WHOestimatedthatin2021,529millionpeopleintheworldhaddiabetes.In2024,about600millionpeoplesufferfromthisdisease,andby2050thenumberofsuchpatientsisexpectedtoincreasetoalmost1.5billion.
Theresearchersuseddatafromanationallyrepresentativebehavioralriskfactorsurveillancesystem,anongoinghealthstudyinvolvingmorethan400,000people.Theyfoundanincreaseintheincidenceofdiabetesamongallsocio-demographicgroups,butblackpeoplewereparticularlyaffectedbythisdisease:inthispopulation,theincidencewasjustunder16%.Inaddition,oneinfivepeopleaged65andoverfacesthisdisease:inthesameagegroup,diabeteswasdiagnosedmorethan10timesmoreoftenthaninpeopleaged18to24years,andinpeopleaged45to64years-5timesmoreoften.
Thestudyalsofoundthatpeopleonlowerincomesweresignificantlymorelikelytohavediabetesthanthoseonhigherincomes.High-incomepeoplewere41%lesslikelytohavediabetes-24%lesslikelytohavediabetes.
Attheendof2022,about5millionpatientswithdiabetesareregisteredinRussia,butaccordingtoexperts,theirnumberismuchmore,about2times:morethan10.5million.Suchagapbetweenrecordedandactualcasesislargelyduetothefactthatdiabetesisnotdetectedinatimelymanner.Hemaynotshowhimselfinanywayforalongtime.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatthisdiseasedoesnothaveanegativeeffectonthebody.
Thus,theincreaseinthenumberofnewpatientswithdiabetesin2022willbeatleast15%.TheNationalMedicalResearchCenternotedthattheydonotinterpretthestatistics:anincreaseintheincidencerateiscausedbyanimprovementinthedetectionrateofpatientswithdiabetesintheregions.AccordingtoMokrysheva,atleasthalfofthepatientsdonotknowabouttheirdiabetes,sincetheyhavenotbeenproperlyexamined.
AccordingtoestimatesfromtheGlobalDiseaseBurdenResearchProgram(GBD),almost460millionpeopleworldwidewerediagnosedwithdiabetesin2019.Thediseaseistheeighthleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityglobally.Thus,takingintoaccountWHOdata,theincreaseinthenumberofdiabeticsovertwoyearswasapproximately15%.Inmostcases,patientsarediagnosedwithtype2diabetes.
AccordingtothemonitoringoftheWORDIorganizationbythebeginningof2021,in53%ofthefamiliessurveyed,childrenusecontinuousglucosemonitoringsystemspurchasedattheirownexpense.Another42%ofparentsrepliedthattheycouldnotaffordsuppliesforthesystemsandwereforcedtouseteststripsforaglucometer.Only5%ofrespondentsconsideritconvenienttouseaglucometer.
Golikovanotedthat5million(98%)ofthemweretakenunderdispensarysupervision.Amongchildren,48.8thousanddiseaseswereregistered,almost48thousand(98.3%)weretakenunderdispensarysupervision,theDeputyPrimeMinisteradded.
Thenumberofpatientswithdiabetesisconstantlygrowing,overthepast5yearsthenumberofpatientshasincreasedby23%.
In2019,thenumberofnewlydiagnoseddiabetesmellitusinRussiaincreasedby27%comparedto2010.
Accordingtostatistics,everythirteenthRussiansuffersfromdiabetes,whileforecastsshowthatby2045theprevalenceofthisdiseaseintheworldmayincreaseby51%.Earlier,expertspointedtothehighmortalityrateofpatientswithdiabetesfromcardiovascularcomplications,whichisalsoconfirmedbyRosstatdata.
Commonsignsofdiabetesinclude:
Ifapersondiscoversthesesymptoms,youneedtoseeadoctorassoonaspossible.
Intype1diabetesmellitus,pancreaticbetacellsthatproduceinsulinareaffected.Andultimately,theironlosesitsabilitytoproducethisvitalhormone.
Intype2diabetes,thepancreascanstillproducesomeinsulin,butitisnotsufficientforthebodytofunctionfully.
Properinsulindosingisveryimportanttokeepbloodglucoselevelsinasaferange.
Type1diabetesmellitusmostoftendevelopsinchildhoodandadolescence,butmayfirstappearinadulthood.
Type2diabetesmellitus,asarule,developsinpeopleover40yearsoldandoccurs4timesmoreoftenthantype1.
