2020新外研版高二英语选择性必修二课文及翻译(英汉对照)
Unit1Growingup
Understandingideas
TheAgeofMajority
成年
Inmostcountries,turning18marksthestartofadulthood.
Butwhatdoesreachingthismilestone,theageofmajority,really
meanWillyoubecompletelyinchargeofyourownlifeandbe
abletoexpressyourselfinnewandexcitingwaysWhatnew
responsibilitieswillthisfreedombringHere,youngpeopletell
uswhatturning18means,ormeant,tothem.
在大多数国家,进入18岁便意味着成年。但是到达成年这一里程碑到底意味着什么呢你将完全主宰自己的生活吗你能够用新奇的、激动人心的方式来表达自己吗获得这种自由又会带来什么新的责任呢接下来,有三位年轻人会为我们讲述年满18岁对他们意味着什么,或是曾经意味了什么。
Bethany16,Victoria,Australia
贝萨妮16岁,澳大利亚维多利亚州
Ican’twaittobe18.Forinstance,I’vebeenworkingever
sinceleavingschool,andyetIwon’tbevotinginthenext
election.WhyBecauseIstillwon’tbeoldenough.Surely,if
you’reoldenoughtoearnawageandpaytaxes,youshouldbe
allowedtohaveasayonhowthegovernmentspendsthem!
I’vealsobeentakingdrivinglessons,andinfactIwillbetaking
mydrivingtestontheverydayIturn18.Mymumworriesabout
mebeingbehindthewheel.Asanambulancedriver,she‘sseen
alotofcaraccidentsinvolvingteenagersandthinksthelegalage
forgettingadrivinglicenceshouldbe21.BurIthinkI’malreadymatureenoughtounderstandthatdrivingacaralsomeans
takingresponsibilityformylifeandthelivesofotherpeople.
我简直等不及想要到18岁了。其中一个原因是虽然我一毕业就工作了,但是我依然不能在下一届大选中投票。为什么因为我依然不满18岁。但是我认为如果一个人已经工作并且交税了,那他应该对政府在支配税收方面有一定的话语权。我也一直在学习驾驶,并且我会在18岁当天就去考驾照。妈妈十分担心我开车,作为一名救护车司机,她目睹过太多涉及青少年的车祸,她认为考驾照的法定年龄应该推迟到21岁。但是我觉得自己已经足够成熟,知道开车也意味着要对自己和他人的生命负责。
LiNing19,Shanghai,China
林宁19岁,中国上海
Icelebratedmy18thbirthdayjustbeforeIwenttouniversity.
Iexpectedtofeelinstantlydifferent,asifIhadclosedthedoor
onmychildhoodandsteppedintoawholenewadultworld.But
itwasn’tlikethat.WhenIwokeupthenextday,therewerestill
rulestoobeyandlessonstoattend.Infact,thechangehasbeen
moresubtleandgradualthanIimagined.Insteadofbeingthe
selfishteenagerIusedtobe,Ihavebeguntofeelmoreawareof
otherpeopleandtodevelopastrongersenseofsocial
responsibility.Togiveanexample,Iwillbesigninganorgan
donationagreementthistimetomorrow.Thiswasabigdecision
formeandImadeitwithoutaskingmyparents(althoughIknew
theywouldapprove).Turning18alsochangedthewaythat
societyviewedme.Iwasreallysurprisedwhenabankcontacted
mewithacreditcardoffer.Ofcourse,Iwouldliketohavemore
freedomwithmoneyanddoubtIwillbegettingacreditcardat
somepoint,butIcurrentlydon’thaveasteadyincome,so
gettingacreditcardmighttemptmetospendmoremoneythan
Morgan20,Florida,theUS
摩根20岁,美国佛罗里达州
Peoplesaythat18marksanewchapterinourlives,andthat
weshouldbecomemoreindependent.Iusedtobelievethis,but
therealityformehasbeenverydifferent.IassumedI’dalready
haveawell-paidjobandthatI’dbemovingintoarented
apartmentassoonasIturned18,buthowwrongIwas!My
librarian’ssalarymeansthatI’llbelivingwithmyparentsfora
whilelonger.BecauseIcontributetothehouseholdbillsandmy
commutetoworkisquiteexpensive,Ifindithardtosaveany
money.I’llbestartinganewjobnextmonth,however,somaybe
thingswillgeteasier.IknowIcouldgetabankloantopaythe
depositonmyveryownapartment,butIdon’tfeelreadyto
makethatkindofcommitment,andIdolikemymom’scooking.
Iguesssomeresponsibilitiesaremoreaboutattitudethanage.
Developingideas
TheLittlePrince
小王子
OncewhenIwassixyearsoldIsawamagnificentpicturein
abook,calledTrueStoriesfromNature,abouttheprimevalforest.
Itwasapictureofaboaconstrictorintheactofswallowingan
animal.Hereisacopyofthedrawing.
我六岁的时候在一本书里看到了一张非常震撼的图。书的名字是《大自然的真实故事》,讲的是原始森林那张图片上有一条蟒蛇正在吞掉一只动物。这是那张图的摹本:Inthebookitsaid:“Boa
constrictorsswallowtheirpreywhole,withoutchewingit.After
thattheyarenotabletomove,andtheysleepthroughthesix
monthsthattheyneedfordigestion.”
书上写着:“蟒蛇把猎物整个吞下,完全不咀嚼。吞下以后,蟒蛇就动不了了。消化食物需要六个月,因此蟒蛇就睡六个月
coloredpencilIsucceededinmakingmyfirstdrawing.My
DrawingNumberOne.Itlookedlikethis:Ishowedmy
masterpiecetothegrown-ups,andaskedthemwhetherthe
drawingwasfrightening.
那个时候,我深深地思考着原始丛林里的奇遇我用一支彩色铅笔,成功画出了我的第一幅画作。我的“一号画作”是这样的:我把我的杰作给大人看,问他们有没有被我的画吓到。
Buttheyanswered:“FrighteningWhyshouldanyonebe
frightenedbyahat”但他们回答:“吓到为什么有人会被一顶帽子吓到”
Mydrawingwasnotapictureofahat.Itwasapictureofa
boaconstrictordigestinganelephant.Butsincethegrown-ups
werenotabletounderstandit,Imadeanotherdrawing:Idrew
theinsideoftheboaconstrictor,sothatthegrown-upscouldsee
itclearly.Theyalwaysneedtohavethingsexplained.MyDrawing
NumberTwolookedlikethis:
我画的不是帽子,而是一条正在消化一头大象的蟒蛇。但由于大人们没有看懂,我又画了一幅:我画出了蟒蛇身体的内部,这样大人就能看清楚了。所有事情都非要你跟他们解释清楚他们才能懂。我的“二号画作”是这样的:
Thegrown-ups’response,thistime,wastoadvisemetolay
asidemydrawingsofboaconstrictors,whetherfromtheinside
ortheoutside,anddevotemyselfinsteadtogeography,history,
arithmeticandgrammar.Thatiswhy,attheageofsix,Igaveup
whatmighthavebeenamagnificentcareerasapainter.Ihad
beendisheartenedbythefailureofmyDrawingNumberOne
andmyDrawingNumberTwo.Grown-upsneverunderstand
anythingbythemselves,anditistiresomeforchildrentobe
alwaysandforeverexplainingthingstothem.
这次,大人的回答是建议我把不管是蟒蛇内部还是外部的画都放到一边,然后转而专心学习地理、历史、算术和语法。所以,六岁的时候,我放弃了可能会十分辉煌的画家职业道路。“一号画作”和二号画作”的失败使我心灰意冷。大人从来没法自己弄懂任何事情,小孩永远要给他们解释是很辛苦的。
SothenIchoseanotherprofession,andlearnttopilot
aeroplanes.Ihaveflownalittleoverallpartsoftheworld;andit
istruethatgeographyhasbeenveryusefultome.AtaglanceI
candistinguishChinafromArizona.Ifonegetslostinthenight,
suchknowledgeisvaluable.所以后来我选了另一个职业,我开始学习驾驶飞机。世界上每个地方我差不多都去过;地理对我确实很有用。我一眼就能分辨中国和亚利桑那州。如果晚上迷路了,这样的知识很有价值。
Inthecourseofthislife,Ihavehadagreatmanyencounters
withagreatmanypeoplewhohavebeenconcernedwithmatters
ofconsequence.Ihavelivedagreatdealamonggrown-ups.I
haveseenthemintimately,closeathand.Andthathasn’tmuch
improvedmyopinionofthem.
