1、Chemoreception-Theneurologicalprocessofreceivinginformationfromachemicalsignal.───Chemoreception-神经过程中接收信息的化学信号。
2、Unexplainedcomplicationsassociatedwithdrugtreatmentswiththesetumorsshouldalertphysicianstoanundiagnosedneurologicalporphyria.───上次我从会展中心附近接了个预订业务，匆匆赶到约定地点，乘客却没影了。
3、TheneurologicalfunctionofspinalcordwasgradedaccordingtoGalecombinedbehavioralscore(CBS).───Gale综合行为计分法（CBS）进行脊髓神经功能评分。
4、Rettsyndromeisacomplexneurologicaldisorderthatwasfirstdescribedin1966byAndreasRett,anAustriandoctor.───1966年，一位奥地利医生AndreasRett（安德里亚。雷特）第一次描述了一种复杂的神经紊乱综合征，雷特氏综合症。
5、Hydrogensulfide,anotherchemicalreleasedfromanimalwaste,cancauseirreversibleneurologicaldamage,evenatlowlevels.───另一个动物排泄物释放的化学物硫化氢，即使浓度较低，也会导致不可逆转的神经损害。
6、Whenpureoxygenisinhaledatpressuresgreaterthan2or3atmospheres,acharacteristicneurologicalsyndromecanbeobserved.───当吸入压力大于2或3个大气压的纯氧时，可以观察到典型的神经系统症状。
7、DifferentdosagesofLMWHcouldeffectivelyimproveneurologicalimpairmentandtheprognosisofpatientswithACI.───不同剂量LMWH均可改善ACI患者的神经功能和预后。
8、Dysgraphiaisaneurologicaldisorderthatgenerallyappearswhenchildrenarefirstlearningtowrite.───书写困难是一中神经混乱它通常是在孩子们第一次学习书写的时候出现的。
9、Additionaltumourofthyroidpathologicalchanges,verticalmidriffandcentre,allroundneurologicalpathologicalchangesalsocancausecracked.───另外甲状腺病变、纵膈肿瘤以及中枢、周围神经系统病变等也会引起声音嘶哑。
10、Neurologicaldeficitwasfoundin9casesingroupB,whilenocaseingroupA.───B组有9例患者术后即刻出现神经功能障碍加重,而A组未出现类似病例。
11、Suddenimpairmentofneurologicalfunction,especiallythatresultingfromacerebralhemorrhage;astroke.───中风神经功能的突然损害，尤指因脑损伤而导致；中风
12、ScNTFscouldimproveneurologicaloutcomeaftertraumaticspinalcordinjuryinrats.───Sc－NTFs使脊髓损伤后神经功能有显著改善。
13、Autismisalittle-understoodneurologicalandbehaviorsyndromethatinterfereswithachild'sabilitytorelateorinteractwithothers.───孤独症是一种知之甚少的精神行为综合症，这种病损害了儿童与他人相处及互动的能力。
14、Theemphasisislaidontheoperationalvalidityandtheneurologicalplausibility.───但该系统对神经元的操作模拟之处在初级阶段，离真正神经元的操作还尚待时日。
15、...thisistheneurologyequivalentofaholeinone.───从神经学上说简直不可思议
16、Istheepiduralanalgesiatoblamewhenitcomestoneurologicalcomplicationsfollowinglabor───产后发生神经并发症时硬膜外镇痛受指责
17、Ourinsightsintotheneurologicalbasisofsynesthesiacouldhelpexplainsomeofthecreativityofpainters,poetsandnovelists.───对于联觉的神经作用基础有所了解，有助于解释一些画家、诗人以及**家的创造性。
18、Studiesongeneralistgenescouldleadtoimportantadancesinneurologicalresearch.───在“通才”基因方面的研究能够导致神经病学研究的极大进步。
19、Doyouhaveanyneurologicalproblemssuchasweaknessorsensory,visual,coordination,balance,ormemorydeficitsthatwehavenotyetdiscussed───医:你有诸如失眠、感觉、视觉、协调、平衡或者健忘等我们先前没有探讨过的神经系统症状吗
21、Strivetobuildthespiritofneurologicalproductstopromotetheprofessionalizationofthecompany.───努力打造精神、神经科系列产品最专业化的**公司。
22、ObservationonNeurologicalBehaviourDevelopmentofNeonateswithDiabeticMotherinPragnancy.───妊娠糖尿病母亲所生新生儿神经行为发育观察。
23、ThemainpostoperativeneurologicalcomplicationsafterCPBsurgeryareCVDC,mostofwhichareischemiccerebrovasculardisease.───心脏手术后神经系统合并症以脑血管病为主，且多数为缺血性脑血管病。
24、TheproperuseoflowdoseL-NNAwasusefultotherecoveryoftheneurologicalfunctionafterTBIandreducedthecell'sdeathinthehippcampus.───小剂量非选择性抑制剂可明显改善伤后大鼠的神经功能，减少海马神经细胞的继发性坏死。
