两岁才成熟。但是比较流行的理论却认为，由于成年人的思维方式和孩子不一样，他们并不能反应孩子的记忆方式。成年人以词的形式来思考，他们的人生记忆，就像是故事或记叙文，如同小说或电影中的事件，一个接一个。但是当他们搜索自己的记忆库，寻找儿提时代的记忆来丰富这个人生故事，他们找不到任何符合这个模板的材料，好像是在英语字典里找汉字一样。
现在纽约州立大学心理学家AnnetteSimms为儿童失忆症提供了新的解释。她认为，根本就没有可以回忆的儿时记忆。Simms博士认为，孩子需要通过和别人交流描述自己的经历，来把他们的个人经历从短期、易忘的印象转化为长期记忆。换句话说，孩子必须讲述他们的经历，听他人谈论经历，比如妈妈谈论下午在海边捡贝壳的事情，爸爸询问他们在海洋公园如何度过了一天。Simms博士说，没有这种语言强化，孩子没有办法形成对个人经历的记忆。
62.答案D
解析：考生要注意前后文的对应。此空和or后面的成分并列，看电视，听到雷声，所以D为正确答案。
63.答案C
64.答案B
解析：as连接这个句子，表示类比。前面讲到成年人很难记起以前的记忆，孩子也很难回忆起具体的个人经历。选项B中的rarely和前面句子中的seldom是同义词。
65.答案C
解析：本空是个比较固定的动宾搭配。心理学家提出了很多解释，propose意为提出，建议。
66.答案A
解析：not...until是个常见的句子结构，直到……才。孩子的记忆区域直到2岁左右才发育完全。
67.答案D
解析：but的使用告诉考生，后面这个理论和前面的解释应该是相反的。选项A中的magnify意为放大，夸大;选项B中的intervene原意为干涉，干预;选项C中contain意为包括，包含，均不符合题意;选项D中的maintain意为坚持认为。but后面的这句话讨论现在比较流行的观点看法。
68.答案A
解析：这个理论是，成人和孩子思考的方式不一样，所以他们并不能反映儿时的记忆。选项B中attain意为达到，得到;选项C中access意为进入，获取;选项D中refer意为指的是。
69.答案A
解析：本句是个比喻，把成人的记忆比作故事，空白处之后有一个解释说明，就像小说或电影中一个接一个的事件，从中可以推断这是记叙文的形式。
70.答案B
解析：one经常和another连用，表示一个接一个。
71.答案D
解析：上文把成人的记忆比作故事;本句意为他们从记忆库中搜索儿时的记忆，在这里用file是个暗喻，file本意为档案，这里指的是脑海中存放记忆的地方。
72.答案B
解析：上文把成人的记忆也比作记叙文。成人搜索记忆库，没有任何记忆符合这个模板，模板在这里是个暗喻，是针对成人的记忆是记述文这个比喻的。选项C中的frame意为框架，股价。
73.答案C
解析：此空比较简单。对于儿童失忆症有不同的解释，而心理学家AnnetteSimms提出了另外一种解释。
74.答案A
解析：本句主句用了一般现在时，所以宾语从句也选择一般现在时。Therebe结构中的主谓一致，要求be动词和后面的名词一致。名词使用了复数形式memories，所以谓语使用了aren’t。
75.答案D
76.答案A
解析：此空之前用short-term来修饰后面的印象impression，前文Dr.Simms也说了，孩子没有记忆。所以这种印象很快就会忘记。选项A中forgotten表示已经忘记的;而选项C中forgetting意为正在忘记的。
77.答案C
解析：这是个固定短语，inotherwords，也就是说，换句话说。
78.答案B
解析：此空选择了名词性物主代词，theirs这里指的是theirexperiences。孩子不仅要谈论自己的经历，也要听别人讨论经历。
79.答案D
80.答案B
解析：Dr.Simms一直在强调孩子要说，也要听他人说。选项B中的verbal意为口头的，语言方面的。
81.答案A
解析：第二段开头部分，Dr.Simms认为，通过口头表达可以把短暂记忆转化为长期记忆。而第二段段末，重复了她的观点。这里，选项A中permanent和long-term是同义词，长期的，永久的。
PartVITranslation
82.答案tobecomeasstrongandbraveasheroes
解析：本题是对比较级的考查。和……一样在英语中用as...as结构。电影中的主角用名词hero。考生要注意主语用的是名词复数，此处hero也需要名词复数形式heroes。
83.答案thatthehumanmindcansucceedinunderstandingtheuniverse
解析：本句是对表语从句的考查。is后面是个句子作表语，所以使用that引导的表语从句，that不能省略。一定能可以用succeedindoing的结构来表达。
84.答案notunquestioningagreementbutconflict
解析：本句使用了强调句型，对主语进行强调。本题主要考查短语not...but，意为不是……而是。英文中用conflict和agreement表示冲突和一致。
85.答案capableoffindingafinalsolutiontothisthornymatter
解析：主句中be动词的使用要求考生运用形容词表示能力，可以用beabletodo的结构，也可以用becapableofdoing的结构。考生要特别注意，solution后面要用介词to，表示某个问题的解决方案。
86.答案original,independent,andheroic
解析：本题是对考生词汇量以及词义的考查。这里用到original表示有创意的，新颖的，independent表示与众不同的，独树一帜的，heroic表示英勇的，巨大的，有气势的。