在生命历程中,我多次遇到过很多关心大事的人。我在大人之中生活了很久。我密切地观察过他们,近在咫尺地仔细观察过。然而我对他们的看法还是没有改观。
WheneverImetoneofthemwhoseemedtomeatallclear-sighted,ItriedtheexperimentofshowinghimmyDrawing
NumberOne,whichIhavealwayskept.Iwouldtrytofindout,if
thiswasapersonoftrueunderstanding.But,whoeveritwas,
wouldalwayssay:
每一次我遇到一个看上去头脑完全清楚的大人,我都会给他看我一直带着的“一号画作”,想看看这个人是不是能真正地理解。但是,不论这个人是谁,他(她)总是会说:“That’sahat.”
“那是顶帽子。”
TheIwouldnevertalktothatpersonaboutboaconstrictors,
orprimevalforests,orstars.I
neckties.Andthegrown-upswouldbegreatlypleasedto
havemetsuchasensibleman.
然后我就不再跟那个人聊任何有关蟒蛇、原始森林或是星星的事情了。我就会把自己降低到他的层次,跟他聊桥梁、高尔夫、政治、领带。而这个大人就会很高兴能遇到这样一个明智的人。
(ExcerptfromTheLittlePrincebyAntoinedeSaint-Exupery)
(节选自安托万·德圣埃克苏佩里的《小王子》)
Unit2ImprovingyourselfUnderstandingideas
SocialMediaDetox
社交媒体脱瘾
Moderator
主持人
TodaymarksthelastdayoftheSocialMediaDetox,Brenton
High’sfundraisingcampaignfornewsportsequipment.Atthe
startofthedetox,over100studentshadbeenpersuadedtostop
usingsocialmedia,inANYform,forsevendays.Thismeantno
messagingfriends,nopostingphotos,noblogging----nothing.
Theyhadbeenpromisedmoneybyfamilyandfriendsforeach
dayspentwithoutusingsocialmedia.Theywerenervous.But
couldtheydoit
Withthedetoxfinished,they’veswitchedontheirdevices
andthey’rebackonline.Ibetyou’reaseagerasIamtofind
outjusthowmanyhavebeenmotivatedenoughtolastthefull
sevendays!Andwhat,ifanything,havebeenlearntfromthe
experience
如今,脱瘾活动已结束,他们纷纷开启电子设备,重返网络。相信你和我一样,迫切想知道多少人有足够的动力坚持了整整七天!而他们,又从此次经历中学到了什么
Anna17
安娜17岁Ilastedtwodays.Thedetoxwasmoredifficulttotolerate
thanIhadexpected.IfeltlikeIhadlostanarm!Noteatingfor
twodayswouldhavebeeneasier!Butonreflection,Icanseehow
muchofmytimehadbeenoccupiedwithcheckingmyphone.
I’mnowtryingtospendlesstimeonlineandmoretimepicking
upmyhobbies.
我坚持了两天。社交媒体脱瘾比我预期的更加难以忍受。没了社交媒体,就像缺少一只胳膊一般。让我饿两天可能还更轻松些!但一番反思后,我也意识到平日花在看手机上的
Devon16
德文16岁
Ilastedfourdays.OnMonday,ourclassmateandIspoke
aboutwhatwedidatthe
andupdatedourprofiles.Doingthedetoxmeantwehadto
talkandexplainwhatweweredingandthinking!Itmademe
realisethevalueofrealcontactthatIhandforgotten.
我坚持了四天。周一,我和同学讨论了周末各自的活动——我并不知道他都做了些什么,这感觉太奇怪了。因为平时我们都会上传照片,更新各自的动态。参与这次脱瘾活动,意味着我们不得不互相交流并向对方解释自己的所做所想。这也让我意识到已经遗忘了的真正沟通的重要性。
Cindy18
辛迪18岁
Imanagedthewholeweek!Atfirst,IreallyfeltIwasmissing
out.Then,insteadofmessagingmyfriend,Iwentaroundtoher
house.Withoutourphones,wehadaproperconversationfor
overtwohours.Withoutbeingdistractedbymessagesfrom
otherpeople,itfeltsogood!Thenidecidedtovisitadifferentfriendeveryday.Bythefifthday,Iwondered—wasIreally
missingoutbynotconstantlycheckingmyphonetoseewhat
everyoneelsewasupto
Gorge16
乔治16岁
Ididallsevendays,too!Tobehonest,Ididn’tfindthedetox
toodifficult,butIdidgivemyphonetomyfathertoavoidgiving
in!MybrotherthoughtIshouldmakefulluseofthetimewithout
myphone;sohetookmetocheckoutourlocalsportscentre.
Anhour’ssporteachdayleftmetiredoutandsentmeearlyto
bed.Thedetoxmademehealthier!
我也坚持了整整七天!说实话,我觉得社交媒体脱瘾没那么难,但为了让自己不要半途而废,我还是把手机上交给了爸爸。哥哥觉得我应该充分规划好没有手机的日子,因此他带我去了我们当地的体育中心。每天一小时的运动让人筋疲力尽,想早点上床休息。脱瘾活动让我更健康了!
Max17
马克斯17岁
I’membarrassedtosaythatIthrewinthetowelonthefirst
day!Iknewtherewasapartyhappeningthatevening,but
withoutaccesstosocialmediaIcouldn’trememberwhereit
was!Intheend,Iturnonmyphonetocheck,butcouldn’tresist
havingaquicklookatmysocialmediaaccounts.What’sworse,
Ithenspentsomuchtimecatchinguponnews,Ialmostmissed
主持人:
Thedetoxraisedatotalof$1,632.82fornewschoolsports
equipment!Welldone,everyonewhotookpart!Afterreadingthe
postsonthisforum,itseemsthatsomethingratherthanmoney
hasalsobeenraisedthroughthedetox.Awarenessofjusthow
muchwerely
此次脱瘾活动总共为学校募集了1,632.82英镑,用于购置新的体育设备!每位参与者都做得很棒!看了论坛上的各个帖子,这次活动对人们的影响似乎远远不止通过活动筹集到的钱。脱瘾活动还让我们意识到自己对社交媒体的依赖程度,从而帮助我们摆脱它的束缚,更好地互相沟通。
ValuableValues
珍贵的价值
Thespendingpowerofyoungpeoplevariesfrompersonto
person.Each,however,isfacedwiththesamequestion:whatto
dowiththemoneySomehandlethislesswellthanothers.
Recentheadlineshaveseenmoreandmoreteensmaxingout
theirparents’creditcardsongamesandotheronlineactivities.
年轻人的消费能力因人而异。然而,每个人都面临一个同样的问题:该如何对待自己的钱有些人并不那么擅长理财。最近的新闻头条中报道了越来越多的青少年刷爆了父母的信用卡,将钱肆意挥霍在网络游戏或其他网络活动中。
Incontrasttothesebigspenders,therearealsoteensthatproveageisnobarriertomakinggooduseofmoney.Withthe
helpofhergrandfather,eight-year-oldKhloeThompsonstarted
making“KareBags”forthehomelesspeopleinherdistrict.
Insidethebagsarenecessitiessuchastoothpaste,soapand
socks,boughtfirstwithherpocketmoneyandthenthrough
crowdfunding.Theseitemshelpedtomakethelivesofthepoor
andhomelesspeoplealittlebiteasier.OnreceivingaKarebag,
onewomansaid,“Youmakemefeellikeahumanbeing.”