25、InMS,neurologicalinflammatorydiseasesandnon-inflammatorydiseases,thepositiverateofCSF-restrictedOCBwere35.3%,39.6%and4.5%respectively.───CSFOCB**率在MS、神经系统炎性疾患及神经系统非炎性疾患中分别为353%、396%及45%。
26、Adhesionafterrepairofspinabifidacysticacouldleadtotetheredcordsyndrome,resultingindeteriorationofneurologicalfunction.───先天性囊性脊柱裂手术后因纤维瘢痕粘连可造成脊髓栓系,产生神经损害症状或原有症状进一步加重。
27、Subproject62documents“certainkindsofradiofrequencyenergyhavebeenfoundtoeffectreversibleneurologicalchangesinchimpanzees.───62个分项目的档案“相当种类的无线电波能被发现在黑猩猩在可逆神经学的变化上的效果。”
28、Inothercases,thereisclearlyaneurologicalcomponenttotheurinaryretention,whichrequiresmorethansymptomaticreliefandantiviraltherapy.───在其他情况下,显然有部分的神经尿潴留、以上症状,需要救济和抗病毒药治疗。
29、Atthechronologicalageof61months,Valentina'sneurologicalagewas58.42months,whichis95percentofnormality.───在Valentina61个月的时候，她的神经学年龄已经达到58.42个月，这已经接近正常水平的95%了。
30、Learningdisabilitiesareneurologicaldisordersthataffectdifferentskills.───学习障碍是能影响不同技能的神经紊乱。
31、Thepatientmadeafullneurologicalrecoverywithin10weeks.───10周内患者获得了神经学上的完全康复。
32、Butotherscancauseseverestomachandintestinalproblemsaswellasneurologicaldisordersandevendeathinpeople.───但其些毒素对人来说可引起严重的胃肠道疾病，以及神经系统紊乱，甚至死亡。
33、"Itcausesweakness,waxypallor,shinytongue,andstomach,intestinal,andneurologicalproblems.───会引起虚弱，蜡样苍白，舌光滑以及胃部、肠内和神经方面的病症。
34、Neurologicalfindingsinelderlyhypertensiepatientswithasymmetricalpulsesorcardiacmurmursuggestdissection.───在中老年高血压患者，且脉搏不对称或有心脏杂音的患者中，其神经病学所见暗示可能有夹层存在。
35、Iwanthisneurologicalresearchtocompletemyown.───我想要他对神经学的研究成果完善我的研究
37、Neurologicalfindingsinelderlyhypertensivepatientswithasymmetricalpulsesorcardiacmurmursuggestdissection.───在中老年高血压患者，且心律不齐或有心脏杂音的患者中，其神经病学所见暗示可能有夹层存在。
38、Neurologicalillnessessometimesdefyunderstanding,Dr.Lachancesaid,andthisseemedtobeoneofthem.───Lachance博士说，神经系统疾患有时让人费解，这个病，好像就是其中一例。
39、Dysgraphiaisaneurological(newerlogical)disorderthatgenerallyappearswhenchildrenarefirstlearningtowrite.───书写综合征是一个神经学上的紊乱，经常在孩子刚开始学写字时表现。
40、Neurologicalfinetuning,asIliketocallit.───神经微调我喜欢这样叫它
41、Inthenearfuturewewilllikelyhavepreventionplansthatarepersonalizedbasedongenetic,metabolicandneurologicalinformation.───在不远的将来，我们可能会有一些个性化的基于基因、新陈代谢和神经信息的预防计划。
42、Hyponatremiaisthemostfrequentelectrolytedisorderincriticallyneurologicalpatients.───低钠血症是神经科重症患者最常出现的电解质紊乱。
43、Theformergenescauseneurologicaldiseases,suchasTay-Sachs,Gaucher'sandNiemann-Pick.───前者会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘**脂沉积病；
44、"TodayapatientgoesfrominitialevaluationtoCATscanandneurologicalevaluationtotreatmentinonly45minutesonaverage.───“如今，从初诊到造影扫描，从神经病学家的诊断到治疗，平均只需45分钟。”
45、Humanbodyareasaresultof,thosediseasesneurologicalgethurtandcause───人体那些疾病是由于神经系统受伤而引起的？
46、ExtendgymnasticsisOKalsoandsofttendon,ligament,articulatory,activityisneurological.───伸展体操也可以柔软肌腱、韧带、关节、活动神经系统。
47、Dysgraphiaisaneurologicaldisorderthatgenerallyappearswhenchildrenarefristlearningtowrite.───书写障碍症是一种神经上的疾病，通常出现在孩子第一次学习书写的时候。
48、Ithinkit'saffectingyoudifferently,neurologically.───你不一样你可能表现在神经系统方面
