12月16日外媒科学网站摘要:与治疗相比,预防和筛查让更多人避免死于癌症细胞免疫抗体

12月16日(星期一)消息,国外知名科学网站的主要内容如下:

《自然》网站(www.nature.com)

在针对老鼠的实验中,美国斯坦福大学的研究人员发现,表皮葡萄球菌还能激活B细胞,后者是生成抗体所需的关键免疫细胞。随后,皮肤产生针对表皮葡萄球菌的抗体,这些抗体可持续至少200天,即使不接触其他微生物也能形成。

即使淋巴结——激活免疫细胞的重要中枢——失效,皮肤仍能产生免疫反应。此外,表皮葡萄球菌的存在还能促使皮肤内形成专门的免疫结构,吸引T细胞和B细胞,从而进一步促进抗体的生成。

在第二项研究中,研究人员发现表皮葡萄球菌能够引发一种类似传统疫苗的抗体反应。通过修饰表皮葡萄球菌,使其在表面展示外源蛋白(例如破伤风毒素的一部分),研究人员成功在小鼠的血液和粘膜(如鼻腔内壁)中诱导免疫反应。当这些小鼠接触致死剂量的毒素时,免疫反应有效地保护了它们。

美国哈佛医学院的皮肤免疫学家指出,目前尚不清楚人类皮肤对表皮葡萄球菌的免疫反应是否与老鼠一样强烈。他提到,初步数据显示,健康人群中对表皮葡萄球菌的抗体水平较高。然而,在这种方法用于人类之前,需先在非人类灵长类动物和人类身上证明其安全性和有效性。

《每日科学》网站(www.sciencedaily.com)

1、一项研究揭示了遗传密码的起源

尽管生物多样性令人叹为观止,但几乎所有生命形式——从细菌到蓝鲸——都共享相同的遗传密码。然而,这个密码是如何以及何时形成的,一直是科学界争论的焦点。

美国亚利桑那大学的研究人员提供了有力证据,表明教科书中关于通用遗传密码进化的内容需要重新审视。该研究最近发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。

研究人员指出,目前关于遗传密码进化的主流理解存在缺陷,因为它依赖于可能具有误导性的实验室研究,而非实际的进化证据。

研究团队采用了一种新方法,分析整个生命树的氨基酸序列,追溯至“最后的普遍共同祖先”(LUCA),这一假设的生物种群大约生活在40亿年前,是所有现存生命的共同祖先。与以往基于全长蛋白质序列的研究不同,他们聚焦于较短的蛋白质结构域,从而更深入地探索了遗传密码的起源。

2、研究人员成功产生并控制新的量子态

强光场能够生成全新的量子态。电子只要被束缚在原子内,它们的能量值就只能固定在某些离散水平上,这主要取决于原子本身。然而,当原子暴露在非常强的激光光束中时,这些能级会发生改变,从而形成混合的电子-光子态。

实验中,科学家们利用费米自由电子激光器生成高强度的极紫外光,这种辐射的波长小于100纳米,是操控氦原子中电子状态所必需的。

3、新分子大幅提高从空气中捕获碳的能力

美国俄勒冈州立大学(OregonStateUniversity)的研究人员成功合成了一种新分子,可快速从空气中捕获大量二氧化碳,为减缓气候变化提供了重要手段。

该研究聚焦于钛过氧化物,建立在他们早期对钒过氧化物研究的基础之上。这是美国政府推动创新直接空气捕获(DAC)技术的一部分,旨在开发新材料以减少燃烧化石燃料产生的二氧化碳排放。研究成果最近发表在《材料化学》(ChemistryofMaterials)杂志上。

目前,从空气中过滤二氧化碳的技术仍处于初级阶段,而减少二氧化碳进入大气层的技术(如发电厂碳捕获)更为成熟。然而,科学家指出,如果地球想要避免气候变化的最严重后果,两种类型的碳捕获都不可或缺。

直接捕获二氧化碳的主要挑战在于成本高和能源消耗大。此外,大气中二氧化碳的浓度仅为百万分之四,这对碳捕获材料的性能提出了严苛要求。

研究人员选择研究钛,因为钛不仅比钒便宜100倍,还更加丰富和环保,同时已在工业应用中表现出优异性能。由于钛和钒在元素周期表上位置相邻,研究团队假设钛的碳捕获行为可能与钒相似。

他们合成了几种新的四氧钛酸盐结构,其中一个钛原子与四个过氧化物基团相配,这些结构表现出了不同的二氧化碳去除能力。由于过氧化基团具有强氧化性,这些结构往往表现出很高的活性。

研究人员发现,最优的碳捕获结构是四氧钛酸钾。它不仅能高效捕获二氧化碳,还兼具过氧溶剂的特性。这意味着,除了与钛形成过氧化物键外,其结构中还包含过氧化氢,这正是研究团队认为其活性如此之高的原因。

研究人员运用统计模型和癌症死亡率数据,评估了1975年至2020年间,预防、筛查和治疗对减少这五种癌症死亡人数的相对贡献。

数据显示,从1975年到2020年,这五种癌症共避免了约594万例死亡。其中,预防和筛查占总干预效果的80%,即约475万人。

研究人员指出,这些结论基于美国的总体人口数据,可能无法完全适用于特定人群。此外,该研究未涉及干预措施的潜在副作用,如筛查导致的假阳性结果、过度诊断,也未衡量生活质量等因素的影响。

2、MIT开发先进声学超材料,解锁超声波控制新潜力

声学超材料是一种经过特殊设计的材料,具有独特的结构,可以精确控制声波或弹性波的传播。虽然研究人员已经通过计算机模型和理论深入探索了这些材料,但实际制造的应用多局限于大型结构和低频波段。

麻省理工学院(MIT)联合美国能源部的研究人员,近期开发出一种全新的设计框架,用于在微尺度声学超材料中控制超声波传播。这项研究成果发表在《科学进展》(ScienceAdvances)杂志上。

研究团队提出了一种基于微尺度球体精准定位的设计方法,以调节超声波在3D微尺度超材料中的传播。他们研究了将微小球形质量嵌入超材料晶格中如何影响超声波的传播速度,并实现了波引导或聚焦功能。

通过非破坏性、高通量激光超声表征技术,研究人员证明了微尺度材料中弹性波速度的可调性。团队利用这一方法实现了微尺度材料中超声波传播的时空调节,并展示了一种声学解复用器,可将一个声学信号分离成多个输出信号。这一发现为超声波成像和超声信号传输的新型微型设备奠定了基础。

此外,该研究拓展了微尺度声学超材料的实验能力,包括制造与表征技术。这些进展不仅适用于医学超声,还可应用于机械计算等领域。研究团队通过简单的几何变化调节动态特性,证明了这种调节可以用质量和刚度变化的函数来描述。更重要的是,这一框架具有广泛的适用性,可扩展到其他制造技术,仅需单一组成材料和基本的3D几何结构,就能实现高度可调的性能。(刘春)

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