与这些花钱大手大脚的人相比,也有一些青少年证明了年龄并非善于利用金钱的障碍。年仅八岁的科洛汤普森在祖母的帮助下,开始为她所在区的流浪者们制作“爱心包包”。包里面装着一些生活必需品,比如牙膏、肥皂和袜子等。最初购买这些物品用的都是她自己的零花钱,后来则是通过众筹购买。这些物品让贫穷和无家可归的人生活得稍微轻松了一些。在收到“爱心包包”时,一位女士说:“你让我觉得自己活得像个人。”
Howeverpeopleintendtousetheirmoney,managingit
seemstobeunprecedentedlyimportanttoyoungergenerations.
A2016studysaid17statesoftheUSrequirehighschool
studentstotakecourseinpersonalfinance.Forthosewhohave
noaccesstocourses,helpmightbeathandthankstoJerry
Witkovskyandhismethodofusingfourjarstoteachteenagers
howtospendtheirmoneywisely.
无论人们打算怎样使用自己的钱,理财对于年轻一代来说似乎变得前所未有地重要。2016年的一项研究表明,美国有17个州要求高中生修个人理财的课程。对于那些无法接触理财课程的人来说,帮助举手可得——杰里维特科夫斯基和他的用四个罐子教青少年如何智慧理财方法。
WhenJerry’sgrandchildrenturned13,hispresenttoeach
ofthemwerethreejars:oneforspending,oneforsaving,and
anotherforgiving—hehassinceaddedafourthjarforinvesting.Itwasfromthenonthathisgrandchildrenstartedtobeincontrol
ofwhattodowiththemoneytheyreceive:spend,save,invest,
orgiveJerry’sbirthdaypresenttohisgrandparentsis,however,
muchmorethanmoneyandafewjars—heisgivingtheman
opportunitytolearnlifelongvalues.
当杰里的孙子孙女们年满13岁时,杰里给他们每个人的礼物都是三个罐子:一个用于消费,一个用于储蓄,另一个用于给予一一之后他还增加了第四个罐子,用于投资。从那时起,他的孙子孙女们就开始自己掌控如何处理所得的钱:用于消费、储蓄、投资还是给予他
人然而,杰里送他们生日礼物的价值远远不止金钱和这几个罐子一一他为他们提供
了终身树立正确价值观的机会。
ThevaluetaughtwiththeSpendingjaristhatyouare
responsibleforyourownhappiness.Moneygivesyou
independenceandtheopportunitytobuysomethingyoulike.
Afterall,it’sOKtobenicetoyourself!
“消费”罐子传递的价值是:你要为自己的幸福负责。金钱让你独立,并给你购买自己所爱之物的机会。毕竟,对自己好一点是可以的!
Whilespendingjarisabouthereandnow,thesavingjar
givesyouavisionforfuture.Thiscouldinvolvesavingfor
university,butitcouldalsomeansavingforthatspecial
somethingyou’veseeninthestores—it’suptoyou.
TheInvestingjarnotonlyrepresentsavisionforthethe
future,butgivestheopportunitytobuildforthefuture.Although
thiscouldlikewiseinvolveputtingasidemoneyforyour
universityeducation,italsomeansinvestinginyourself.
“投资”罐子不仅代表着对未来的愿景,还为未来的发展提供了机会。虽然它同样包括为大学教育而把钱存起来,但它同时还意味着对自身的投资。
TheGivingjarisallaboutkindnessandhelping.Whetheryou
wanttohelpoutafriend,givemoneytoananimalcharityorto
childreninanothercountry,it’syourmoneytogivetowhatever
causeyoubelievein.
“给予”罐子其实就是指善良与帮助。无论你是想要接济朋友,为动物慈善机构捐款,或是救助另一个国家的孩子,这都是你的钱,你可以把它捐给任何你相信的事业。
Thewideraimofthejarsistoencourageteenagerstothink
moreobjectivelyaboutmoneyandthethingsthatitcando,so
thattheygrowupunderstanding,ifyoulike,thevalueofthe
valuable.Inthisway,theywillbebetterequippedintheiradult
livestomakeinformedchoicesabouthowtheyusethemoney
theyhave.Indeed,thesmallchangeinsidetheirjarscouldmean
abigchangeinhowtheymanagetheirmoney.
介绍这四个罐子,更深远的目的在于鼓励青少年以一种更客观的方式思考金钱以及用钱能做的事情,让他们在成长的过程中逐渐理解重要事物的真正价值。这样,他们在步入成人社会时才会更加得心应手,并且能够对如何管理金钱做出明智的选择。事实上,他们罐子中的细微变化可能意味着日后他们理财方式的巨大变化。
Unit3TimeChange!
UnderstandingIdeas
ANewChapter
新的篇章
ThedayIheardthattheRainbowBookstorewasclosingafter
50yearsofbusiness,Iwasheartbroken.Thebookstore,which
wasalegendaryfixtureintheneighborhood,wasaplacewhere
anyonecoulddropinandconnectthroughtheirloveofbooks.
听说经营了50年的彩虹书店要停业的那天,我的心都要碎了。这家书店是这片社区鼎鼎大名、存留已久的一家店,谁都可以来这里逛逛,因为热爱书籍而互相认识。
WhenIhurriedtothestore,Isawthatthebookswere
alreadybeingpackedintoboxes.I
hadalongchatwithCasey,thestore’selderlyowner.
Sighingdeeply,hetoldmehowitwasbecomingdifficulttorun
anindependentbookstore.Mostyoungpeoplepreferred
readinge-booksontablets.Moreandmorecustomerswere
beingattractedbychainstoresandonlinediscounts.Itriedto
thinkofsomewordsofsympathy,butIhadtoadmitthatthe
RainbowBookstorecouldn’tstayinbusinessmuchlonger.
我匆匆赶到书店,看到那些书已经装箱了。我和老店主凯西聊了很久。他深深地叹了口气,告诉我经营独立书店越来越难。大多数年轻人更喜欢用平板电脑读电子书。越来越多的顾客被连锁店和网店折扣吸引。我想要说些同情的话,却发现自己不得不承认彩虹书店的确开不下去了。
Childhoodmemoriescamebacktomesoclearly,asifthe
eventshadhappenedonlyyesterday.Abunchofuskidswould
frequentlydropbythestoreafterschool.We’dlookatthenew
books,orjustchatwithOldCasey.Hekneweverybookinthe
storeandwouldalwayspicktheperfectoneforusfromadusty
shelf.Wespenthoursreading,seatedonthestore’soldbut
comfortablefurniture.Caseyencouragedustoshareourideas
andcommentsonthebooks,bywritingthemonalargeboard
inonecornerofthestore.
WhenIleftthebookstore,itwasbecomingcoldanddark
outside.IturnedtowavegoodbyetoCasey,butbothheandhis
bookstorewerealreadyhiddeninathickmist.Itmademerealize
thatthebookstoreandallthatOldCaseyhadgiventothe
communitycouldsoondisappearforgood.
我离开书店的时候,外面已又冷又黑。我转身向凯西挥手告别,但他和书店都已经消失在浓雾中。这让我意识到,书店和老凯西给社区带来的一切都将很快消失殆尽。
Afewmonthslater,Iwasbackintheneighborhoodduring
myspringbreakandwassurprisedtoseethattheRainbow
Bookstorewasstillthereandopenforbusiness.Itsoldbrick
exteriorhadn’tchanged,butinsideitwaslikeadifferentworld.
Inonearea,abookreadingwasbeingdelivered.Nearby,customerswereporingovershelvessellingstationery,posters
andotherbest-seller-themedgifts.Thelargeboardinthecorner
hadbeenreplacedbyabigscreen,where
customers’commentsonthemonth’sbest-sellerwerebeing
displayed.Clearly,theRainbowBookstorewasingood,creativehands.
书店经营有方,富有创意。
Iwastoldthatthecommunityhaddecidedtoworktogether
onacampaigntosavetheRainbowBookstore.Thecampaign
hadbeenledbyJenniferOakley,asaleswomanwhohadgrownupintheneighborhoodandwhohadnowtakenoverthe
bookstorefromCasey.