50、Noneofthemhadahistoryofaudiologicalorneurologicaldisease.───他们没有一个有了了一个听觉的或神经学疾病的病史。
51、Whereasdiseasepathoanatomydictatesthesurgicalapproach,preoperativeneurologicalstatusdoesnotnecessarilyimplicateaspecifictechnique.───尽管疾病的病理解剖学特点能够决定采取何种手术入路，但术前神经系统状况却未必能提示关于手术入路选择的信息。
52、Huntington'sDisease:Huntington'sdiseaseisageneticallyinheritedneurologicaldiseasethatcancausedementia.───亨廷顿氏病:亨廷顿氏病是一种会引发痴呆症的遗传性神经疾病。
53、Ibelievedhehadaneurologicaldeathsentence.───我以为他神经系统有问题没救了
54、BraintissuewastakenouttoundergoTTCandHEstainingandneurologicaldeficitsignscoreswereperformed.───取脑组织作TTC染色和HE染色，并进行神经功能缺陷体征评分。
55、Dysgraphiaisaneurallogicalneurologicaldisorderthatgenerallyappearswhenchildrenarefirstlearningtowrite.───书写困难症是一种神经学上的失调，它普遍会在儿童第一次学习写作的时候出现。
56、Thecenteristakingaimatneurologicaldiseases,includingAlzheimer's,Parkinson's,amyotrophiclateralsclerosis,anddiabeticneuropathy.───中心集中力量进行神经系统疾病的药物开发，包括阿尔茨海默氏症、帕金森氏症、肌萎缩侧索硬化、糖尿病性神经病等。
57、Clinicalneurologicalfunctionwadassessedwithcombinedbehavioralscore(CBS).───应用联合行为评分(Combinedbehavioralscore，CBS)评价脊髓神经运动功能。
58、Preoperativeandpostoperativeneurologicalexamination,braincomputedtomography(CT)scan,andcognitivefunctiontestswereperformed.───两组均行术前、术后神经系统物理检查、颅脑计算机体层摄影(CT)和认知能力测验比较。
59、Yeah,it'saveryuncommonneurologicalphenomenon.───是的这是一种非常罕见的神经方面的情况
60、He'dbeenrescuedbyaBlackfootIndian,hadlainunconsciousforsixdaysinaMontanahospital'sintensivecareunit,andendedupwithneurologicaldamageandablindrighteye.───在蒙大拿一家医院的特别护理室昏迷了六天，最终还是留下神经损伤和右眼失明的后遗症。
61、Thebookwillbeofinteresttophysiciansandsurgeonscaringforneurologicalpatientsateachstageoftheircareer.───书将使内科医生和外科医生在他们的头班的每个阶段照顾神经病学的病患感兴趣。
62、Whatareneurologicaldisorders───什么是神经障碍
63、Theaccidentsresultedin4deaths(3.33%,4/120),2permanentneurologicaldeficits(1.67%),and4transitoryneurologicaldeficits(3.33%).───因并发症而死亡4例(3.33%)，永久性神经功能障碍2例(1.67%)；一过性神经功能障碍4例(3.33%)。
64、Formerandmainitisvoltaicharm,itcandestroyhumanbodyinteriortoorganize,belikeheart,respiratorysystem,neurologicaletc.───前者主要是电流伤害,它可破坏人体内部组织,如心脏、呼吸系统、神经系统等。
65、thatlackoffeelingcouldbeneurological.───他没有知觉可能是神经性的
66、Formuchofthe20thcentury,thesearchforaneurologicalbasisforhysteriawasignored.───20世纪的大多时期，癔病神经学上的基础的研究被忽视。
67、Theneurologicaldevelopmentsequenceintheratandhumanaresimilar,withthenewbornratCNSapproximatingthatofthe24weekhumanfetus(1).───大鼠与人类的神经学形成过程类似，新生大鼠CNS相当于人类胎儿24周左右[1]。
68、Theysaytheunidentifieddiseaseattacksthekidneysandcausesneurologicaldamage.───他们说，这种不明疾病侵害患者肾脏，导致神经系统损伤。
69、Themaineffectsareneurological,causingheadaches,memorylossandalsosleepingdisorders.───可知:手机主要对一个人的神经系统产生影响,而。
70、Iamheretodoaneurologicalexaminationofthosegirls.───我来给那些女孩做神经检查
71、Suddenimpairmentofneurologicalfunction,especiallythatresultingfromacerebralhemorrhage;astroke.───中风神经功能的突然损害，尤指因脑损伤而导致;中风
72、Hebelievedthathysteriawastheresultofaweakneurologicalsystemwhichwashereditary.───他相信歇斯底里是家族遗传下来的神经系统衰弱所导致的结果。
74、Meditationmaysometimesgiveproblemsforpeoplesufferingfrommentaldiseases,epilepsy,seriousheartproblemsorneurologicaldiseases.───冥想有时可能给问题的人患有精神疾病，癫痫，严重的心脏问题或神经系统疾病。