Type2diabetesmellitus(SD2)isametabolicdiseasecharacterizedbychronichyperglycemia,whichdevelopsasaresultofanincreasingdecreaseininsulinproductionbypancreaticcells,andaviolationofinsulininteractionwithtissuecells-insulinresistance.Theprevalenceofchronicheartfailureinpatientswithtype2DM,asofDecember2020,rangesfrom24%to40%.
Type2diabetesmellitusisassociatedwiththeworkofseveraldozengenes,oneofwhichisaTCF7L2-atranscriptionfactor(regulatestheexpressionofothergenes),whichtriggersacomplexcascadeofreactionsleadingtothegrowthanddevelopmentofpancreaticcellsthatsynthesizeinsulin.Theinvestigatedrs7903146polymorphisminthisgeneisassociatedwithapredispositiontotype2diabetesmellitus.Atthesametime,theCTgenotypeincreasestheriskby1.5times,andTT-by2.5times.
Glucoseisthemainsourceofenergyforalltissuesofthebody,itentersthecellonlyundertheinfluenceofinsulin,whichregulatestheprocessofstoringglucoseinthetissuesoftheliver,musclesandadiposetissues.Indiabetesmellitus,insulinisnotenoughtoprovidealltissueswithglucose,whichleadstoahighlevelofitintheblood,butalowlevelincellsandtissues.Inordertosomehowsatisfycellularhunger,thebodybeginstobreakdownfatsandproteins.Thisoftenleadstothedepletionofthebodyandtheaccumulationofproteinbreakdownproducts.Excessglucosebeginstobeexcretedbythekidneys-sugarappearsintheurine.Togetherwithglucose,thekidneysremoveahugeamountoffluid,thisleadstoseverethirst,dehydrationandimbalanceoftheelectrolytes.
Intype2diabetes,apersonovereatsandmoveslittle,glucoselevelsareregularlyhighandcellsproducealotofinsulintoabsorbit.Alargeamountofglucoseisconvertedintofattyacids,theliverandmusclescannotstoresuchanamountofglycogen.Adiposetissuegrows,itproducesmoreleptin(thesatietyhormone,whichtellsthebodythatthereservesarereplenished),butsensitivitytoleptindecreases,asthebodyadjuststohighlevelsofthehormone.Apersoncontinuestoovereat,glucoseentersagainandthecellsceasetorespondtoinsulin,thusinsulinresistanceisproduced.Ifyouadjustthemetabolismintime,changingthedietandresortingtophysicalactivity,themuscleswillbegintoabsorbmoreglucose,andtheadiposetissuewillbeconsumed.Ifyoudonotresorttothesemeasuresinatimelymanner,type2diabetesmellitusdevelops:constantlyincreasedinsulinproductionleadstodepletionofpancreaticcellsandtheinsulinleveldrops,asaresult,apersonhasalowlevelofinsulin,andthecellsbecomeimmunetoit.
Inmid-April2023,AmericanexpertsfromTuftsUniversityreleasedtheresultsofastudysuggestingthatthecauseofthedevelopmentof70%casesoftype2diabetesmellitusonaglobalscaleismalnutrition.
Thenamedailment,alsoknownasinsulin-resistantdiabetesmellitus,isachronicdiseaseinwhichthebodyisunabletoeffectivelyuseinsulinproducedinsufficientquantitiesbypancreaticcells.Moreover,themostcommonriskfactorsareobesityandanincreasedbodymassindex.Type2diabetesmellitusistheleadingcauseofdeathworldwideandhashugesocio-economicconsequences.
Theauthorsofthestudyanalyzeddataonthenutritionofcitizensin184countriesfortheperiodfrom1990to2018.Atthesametime,theinfluenceofanumberofdietaryfactorswasassessed:insufficientconsumptionofwholegrains,fruits,nuts,yogurt,seedsandvegetables,aswellasexcessiveconsumptionofrefinedwheatandrice,meat,sugarydrinks,fruitjuicesandpotatoes.Thesedatawerecomparedwiththeincidencerateoftype2diabetesmellitus.
Totrainthemodel,participantvoterecords(averageduration25seconds)wereused,aswellassignificanthealthdataincludingage,sex,bodymassindex(BMI)andbloodpressurevalues.Algorithmsweretrainedandcross-testedformenandwomenseparately.ThejustificationforthemethodwasHooke'slaw,accordingtowhichchangesinthevoltage,massorlengthofthevocalcords,mediatedbydifferentbloodglucose,canleadtoachangeinthefrequencyoftheirfluctuations.