我听说是社区决定发起团结协作拯救彩虹书店的活动。这次活动由珍妮弗·奥克利领导,她是一位售货员,从小在社区长大,现在已经从凯西手中接手了书店。
UnderJennifer’sleadership,thebookstorewasbeing
turnedintoaplaceforliterature-lovingmembersofthe
communitytogettogether.Ithadacafésellingorganicfood,andtherewere
nowmorecommunityeventssuchasbookreadings,poetry
recitalsandevenjazzconcertsandmovienights,wherepeople
couldgathertoshareanexperiencethatcouldn’tbe
downloaded.
IjoinedCasey,whowaslookingupatthescreenonwhich
readers’commentskeptpoppingup.“Well,asyoucansee,corporateknowledgecombinedwithcreativityhasbroughtmy
humblebookstoreintothe21stcentury!I’msopleasedtosee
thateverythingIwantedittooffertothecommunityisstillhere.”
Emojis:anewlanguage
表情符号:一门新语言
Whilewaitingoutsidethecafeteria,Ireceivedthefollowing
messagefrommyfriend:在自助餐厅外等待的时候,我收到了朋友发来的信息:
IttookmeaminutebeforeIrealisedwhatitmeant.Thesigns
heusedweretosaythathe’dberunninglateandwouldbe
theresoon.Insteadofreplyingwithasimple“OK,don’trush”,Isearchedforemojisonmyphonethatwouldexpressthesame
message:
我花了一分钟才理解这条消息的意思,这些符号是想说他要迟到了,会尽快过来。我没有简单地回复“好,别着急”,而是从手机上搜索了几个表达相同意思的表情符号:Thiswasmyattempttofollow
thetrendofcommunicatingwithemojis.Emojisareused
everywhere,fromtextmessagestoemails,blogsandother
socialmedianetworks.Withtherapiddevelopmentofsocial
media,emojisarebecominganintegralcomponentofthe
languageweusetoexpressourselves.
这是我追随使用表情符号交流这一潮流的一次尝试。表情符号无处不在,从短信到电子邮件、博客以及其他社交媒体网络都会使用表情符号。随着社交媒体的飞速发展,表情符号正在成为我们用于表达自我的语言不可或缺的一部分。
Theword“emoji”comesfromJapanese,literally
meaning“picturecharacter”.
Emoji”一词源于日语,字面意思是“图画文字”。
Emojisaresmallsymbolsrepresentingideas,emotionsor
feelings.Theycomeindifferentcategories,suchasfacesand
people,plantsandanimals,andfoodanddrink.
“表情符号是表示想法、情绪或感受的小图标。它们可分为不同类别,比如面部表情和人物、动植物、食品饮料等。
WhenfirstintroducedinJapanin1999,emojiswerelimited
to176simpledesigns.Nowtherearemorethan3,000emojis
thatexpanduponthewayinwhichwecommunicate.Duetotheir
popularity,theOxfordDictionariesWordoftheYearin2015was,forthefirsttimeever,apictographinsteadofatraditionalword.
1999年,表情符号首次在日本推出,当时只有176个简单的图案。但现在我们能使用3,000多个表情符号来拓宽我们的交流渠道。由于表情符号的风靡,牛津词典2015年的年度词汇是(哭的表情符号),这是图画文字首次替代了传统意义上的单词。
Intoday’sworld,emojishavebecomemoreandmore
popular.Itseemsthatemojishave
clearadvantagesoverwrittenlanguage.Peoplelikethem
becausetheyaddemotionalmeaning,andarequickandeasy
touse.Infact,thisissimilartothegesturesweusewhenwe
speak.Withasmilingorsadfaceaddedtoamessageorpost,yourreadercan“see”yourfacialexpressionwhilereadingyour
words.Emojiscanalsohelppeopleexpresstheirfeelingswhen
theycannotfindtheappropriatewords.Forinstance,ifyour
friendismovingacrossthecountry,youmayjustsendthema
stringofcryingfacestoexpressyoursadnessoveryour
separation.
在当今世界,表情符号越来越受欢迎。表情符号似乎比书面情感含义,使用方便快捷。事实上,这就像我们说话时用的手势一样。当在信息或帖子中加一个微笑表情或悲伤表情时,你的读者在读你写的内容时就能“看到”你的面部表情。表情符号还能帮助人们在找不到合适的词汇时表达他们的感受。举个例子,假如你的朋友将要搬去另一个国家,你可
以发给他们一串哭脸,来表达自己对于你们将要分离的忧伤之情。
Theuseofemojishasevenspreadtoclassicalliterature.A
ShakespeareseriesforyoungreadershastakenWilliam
Shakespeare’spopularplaysandreplacedsomewordswith
textspeakandemojis.Theintentionoftheseadaptationsisto
maketheclassicsmoreaccessibletoyoungreaders.Somepeople,however,believethatthesenewversionshavetakenawaytheheartandsoulofShakespeare’splays.
表情符号的使用甚至蔓延到经典文学之中。一套为年轻读者写的、内容取材于威廉莎士比亚流行戏剧的系列丛书,就把书中一些词语更换为短信简写语和表情符号。这些改写的目的是为了使经典著作更容易被年轻读者接受。然而,也有人认为这些新版本剥夺了莎士比亚戏剧的精髓。
Aswecansee,emojishaveatendencytopopupallover
theplace.Usersofemojissaythattheyfacilitatethewayinwhich
wecommunicateandexpressourselves.Butthismakesothers,especiallyeducators,worrythatwearelosingtheabilityto
communicateproperlyusingthewrittenword,oreventhe
spokenword.Afterall,howmanyofustodaywouldrathersend
amessagepackedwithemojisthanmakeatelephonecall
Perhapspeoplewillonedaychoosetocommunicateinpictures,andforgethowtowriteproperly.Onthatday,emojiswillhave
becomearealpictorial“language”.But,fornow,maybeit’s
bestthatwejustenjoyusingthem.
Unit4Breakingboundaries
MY100DAYSWITHMSF
与无国界医生奋战100天
22March2015
2015年3月22日Todaywecelebrate.It’sexactlyonemonthsincethelast
reportedcase.Butitisvitalnottotakeanychances.So,20
healthcareworkersfromalmostasmanycountries,comrades
inarms,
我们今天庆祝了一番,因为距离发现上一个报告病例已经整整一个月了。但重要的是我们不能心存侥幸。所以,我们这20位来自世界各地的医护人员,也是战友们,假装举杯,互相庆祝。
IarrivedinLiberiawithMSFalmostthreemonthsago.When
Isawthetragicscenesonthenews,Ifeltitwasmydutyasa
doctortogothereandoffermyhelp.IknewIwasputtingmylife
atrisk,butIthought,“IfIdon’tdoit,whowill”Itis
importanttorememberthatEboladoesn’trespectnational
boundaries.Therearenobordersfordoctors,forpatientsorfor
anyoneelseinvolvedincombatingthisterribledisease.
大约三个月前,我随无国界医生一起来到利比里亚。当我从新闻上看到一幅幅凄惨的画面时,我觉得作为医生我有责任到那里去帮忙。我知道这样做是在冒生命危险,但是我想:“假如我不去做,又有谁会去呢”重要的是要记住,埃博拉病毒传播起来是不分国界的。医生、病人或者任何被迫与这种可怕的疾病抗衡的人都是不分国界的。
MymissionwastorelieveEmma,aCanadianspecialistin
infectiousdiseasesattheendofherposting.Emmaspentan
hourwithmeinthestaffroomtalkingmethroughthedaily
routine.Asshetalked,Icouldhearatleastthreedifferent
languagesbeingspokenatthetablesaroundus.Later,Emma
introducedmetosomeoftheothersworkingfororalongside
MSF:Wilton,ayounglocalman,whohelpedcarrythevery
sickintothetreatmentclinicandwhodisinfectedclothingand
surfaces;Maisy,aretiredpublichealthofficialfromDarwin,Australia,whoselocalteamofvolunteerseducatedpeopleon
preventinginfection;Alfonso,asoft-spokenArgentiniandoctorinhis50s,whohadpreviouslyworkedonEbola
outbreaksinSierraLeoneandGuinea.Thelistwenton.Ifound
thatIwastheonlyChinesedoctoramongpeopleofallages,coloursandbeliefs,fromeverycontinentexceptAntarctica.