75、Andheconfidedinmethatshehadaneurologicaldisease,similartoanearlyonsetdementiaorAlzheimers.───他跟我透露,其实她得了神经方面的毛病,类似早期的老人痴呆症。
76、NPEshouldbeonthelistofdifferentialdiagnosesinpatientswithbilateralalveolarinfiltrationafteraneurologicalevent.───因此，在中枢神经伤害后，若病人生成双侧肺浸润变化，应将神经性肺水肿列为鉴别诊断之一。
77、Heprobablythoughtyouhadaneurologicaldisorder.───搞不好他以为你视神经紊乱
78、PatientswhohaebeentreatedwithRituxanandpresentordeelopnewneurologicalsignsorsymptomsshouldbeealuatedforPML.───已服用利妥昔单抗的患者并存在或发生新的神经体征或症状的患者应评估是否患有PML。
79、Dysgraphiaisaneurologicaldisorderthatgenerallyappearswhenchildrenarefirstlearningtowrite.───它是一种神经方面的混乱通常会在儿童第一次学习书写时出现。
80、"Thisisthefirststudyoftheneurologicalreactionstohumantouchinathreateningsituation."SaidDr.Coan.───可恩博士说:“这一研究首次对人在受到威胁的情况下进行身体接触所产生的神经学反应进行了探究。
81、Multiplesclerosisisthemostcommonneurologicalconditionaffectingyoungadults.───多发性硬化症是年轻人最常见的一种神经疾病。
82、ThesyndromeofFenghuoShangraowasdifferfromothersinscoreofneurologicaldeficits(P───中脏腑患者的神经功能缺损程度评分明显高于中经络患者(P
83、TwothoracicSCIhadonlyprolonglatenciesinSEP,butnoanyneurologicalrecoveryatall.───但为那些感觉、运动损伤程度不相等的病人则无法作任何有效的预估。
84、Shewasawell-groomedwomanwhowasalertandfriendly.Generalandelementalneurologicalexamswerenormal.───她是一位仪表整洁的女性，敏锐而友好。一般和专科神经检查是正常的。
85、TheneurologicalimpairmentwasevaluatedwithLonga’sScale24hoursafterMCAOjustbeforedecapitation.───各组动物在MCAO后24h进行Longa评分，随即经心脏灌流，取脑组织，又经4%多聚甲醛固定后，依次经过20%和30%的蔗糖溶液脱水制冰冻切片，切片保存在原位杂交保护液中。
86、Feipeptidecanmakeinsideneurologicaltheinfluencethatcomedownundisturbedlyandweakensadrenalin,otherwiseheartblameskipscomeoutcannot.───内啡肽能使神经系统镇静下来和削弱肾上腺素的影响，否则心脏非蹦出来不可。
87、AfterCPBsurgery,thegeneralmorbidityofneurologicalcomplications(NC)was1.44%(146/10173),ofwhichCVDCaccountedfor59.58%(87/146).───心脏手术后神经系并发症的总发生率为1.44%，其中脑血管病占59.58%。
88、Dsygraphiaisaneurologicaldisorderthatgenerallyappearswhenchildrenarefirstlearningtowrite.───书写困难是一种神经性紊乱，通常出现在孩子第一次学习写字的时候。
90、AstrangeneurologicaldiseasewaskillingtheForepeopleofpapuaNewGuineaEasternHighlands---especiallythewomenandchildren.───一种奇怪的神经疾病曾致死巴布亚新几内亚东部高地的弗尔族人(Fore)，特别是妇女和儿童。
就像你学语文要掌握他的语法，怎样写更优美等等。。。
要去研究它。。
语言学是对语言的系统研究，对于一个学习英语的人来说，应该懂一点语言学的知识，它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用，有助于更好的学习语言，下面介绍一点语言学知识。
I.Introduction
1.WhatisLanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
2.WhatisLinguistics(语言学)
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
3.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics
3.1SpeechandWriting
Onegeneralprinciple(原则)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.
3.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(说明性)
Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.
3.3Synchronic(共时)andDiachronic(历时)Studies
ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.
3.4Langue(语言)andParole(言语)
ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.
3.5Competence(能力)andPerformance(行为)
4.TheScopeofLinguistics
Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.
Phonetics(语音学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.
Phonology(音韵学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.