TheAIalgorithmanalyzeddifferentvocalcharacteristics,suchaschangesinpitchandvoiceintensity,torevealdifferencesbetweenpeoplewithandwithoutdiabetes.Todothis,theresearchersusedtwomethods:atthequalifyingstage,ananalysisof6,000vocalcharacteristicswascarriedout,andthenadeeplearningapproachwasused,whichusedarefinedsetof1024keycharacteristics.
Themainmethodofdiagnosingthediseaseislaboratorytests.Thepresenceofhyperglycemia(increasedbloodsugar)showsanincreased(morethan6.1mmol/L)glucosecontentinthecapillaryblood,whichistakenonanemptystomachfromthefinger.Butthisindicatoraloneisnotalwaysenoughtoestablishadiagnosisofdiabetes.
Examinationforsuspecteddiabetesmellitusalsoincludesdeterminationofthelevel:
Andalsoconductingaloadtest(glucosetolerancetest):determiningglucoseonanemptystomachand1and2hoursaftertaking75gofsugardissolvedin1.5glassesofboiledwater.Diabetesmellitusisconfirmedtobe>6.6mmol/Latfirstmeasurementand>11.1mmol/L2hoursafterglucoseload.
Treatmentofophthalmiccomplicationsofdiabetesmellitusisoftencarriedoutthroughoutthepatient'slifeafterdiagnosis,whichcannotbutaffecttheadherencetotherapy.Deviatingfromthedoctor'srecommendationscanleadtoratherseriousconsequences.
TheAmslertestlookslikealatticedividedintosmallsquareswithablackdotinthemiddle.Itisthesimplestandfastestwaytoself-testthecentralvisualfieldtopreventseriousretinaldisordersandassesstreatmentdynamics.
Normally,whenperformingtheAmslertest,thevisibleimageshouldbethesameonbotheyes,thelinesshouldbeeven,withoutdistortion,spotsandcurvatures.Ifchangesaredetected,youneedtoconsultanophthalmologist.
Performthetestregularly(evendaily)toassessyourvisionandthepossibleappearanceofthefirstsymptomsofretinaldisease.Visitanophthalmologistontime,treatyoureyescarefullyandbeattentivetoanychangesinvision-thiswillhelpmaintaineyehealthandpreventtheprogressionofthedisease.
Oneimportantconsequenceofthisfindingisthateventypicalbrainagingmayreflectchangesinbrainregulationofglucosebyinsulin.Thefindingsalsosuggestthatbythetimetype2diabetesisofficiallydiagnosed,theremayalreadybesignificantstructuraldamageinpatientsinthebrain.Sensitivewaystodetectchangesinthebrainassociatedwithdiabetesareneeded,scientistssay.
Thereisalreadystrongevidencelinkingtype2diabetestocognitivedecline,however,asofMay2022,fewpatientsundergocomprehensivecognitiveassessmentaspartofclinicaltreatment.Itcanbedifficulttodistinguishbetweennormalbrainaging,whichbeginsinmiddleage,andbrainaging,causedoracceleratedbydiabetes.AsofMay2022,nostudydirectlycomparedneurologicalchangesinhealthyindividualsoveralifetimewithchangesoccurringinpeopleofthesameagewithdiabetes.
Inordertodeterminetheeffectofdiabetesonthebrainbeyondnormalaging,theteamofresearchersusedthelargestavailablesetofdataonthestructureandfunctionofthebrainthroughoutaperson'slife:UKBiobankdataobtainedfrom20thousandpeopleaged50to80years.Thissetofinformationincludesbrainscansandbrainfunctionmeasurementsandcontainsdatafrombothhealthypeopleandpeoplediagnosedwithtype2diabetes.Thescientistsusedthedatatodeterminewhatbrainandcognitivechangesarecharacteristicofdiabetes,notjustaging,andthenvalidatedthesefindingsbycomparingthemtoameta-analysisofnearly100otherstudies.
Asof2021,allpatientswithtype1diabetes,aswellasabout19%ofpatientswithtype2diabetes,needdailyinsulininjectionstomaintaintheirtargetbloodsugarlevels.
Dried,roastedandcrushedchicoryrootisverysimilartocoffeewhenbrewed.Chicorycontainstheusefulpolysaccharideinulinandantioxidants,usefulindiabetesmellitusandhypertension.