WitheachpersonImet,Ifeltagrowingsenseofprideaspart
ofthisextraordinaryteam,whosedevotiontothecauseshone
fromtheireyes.
我的任务是接替埃玛,她是一位加拿大传染病专家,任期届满。我和埃玛在办公室用了一个小时交接日常工作。她说话的时候,我可以听到隔壁桌传过来的谈话声,至少混着三种不同的语言。接着,埃玛向我介绍了几个人,他们都是无国界医生的工作人员,或者同该组织一起工作的人:威尔顿是一位当地的年轻人,他帮忙把重症患者带进治疗所,负责衣物及皮肤表面消毒;迈西来自澳大利亚的达尔文市,是一名退休的公共卫生官员,他带领当地的志愿者团队给人们进行预防传染培训;阿方索是一位五十来岁的阿根廷医生,说起话来温声细语,曾参与抗击前几次塞拉利昂和几内亚爆发的埃博拉病毒。埃玛还介绍了其他人。这些人来自除南极洲外的世界各地,各种年龄、肤色、信仰都有,而我发现自己是其中唯一一位中国医生。能够和在这里遇到的人一起,成为这个杰出小组的一员,我心中的自豪感油然而生,大家的双眼中都熠熠闪耀着奉献精神的光芒。
Inthefewweekssincethen,Ihavecometoknowthese
peopleverywell.Wehaveworkedtogether,surroundedby
blood,vomitanddeath.But,althoughthedeathrateisvery
high,wewillnevergiveuponapatient,andoureffortsdo
sometimesendinmiracles.
接下来的几个礼拜里,我已经开始和大家熟悉起来。我们一起工作,周围充斥着血液、呕吐物和死亡。不过,虽然死亡率极高,但是我们永远不会放弃任何一个患者,何况我们的努力有时真的会产生奇迹。
Justaftermyarrival,afamilyofsixwerebroughthereinthebackofavan.Allofthemwereinfected.Thetwingirlsandtheir
parentssoondied.Weknewtherewaslittlehopeforthebrothers,butwedideverythingwecouldtosavethem.Whenwevisited
thewardthenextmorning,wewereamazedtoseethatagainst
allodds,bothboyswerestillalive.Pascaland
otherlessfortunatecases.
就在我刚刚来到这儿的时候,有一家六口躺在小货车的车斗里被运了过来。他们全都被感染了。不久,其中一对双胞胎姐妹和她们的父母就去世了。我们知道,剩下的兄弟俩也希望渺茫,但是我们竭尽所能去救治他们。第二天早上,我们去病房探望时惊讶地发现,虽然历经千险,两个男孩仍然活了下来。此后,帕斯卡尔和丹尼尔的病痊愈了。这次小小的却出乎意料的成功相对其他没有那么幸运的病例来说,是一种弥补。
Tobecaughtupinsuchacrisiscreatespowerfulbonds
betweenpeople,notonlybetweencarersandpatients,but
alsobetweenallthosewhohavecomefromdifferentpartsofthe
worldandjoinedtogetherinacommoncause.Itissoinspiring
tohavecolleagueslikeWilton,MaisyandAlfonso,notto
mentionalltheothersIhaveworkedwith
患难与共的经历在人与人之间建立了紧密的纽带,不仅仅在于医护人员与患者之间,还在于所有来自世界各地、因为共同事业聚在一起的人们之间。有威尔顿、迈西和阿方索这样的同事已令我倍感鼓舞,更别提其他所有和我们一起共事的人了。
Nowmytimeisalmostup.Inafewdays,someoneelsewill
arrivetostepintomyshoes,andthetirelessworkthattheMSF
membersdoinmorethan70countriesandregionsaroundthe
worldwillgoon.Inaworldstillfacingsomanyproblems,itis
absolutelyessentialforusalltocollaboratetocreateaglobal
communitywithasharedfutureofpeaceandprosperity.
如今我的任期也快结束了。几天后,另一个人就会到达这里,接替我的工作。而无国界医生的成员们将在全世界超过70个国家与地区继续不知疲倦地工作着。这个世界仍然面临着许多问题,我们所有人都必须团结合作打造一个共享和平繁荣未来的“地球村”。
TheWordsThatChangedANation
改变了一个国家的演说
Onagreyafternoonon19November1863,atall,thinman
mountedaplatforminafieldinGettysburg,Pennsylvaniaand
begantospeak.Theplacewasthesiteofarecentbattlewhere
thousandsofsoldiershaddied.ThemanwasAbrahamLincoln,PresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaandhewastherein
memoryofthesoldierswhohaddied.Thespeechhegavewas
just268wordslongandlastedtwominutes.Butthisaddressto
thecrowdchangedthemindsofhispeopleandhelpedshapea
nation.
1863年11月19日,一个天空灰蒙蒙的下午,宾夕法尼亚州葛底斯堡的一块空地上,一个高大瘦削的男人登上了讲台,开始演说。就在不久前,这里曾是一片战场,数千名士兵牺牲于此。这个人是美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯,他来到这里悼念已逝的战士。他的演说只有268个词,时长两分钟,但却改变了民众的想法,甚至帮助塑造了整个国家。
Atthattime,Americawasbitterlydivided.Fortwoyears,itspeoplehadbeendeepinacivilwarbetweentheslave-owning
ConfederateSouthernStatesandthe“free”NorthernStatesof
theUnion.Theworstbattlelastedthreedaysandtookplaceat
Gettysburgin1863.TheUnionsidewon,butatagreatcost.
Over50,000soldierswerekilledorwounded,andpeoplelost
hopeandpurpose.Whatwasallthissufferingfor
在那时,美国分崩离析。两年来,美国人民深陷内战之中,一方是拥护奴隶制的南部邦联,另一方是拥护“自由”的北方联盟。最残酷的战斗持续了三天,就发生在1863年的葛底斯堡。北方联盟取得了胜利,但代价惨重五万多名士兵死伤,人们失去了希望和目标。遭
受这些苦难究竟是为了什么呢
Lincolnunderstoodthefeelingsofthecivilianpeople.His
speechgavethemhope,beliefandareasontolooktothe
future.HegavethemanewvisionofwhattheUnitedStatesof
Americashouldbe,basedontheidealssetdownbyits
FoundingFathers87yearsbefore.Itwaswhatthesoldiershad
diedfor.Nowitwasuptothelivingtoremovenotonlythe
divisionsbetweenNorthandSouth,buttheboundaries
betweenblackandwhite,andworkstepbysteptowardsthe
equalityofhumankind.
林肯理解民众的感受。他的演说给了民众希望、信念以及展望未来的理由。他给予了美国人民一个新的愿景,那就是依照87年前开国元勋的理念,美利坚合众国本应成为的样子。那也是已故的将士为之献出生命的原因。现在,责任落到了生者身上,不仅要消除南北之间的分歧,还要打破黑人与白人之间的界限,一步一步朝着实现人类平等而努力。
Fourscoreandsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforth,uponthiscontinent,anewnation,conceivedinLiberty,and
dedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.
87年前,我们的先辈在这块大陆上创立了一个新的国家,它孕育于自由之中,献身于人人生而平等的理想。
Nowweareengagedinagreatcivilwar,testingwhether
thatnation,oranynation,soconceived,andsodedicated,canlongendure.Wearemethereonagreatbattlefieldofthat
war.Wehavecometodedicateaportionofitasafinalresting
placeforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthatnationmight
live.Itisaltogetherfittingandproperthatweshoulddothis.