Morphology(词法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.
Syntax(句法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.
Semantics(语义学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.
Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.
Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.
HistoricalLinguistics(历史语言学)isthestudyoflanguagechanges.
Anthropologicallinguistics(人文语言学)usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.
Mathematicallinguistics(数学语言学)studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.
Computationallinguistics(计算语言学)isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconcepts(概念)areapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.
II.Phonetics(语音学）
1.scopeofphonetics
Speechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:
Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学）wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate(协调）intheprocess.
Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated(调节）bytheear,theauditorynerve(神经）andthebrain.
Acousticphonetics(声学语音学）westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted（传送）betweenmouthandear.
2.Thevocalorgans
Thevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,(气流发生器官）theproducerofvoice（声音发生器官）andtheresonatingcavities.（声音共振器官）
3.Consonants(辅音）
Placesofarticulation(发音部位）:bilabial,(双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(声门）
Mannersofarticulation:plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）
4.Vowels(元音）
Theclassificationofvowels:theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low),thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back),andthedegreeofliprounding(rounded,unrounded)
III.Phonology（音韵学）
1.phonemes(音素）：adistinctive(有区别的）soundinalanguage.
2.Allophones(音位变体）：Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.
3.Minimalpairs(最小对立体）：wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.
4.Freevariation(自由变异）：Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment(环境）,theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.
5.Complementarydistribution(补充分类）：Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment
6.Suprasegmentalphonology(超音段音位）：thestudyofphonologicalproperties(性质）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable(音节），stress,（重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch（音调）andintonation（语调）.
IV.Morphology（词法）
1.inflection(构形法）：thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.(屈折词缀）
2.Word-formation(构词）：theprocesses(过程）ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.（表明词法关系）Theyarecompound(合成）andderivation(派生）.
3.Morpheme(词素）：thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.
4.Allomorph(同质异象变体）：somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.
5.Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,(词根）affix（词缀）andstem（词干）.
6.Lexicon(语言词汇）：initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.
7.Closed-classwords(封闭性）andopen-classwords(开放性）：theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple(实际上）indefiniteorunlimited.