当下我们正深陷于一场大规模的内战之中,它考验着这个国家,或者任何一个生于自由、对上述理想深信不疑的国家,能否长久生存下去。现在我们聚集在这场内战的一个重要战场上,我们来到这里,是为了把这里的一部分土地献给那些为了国家存续而献出自己生命的人,作为他们最终的安息之地。我们这样做是完全应当且非常恰当的。
Butinalargersense,wecannotdedicate—wecannot
consecrate—wecannothallowthisground.Thebravemen,livinganddead,whostruggledhere,haveconsecrateditfar
aboveourpoorpowertoaddordetract.Theworldwilllittlenote,norlongremember,whatwesayhere,butcanneverforget
whattheydidhere.Itisforus,theliving,rathertobededicated
heretotheunfinishedworkwhichtheyhave,thusfar,sonobly
carriedon.Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreat
taskremainingbeforeus—thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetake
increaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheyheregavethe
lastfullmeasureofdevotion—thatweherehighlyresolvethat
thesedeadshallnothavediedinvain;thatthisnationshallhave
anewbirthoffreedom;andthatthisgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.
但是,从更广泛意义上来说,我们不能献出不能圣化,不能神化这块土地,因为在这里勇敢抗争的人们,不论生死,已经圣化了这片土地,这远不是我们渺小的力量所能增减的。世界不会留意,也不会铭记我们在这里说了什么,但它永远不会忘记他们在这里做的事情。他们英勇地坚持至今,现在是我们这些生者献身于这未完成的事业的时候了。我们应该把自己奉献于在我们面前的伟大事业——从这些光荣的逝者身上汲取更多的信仰,来投身于他们为之竭尽最后一丝力量的事业。我们在这里下最大的决心,不让逝者白白失去生命,要让国家获得自由的新生,要使民有、民治、民享的政府永存。
(“TheGettysburgAddress”byAbrahamLincoln)
(《葛底斯堡演讲》一亚伯拉罕·林肯)
Unit5AdelicateworldUnderstandingideas
MACQUARIEISLAND:fromChaostoConservation
麦夸里岛:从混乱不堪到精心保护
IamstandingonMacquarieIsland,intheSouth-westPacific
Ocean,halfwaybetweenAustraliaandAntarctica.Strongwinds
andstormyseashavehelpedsculptitslong,thinshape.The
greengrassandbarerockofitslandscapecontrastdramatically,givingitawildandnaturalbeauty.Novisitorwouldthinkit
surprisingthattheislandisaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.Nor
wouldtheyfailtoimaginehowitsnativeinhabitants,including
royalpenguins,kingpenguins,andelephantseals,existedin
perfectharmonywiththeirnaturalhabitatforthousandsofyears.
我正站在麦夸里岛上,这里位于太平洋的西南部,澳大利亚和南极洲的中间。强风和惊涛骇浪将海岛塑成现在狭长的形状。绿草和光秃的岩石形成的景观反差巨大,使海岛呈现出一种狂野和天然的美。这座岛是联合国教科文组织确立的世界遗产,游客们都认为其名副其实。他们也不难想象出,数千年来,包括帝企鹅、王企鹅和象海豹在内的当地动物是如
何与其自然栖息地完美地和谐共存的。
Buttheisland’smorerecenthistorytellsadifferentstory.
It’satragicstorythatbeganin1810whenhumansarrivedon
theisland.Intheirshipstheyunknowinglybroughtratsandmice.
Thesesmallanimalsquicklytookovertheisland,eatingthe
birds’eggsandattackingbabybirds.Catswerebroughttothe
islandtocontroltheratsandmice.Unfortunately,thecats
subsequentlydevelopedanappetiteforthebirds,too.
但是,这座岛近些年的遭遇则是截然不同的故事。悲剧从人类1810年来到这座岛屿开始。他们不经意间随船带来了大鼠和小鼠。这些小动物很快就占领了岛屿,它们吃鸟蛋并攻击幼鸟。为控制鼠患,人们带来了猫,但不幸的是,猫随后也开始以鸟为食。Meanwhile,rabbitswereintroducedtotheislandasa
sourceoffoodforhumans.Looseontheisland,theydidwhat
rabbitsdobest—theymultipliedrapidlyandbeganeatingthe
nativevegetationanddiggingholes,whichcausedsoilerosion.
Theexplodingrabbitpopulationprovidedplentifulfoodforthe
cats,meaningthatthenumberofcatsalsoincreased.Thisin
turnledtomorecatshuntingthebirds.Theendresultwasthat
parakeets,oncelargeinnumberandnativetotheisland,died
outin1891.
与此同时,人们把兔子引进岛上作为食物。由于在岛上放任其生存,兔子做了自己最擅长的事—飞快地繁殖,它们开始吃当地植被并挖洞,造成了土壤侵蚀。爆炸式增长的兔
子数量给猫提供了充足的食物,这意味着猫的数量也增加了,相应地就有更多猫捕食鸟类。最终结果是,曾经数量众多的当地物种长尾小鹦鹉在1891年灭绝。
EvenafterMacquarieIslandbecameanofficialnature
reserveinthe1970s,therabbitsremainedoutofcontrol.
Expertsfeltitnecessarytocomeupwithaplantoremoveallthe
rabbitsfromtheisland.Withthisgoalinmind,aviruswas
releasedontotheisland.Butalthoughtheviruscausedtherabbit
populationtodecreasefrom130,000toaround10,000,it
alsomeantlessfoodforthecats.Thecatsinconsequenceturned
theirattention—andtheirstomachs—backtothenativebirds,killingupto60,000eachyear.Inthe1980s,trapsanddogs
wereusedtocatchthecats.ThelastMacquarieIslandcatwas
caughtin2000.
即使在20世纪70年代麦夸里岛成为官方自然保护区后,兔子仍然不受控制。专家认为,必须想办法清除岛上所有的兔子。怀着这个目标,人们投放了一种病毒到岛上。然而,虽然病毒使得兔子的数量从130,000降到约10,000只,但这也意味着猫的食物变少了。因此,猫把注意力和胃口重新转向了当地鸟类,每年捕食多达60,000只。20世纪80年代,人们利用捕猎夹和狗来抓猫。2000年,麦夸里岛上的最后一只猫被抓。
Butasthesayinggoes,“Whilethecat’saway,themice
willplay.”Withthedepartureofthecatsfromtheisland,the
mouseandratpopulationstartedtoincrease.Andremember
those10,000orsorabbitsItturnedoutthattheydeveloped
animmunitytothevirus,andtheirnumbersexplodedonce
again.Then,in2006,therabbits’diggingcausedsomeland
tocollapse,andkilledasubstantialnumberofpenguins.This
incidentmadeitclearthattherat,mouseandrabbitproblem
neededsolvingonceandforall.
但正如俗语所说,“山中无老虎,猴子称大王”。猫从岛上消失了,小鼠和大鼠的数量便开始增加。还记得那10,000只左右的兔子吗它们最终对病毒产生了免疫,数量又一次激增。随后,在2006年,兔子挖的洞造成一些土地坍塌,导致大量企鹅死亡。这一事件清楚地表明,大鼠、小鼠和兔子泛滥的问题需要一次彻底的解决。
So,IamhereonMacquarieIslandtoparticipateinthe
programmetotacklethisveryproblem.Thefirststepinvolved
poisonbeingdroppedfromhelicopters.Thenextstepisto
removethelastremaininginvadingspecies,andthat’swhere
Icomein—withmydogs.Theyhavebeentrainedtofindevery
lastone,withoutharmingthenativeanimals.Thisintervention
isalong,much-delayedendingtoasadstory,butwehumans
oweittotheislandtogiveitahappyending.
所以,正是为了解决这个问题,我来到麦夸里岛,上参与一项行动。行动的第一步利用了直升机向岛上投放毒药。下一步是清除最后残存的入侵物种,这就是我的工作了一和我的狗一起。这些狗受训去寻找剩下的每一只老鼠和兔子,同时又不伤害当地动物。这次干预行动是这场悲剧漫长而屡被贻误的大结局,但这是我们人类应该做的,我们亏欠这座
岛屿一个美好的结局。
Postscript:In2014,MacquarieIslandwasdeclaredpest-freeandtheisland’secologyisfinallyontheroadtorecovery.
附言:2014年麦夸里岛正式宣布已无有害生物,岛上的生态环境终于走上了恢复之路。Developingideas
WHYSHENNONGJIA
为什么是神农架
Goodmorning,everyone.Itismygreatpleasuretogivea
lecturehereonbehalfoftheBeatOnewithNatureAssociation.
大家早上好。我很开心能代表人与自然和谐相处协会在这里发表演讲。
Asweknow,in2016,Shennongjiamadeitontothe
UNESCOWorldHeritageList.Buttherearesomanyimportant
placesnotyetonthislist.Soyoumightask:whyShennongjia
IsititsforeststhatstretchonandonlikegreatgreenseasIsit
thelegendaryfatherofChineseherbalmedicine,Shennong,afterwhomtheparkisnamedOrisitthemysteriouscreature
called“Yeren”(wildman)thathascapturedtheimagination
oftheworld
众所周知,神农架在2016年正式入选联合国教科文组织的《世界遗产名录》。世界上重要的地方那么多,但许多都没有被列入该名单。所以你可能会问:为什么是神农架是因为它拥有像绿色海洋般广袤的森林吗还是因为它是以中国草药之父神农命名抑或是因为神秘的“野人”吸引了全世界的目光
UNESCOawardedShennongjiathisstatusbecauseitmeets
twocriteriarequiredbythelist.Itcontainsanaturally-balanced
environmentthatallowsthemanyandvariousspeciestoliveand
prosper.Itisalsooneoftherarelocationsintheworldwhere
scientistscanobserveinrealtime联合国教科文组织令神农架入选是因为它符合入选名录的两项标准:第它拥有一个自然平衡的环境,使许多不同的物种得以生存和繁衍。第二,它也是世界上人迹罕至之地,科学家们可以实时观察到植物和动物发展和进化过程中的生态学和生物学过程。
Forthefirstcriterion,Shennongjiaisapparentlyoneofthe
most“complete”naturalareasintheworld.Theregionrises
fromabout400metrestoover3,000metresabovesealevel,givingitthenamethe“RoofofCentralChina”.Thevastrange
inaltituderesultsinagreatvariationinclimaticconditions.This
allowsawidevarietyofspeciestothrive.Someoftheplantsand
animalshavesurvivedmillionsofyears,andareregardedas
livingfossils.
就第一项标准而言,我们可以自豪地说神农架是世界上最“完整”的自然区域之一。该地区的海拔从大约400米上升到3,000多米,被称为“华中屋脊”海拔的巨大差异导致了迥然不同的气候环境,使得大量不同的物种得以繁衍生息。一些动植物生存了数百万年,被视为活化石。
Forthesecondcriterion,wecanseethatShennongjiahas
incrediblebiodiversity.Lookatthisslide.Accordingtoofficial
statistics,over3,000plantspecieshavebeenrecordedthere.
ThisrepresentsmorethantenpercentofChina’stotalfloral
richness.Shennongjiasupportsmorethan600vertebratespecies,includingtheGoldenSnub-nosedMonkeyandtheClouded
Leopard.Additionally,around4,300insectspecieshavebeen
recorded.
对于第二个标准,我们可以看到神农架有着极丰富的生物多样性。请看这张幻灯片。根据官方统计,在神农架内有记录的植物物种超过3,000种,占到了中国全部开花植物的10%以上。神农架还有600多种脊椎动物,包括川金丝猴和云豹。此外,有记录的昆虫物种也达到了4,300种左右。Itisachallengetolookaftersomanyspecies.Inwinter,scientistsbraveheavysnowandfreezingtemperaturestosupply
foodtotheGoldenSnub-nosedMonkey.Thankstotheirefforts,themonkey’spopulationhasdoubledsincethe1980s.Their
numberreachedover1,300in2015andcontinuestogrow.
照顾如此多的物种是一项挑战。冬季,科学家们不畏暴雪和严寒为川金丝猴提供食物。也正是因为他们的付出,川金丝猴的数量相比于20世纪80年代增加了一倍,到2015年达到1,300多只,而且其数量还在持续增长。
ButthemostimpressiveaspectofShennongjiaisthelocal
people,whotakethingsfromnaturewithoutcausingdamage.I
visitedalocalvillagewhichisknownforitshome-madehoney.
Whatisspecialaboutthehoneyisthatitisproducedbythe
earliestspeciesofChinesebee.Everyspring,thevillagersplace
beehivesaroundtheirhousestoattractthesewildbeesfromthe
forest.AlthoughendangeredelsewhereinChinaduetothe
invasionofforeignspecies,thebeesofShennongjiahave
coexistedwiththelocalpeopleforcenturies.Byprovidingthe
beeswithasecurehome,thevillagerscollecttheirhoneyin
return.Thisisjustoneofthewaysinwhichpeopleof
Shennongjialiveandworkinharmonywithnature.
不过神农架给人印象最深的地方还在于当地人的生活方式,他们从大自然中索取,但不会破坏生态平衡。我去了一个以自制蜂蜜而闻名的当地村庄参观。这种蜂蜜的独特之处在于它是由最古老的一种中华蜜蜂产的。每年春天,村民们就会在自家周围放置些蜂箱,吸引森林中的野蜜蜂。虽然在中国的其他地区,由于外来物种入侵,这种蜜蜂濒临灭绝,但是神农架的人们和这种蜜蜂已经共存了几个世纪,村民为它们提供安全住所,蜜蜂为人们提供蜂蜜。这只是神农架的村民与自然和谐相处的方式之一。
AllofthisexplainswhyShennongjiaearned—anddeserves—itsplaceontheUNESCOWorld
HeritageList,aswellashighlightinghowunderstanding,awarenessandhardworkhavecontributedtowardsprotectinga
uniqueandwonderfulpartofournaturalworld.
以上这些解释了为什么神农架能够并理应入选联合国教科文组织的《世界遗产名录》,同时也强调了人们的理解、认识和付出是如何促进对这一自然界独特且美好区域的保护的。
Thankyouforlistening.Now,doesanyonehaveany
questions
感谢大家的聆听。现在大家有什么问题吗
Unit6Survival
TheWildWithin
城中的野生动物
ThecrimetookplaceinaseasidesuburbofCapeTown.
Spottingthecarwithitswindowleftopen,thegreedythief
didn’thesitate.Withinseconds,hehadreachedinsideandrun
awaywithabagofshopping.Nomatterhowmanycrimeshe
committed,thepolicewerepowerlesstoarresthim.Yousee,thiswasnoordinarycriminal:itwasachacmababoon.Once
almostunheardof,sceneslikethisoneinCapeTownarenow
commonallovertheworld.WithfoxesinLondon,mountain
lionsinSanFranciscoandwildpigsinHongKong:itisalmost
asifourcitiesarebeingtakenoverbywildanimals.
在开普敦的一个海滨郊区发生了一起犯罪活动。贪婪的窃贼在发现有辆车的车窗未关后,没有丝毫犹豫。几秒之间,他把手伸进车窗,抓出一袋东西逃之天天不论他犯罪多少次,警方都无法抓捕到他。要知道,这可不是普通的罪犯:它是一只大狒狒。以前,在开普敦发生的这种事几乎闻所未闻,但现在这种事在世界各地都时有发生。伦敦出现了狐狸,旧金山出现了美洲狮,香港出现了野猪,我们的城市就像是被野生动物给占领了。
Peopleoftenwonderaboutthereasonsbehindthismass
urbanmigration.Mostofuswouldassumethaturban
developmentandclimatechangeareresponsibleforpushingthe
animalsoutoftheirnaturalhabitats.Howevertruethisis,we
alsoneedtoconsiderthatsomeoftheseso-called“urban
animals”havenevermovedatall—it’swehumanswhohave
movedintotheirterritory.Wherevertheygo,animalsfindtowns
andcitiesintheirway.Withnowhereelsetomaketheirhomes,theyhavenochoicebuttomoveinwithus.
Yet,foritsnewestandwildestinhabitants,acitycanoffer
manybenefits.Asourcitiesbecomegreener,theyoffer
increasinglyappealingspacestoanimalslookingfornew
habitats.Outofreachfrommanyoftheirnaturalpredators,thesenewcomersoftenflourishintheirnewcitylives.Today,foxescanbeseenalloverLondon—oneevenbeingfoundliving
onthe72ndflooroftheShardbuildingwhenitwasunder
construction!What’smore,hungryanimalsarefindingplenty
toeatinourgardensandintheleftoverswethrowaway.