8.Wordclass(词性）：Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.
9.Lexeme(词位）：thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.
10.Idiom(习语，成语）：Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords(词序）whichissemantically（语义上）andoftensyntactically(句法上）restricted.（限制）
11.Collocation(搭配）：thehabitual(习惯的）co-occurrences（同时出现）ofindividuallexicalitems.
V.Syntax(句法）
1.Positionalrelationorwordorder（词序）：thesequential(顺序）arrangementofwordsinalanguage.
2.Constructionorconstituent(句子结构）：theoverallprocessofinternal(内部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.
3.Syntacticfunction(句法功能）：therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffunctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates,modifiers,(修饰语）complements（补语）,etc.
4.Category(范畴）：Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Thecategoriesofthenounincludenumber,gender,caseandcountability.
5.Phrase:asingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.
6.Clause:agroupofwordswithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.
7.Sentence:Itistheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressesacompletethought.
VI.Semantics
2.Mechanism(机械主义）：Somelinguists,Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德）forexample,turnedtosciencetocounter（反）-acttheprecioustheoriesandthisleadstowhatcallthemechanisticapproach（方法）.Thenatureofthistheoryhasnothingtodowiththescientificstudyofmentalphenomena.（智力现象）
3.Contextualism（语境主义）：Itisbasedonthepresumption(假定）thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreduceittoobservablecontext.
4.Behaviorism(行为主义）：Behaviouristsattempttodefine(定义）themeaningofalanguageformas"thesituation(情景）inwhichthespeakerutters（说话）itandtheresponse（反应）itcallsforthinthehearer."
5.functionalism(功能主义）：Functionalistsasrepresented(代表）bythePragueschool（布拉格学派）linguistsandneo-Firthian（新弗斯）linguists,approachtheproblemfromanentirelyneworientation（方法）.Theyargue（争辩）thatmeaningcouldonlybeinterpreted（解释）fromitsuseorfunctioninsociallife.
6.Senserelationships:Whilereferencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,words,sentences,etc.,andthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,senserelatestothecomplexsystemofrelationshipsthatholdbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves.Theyincludesynonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）andHomonymy(同音异义词）
7.Semanticanalysis:Itincludes1)componential（成分）analysiswhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.(意义成分）2)predication(表述）analysisinwhichthemeaningofasentenceisnotmerelythesumofthemeaningsofthewordswhichcomposeit.3)relationalcomponentsinwhichthesemanticanalysisofsomewordspresentsacomplicatedpicture,becausetheyshowrelationsbetweentwoandperhapsmoreterms.
VII.LanguageVariation(语言变化）
1.Lexicalchange(词汇的变化）：changesinlexis.
2.Invention:(新造词）newentities.
3.Compounding:(合成词）Newwordsaresometimesconstructedbycombiningtwooldwords.
4.Blending:(混合词）：Itisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtworootsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstrootandthefinalpartofthesecondroot,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetworoots.
5.Abbreviationorclipping:(缩写）Anewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpartorcuttingtheinitialpart.
6.acronym:(取首字母的缩写词）Itismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodified(修饰）headword.
7.Metanalysis:(再分化）Itreferstoaprocessthroughwhichadivisionismadewheretherewerenotebefore.
8.Back-formation:(逆构词）Itreferstoanabnormal(非正常）typeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeleting(去掉）animaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.
9.Analogicalcreation:(类比造词）Itcanaccountfor（说明）theco-existenceoftwoforms,regularandirregular,intheconjugation(结合）ofsomeEnglishverbs.
10.Borrowing（借用）：Englishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.
11.Phonologicalchange(音变）：Itisrelatedtolanguagevariationinthephonologicalsystemoflanguage.Itincludesloss,(省音）addition,（加音）assimilation,（同化）dissimilation.（异化）
12.Grammaticalchange:Changesinbothmorphology（词法）andsyntax（句法）arelistedunderthisheading.
13.Semanticchange:(语义变化）Itincludesbroadening,（语义扩大）narrowing,（语义缩小）meaningshift,（意义转化）classshift（词性转换）andfolketymology.（词源变化）
14.Orthographicchange：(正字法）Changescanalsobefoundatthegrapheticlevel.