人们总想知道这种大规模城市迁徙背后的原因。我们大多数人会认为,城市发展和气候变化是造成这些动物离开其自然栖息地的原因。无论事实如何,我们必须得明白,在这些所谓的“城市动物”中,有一些根本就没有迁徙过是我们人类搬到了它们的领地里。动物不论走到哪里,都发现有城镇拦路。既然没有别处可以安家,它们别无选择,只好搬来和我们一起住。不过,城市可以给这些最新的也是最野生的居民以许多好处。随着我们的城市绿化越来越好,它们越来越吸引着寻找新栖息地的动物。由于远离自然界中的许多天敌,这些新来者往往在新城市生活中蓬勃发展。现在伦敦随处都可以见到狐狸——有一只甚至生活在当时在建的夏德大厦72楼!而且,饥饿的动物们从我们的花园里和我们扔掉的垃圾中找寻到大量的食物。
Onethingcrucialtotheincreasingnumberof“urban
animals”istheirabilitytoadapt.Thereisevidencethaturban
racoonsaremoreintelligentthantheirwildcousins,asthey
frequentlyhavetofigureoutdifficultproblemssuchashowto
openrubbishbinsandothercontainerswhichtheywouldnot
findinthewild.Someanimalshaveevenchangedtheirliving
habitstofitinwiththeirnewhomes.Althoughnaturallyactiveat
night,urbanfoxescomeoutindaylightiftherewardisgood
enough.Theircitylocationalsomeansthattheyaregettinga
tasteforthemulticulturalcuisineonofferfromthegarbage,suchashamburgers,lambkebabsandevengarlicbread!
对这些越来越多的“城市动物”来说,适应能力是关键。有证据显示,和野生的浣熊相比,城市里的浣熊更聪明,因为它们时常要想办法解决难题,比如怎么打开垃圾桶以及其他它们在野外不会见到的容器。为了适应新的家园,有些动物甚至改变了习性。尽管狐狸天生昼伏夜出,但如果回报足够丰厚,城市里的狐狸会在白天出来城市的位置也意味着,它们可以吃到来自垃圾里的多元文化的菜肴,比如汉堡包、烤羊肉串甚至香蒜面包!
Forthoseanimalsthatdon’tadapt,thecitycanbea
dangerousorevendeadlyplace.Unabletodistinguishbetween
blueskyandglass,birdscrashintowindowsatspeedsofabout
50kilometresperhour.Recentstudiesestimatethatbetween400
millionand1billionbirdsdiefromwindowimpactseachyearin
theUSalone.Shockingly,thesedeathsamounttoaroundten
percentofthetotalUSbirdpopulation.Somespeciesaremore
affectedthanothers.Onetheorybehindthisisthatthesebirds
haveyettochangetheirmigratoryroutesthattakethemthrough
citieswithhigh-risebuildings.
对无法适应环境的动物来说,城市是个危险甚至致命的地方。无法分辨蓝天和玻璃的鸟类会以每小时50千米的速度撞向窗户。近期研究估计,仅在美国每年就有4亿到10亿只鸟因撞向窗户而亡。令人震惊的是,这一死亡数量约占全美鸟类总量的10%。有些种类的鸟受此影响更大一种理论认为,这些鸟类的迁徙路线让它们穿过这些有高楼大厦的城市,而它们还没有调整路线。
Howevertheyadapttoourwaysofurbanliving,it’s
importantthatwegetabetterunderstandingofandevenlearn
toappreciateourwildneighbours.Onlythencanwelook
towardsharmoniouslysharingoururbanhabitats.Whateverthe
reasonsbehindthesespeciesenteringourcities,onethingisfor
sure—asit’softenameansoftheirsurvival,theycouldbewith
ustostay.
PlanB:LifeonMars
B计划:在火星上生活
Inthe1960sand1970s,thegreatestfearwasthatthe
humanrace,andpossiblyalladvancedlifeformsontheplanet,couldbewipedoutbynuclearmissiles,justatthepushofa
button.Today,however,environmentalproblemshavetaken
overasthegreatestrisktolifeonEarth.Scientistsarethinkingof
waystolowerthisrisk,suchasreplacingcoalandoilwithforms
ofrenewableenergy.Buttheyarealsopreparingfortheworst:whatcanwedoif
PlanBforEarth
在20世纪60、70年代,最大的恐惧是,只需按下一个按钮,人类甚至可能是地球上所有的高级生命体就可能被核导弹彻底毁灭。然而今天,环境问题已经变成地球上的生命面临的最大威胁。科学家们正在思考降低这一风险的方法,例如用各种可再生能源替代煤炭和石油。但他们也在做最坏的打算:如果《后天》等电影中的恐怖场景发生在现实生活中,我们该怎么办对地球,我们的B计划是什么
Oneoptionistoexploreotherplanetstoseeifwecouldlive
onthem.ThemostlikelychoiceisMars,whichisrelativelyclose
toEarthandhasanenvironmentlesshostilethanthatofother
planets.Marshasfascinatedpeoplesinceancienttimes,and
todayourinterestinMartainexplorationisgreaterthanever
before.FilmssuchasTheMartianenjoyworldwidepopularity.
Moregovernmentsandorganisationsaremakingeffortsto
educatethepublicontheRedPlanet,forexample,theMars
DesertResearchStationintheUtahdesertoftheUSandtheMars
VillageinNorth-westChina’sQinghaiProvince.
一种选择是探索其他星球,看看我们能否在上面生活。最有可能的选择是火星,它离地球相对较近,环境不像其他行星那么恶劣。火星自古以来就吸引着人们,我们现在对探索火星的兴趣比以往任何时候都更浓厚。像《火星救援》这样的电影在全世界都很受欢迎。越来越多的政府和组织正在努力对公众进行有关“红色星球”的教育,例如美国犹他州的火星沙漠研究站和中国西北部青海省的火星村。
Sincethe1960s,wehavebeensendingunmanned
spacecrafttoMars.Ourprobeshaveorbitedtheplanet,sending
backvaluabledataandstunningimages.Ourrobotshave
exploredtheMartiansurface,testingthesoilandsearchingfor
resources,waterandsignsoflife.Encouragedbydiscoveries
overtheyears,spaceagenciesofvariouscountriesareplanning
mannedmissionstoMarsthatcouldtakeplacewithinthenext
25years.
自20世纪60年代以来,我们一直在向火星发射无人飞船。我们的探测器已经绕火星轨道运行,并发回了宝贵的数据和令人惊叹的图像。我们的机器人已经探索了火星表面,测试了土壤并且在寻找资源、水和生命的迹象。受到多年来这些发现的鼓舞,各国航天机构正计划在未来25年内进行载人飞船登陆火星的任务。
ThereisnodoubtthathumankindisdrawntowardsMars,withdreamsofmakingitoursecondhome.However,sending
peopletherewillrequirealltheskill,courageandintelligenceof
thehumanrace.Whilethemooncanbereachedwithindays,it
wouldtakemonthstoreachMars,travellingthroughdangerous
solarradiation.AndevenifthefirstsettlersdoreachMarssafely,theymaynotbeabletoreturntoEarth—ever.Stayingalivewill
beadailychallenge,butasprovedbytheBiosphere2
experiment,notimpossible.Asearlyasthe1980s,scientists
werebuildingBiosphere2intheArizonadesert.Itconsistedofa
closedspaceinwhichpeople,animalsandplantscouldlive
together.The“closed”conceptmeantthatthespacewas
designedtofunctionwithitsownoxygen,foodandwater,needingnothingfromtheoutsideworld.Althoughthetwo-year
experimentwasnotasuccess,itdidprovideuswithabetter
understandingofhowhumansmightbeabletoliveonanother
planet.Morerecently,scientistshavesucceededingrowinga
varietyofplantsinanenvironmentsimilartothatonMars.That