政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《2021中国的航天》
2021中国的航天
China’sSpaceProgram:A2021Perspective
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
TheStateCouncilInformationOfficeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
2022年1月
January2022
目录
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、开启全面建设航天强国新征程
I.ANewJourneyTowardsaStrongSpacePresence
二、发展空间技术与系统
II.DevelopmentofSpaceTechnologyandSystems
三、培育壮大空间应用产业
III.DevelopingandExpandingSpaceApplicationIndustry
四、开展空间科学探索与研究
IV.ResearchonSpaceScience
五、推进航天治理现代化
V.ModernizingSpaceGovernance
六、构建航天国际合作新格局
VI.InternationalCooperation
结束语
Conclusion
习近平总书记指出，“探索浩瀚宇宙，发展航天事业，建设航天强国，是我们不懈追求的航天梦。”中国始终把发展航天事业作为国家整体发展战略的重要组成部分，始终坚持为和平目的探索和利用外层空间。
“Toexplorethevastcosmos,developthespaceindustryandbuildChinaintoaspacepowerisoureternaldream,”statedPresidentXiJinping.Thespaceindustryisacriticalelementoftheoverallnationalstrategy,andChinaupholdstheprincipleofexplorationandutilizationofouterspaceforpeacefulpurposes.
2016年以来，中国航天进入创新发展“快车道”，空间基础设施建设稳步推进，北斗全球卫星导航系统建成开通，高分辨率对地观测系统基本建成，卫星通信广播服务能力稳步增强，探月工程“三步走”圆满收官，中国空间站建设全面开启，“天问一号”实现从地月系到行星际探测的跨越，取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。
Since2016,China’sspaceindustryhasmaderapidandinnovativeprogress,manifestedbyasteadyimprovementinspaceinfrastructure,thecompletionandoperationoftheBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem,thecompletionofthehigh-resolutionearthobservationsystem,steadyimprovementoftheserviceabilityofsatellitecommunicationsandbroadcasting,theconclusionofthelaststepofthethree-steplunarexplorationprogram(“orbit,land,andreturn”),thefirststagesinbuildingthespacestation,andasmoothinterplanetaryvoyageandlandingbeyondtheearth-moonsystembyTianwen-1,followedbytheexplorationofMars.Theseachievementshaveattractedworldwideattention.
未来五年，中国航天将立足新发展阶段，贯彻新发展理念，构建新发展格局，按照高质量发展要求，推动空间科学、空间技术、空间应用全面发展，开启全面建设航天强国新征程，为服务国家发展大局、在外空领域推动构建人类命运共同体、促进人类文明进步作出更大贡献。
Inthenextfiveyears,Chinawillintegratespacescience,technologyandapplicationswhilepursuingthenewdevelopmentphilosophy,buildinganewdevelopmentmodelandmeetingtherequirementsforhigh-qualitydevelopment.Itwillstartanewjourneytowardsaspacepower.ThespaceindustrywillcontributemoretoChina’sgrowthasawhole,toglobalconsensusandcommoneffortwithregardtoouterspaceexplorationandutilization,andtohumanprogress.
为介绍2016年以来中国航天活动主要进展、未来五年主要任务，进一步增进国际社会对中国航天事业的了解，特发布本白皮书。
WearepublishingthiswhitepapertoofferabriefintroductiontoChina’smajorachievementsinthisfieldsince2016anditsmaintasksinthenextfiveyears,inordertohelptheinternationalcommunitybetterunderstandChina’sspaceindustry.
(一)发展宗旨
1.Mission
探索外层空间，扩展对地球和宇宙的认识;和平利用外层空间，维护外层空间安全，在外空领域推动构建人类命运共同体，造福全人类;满足经济建设、科技发展、国家安全和社会进步等方面的需求，提高全民科学文化素质，维护国家权益，增强综合国力。
ThemissionofChina’sspaceprogramis:toexploreouterspacetoexpandhumanity’sunderstandingoftheearthandthecosmos;tofacilitateglobalconsensusonoursharedresponsibilityinutilizingouterspaceforpeacefulpurposesandsafeguardingitssecurityforthebenefitofallhumanity;tomeetthedemandsofeconomic,scientificandtechnologicaldevelopment,nationalsecurityandsocialprogress;andtoraisethescientificandculturallevelsoftheChinesepeople,protectChina’snationalrightsandinterests,andbuildupitsoverallstrength.
(二)发展愿景
2.Vision
全面建成航天强国，持续提升科学认知太空能力、自由进出太空能力、高效利用太空能力、有效治理太空能力，成为国家安全的维护者、科技自立自强的引领者、经济社会高质量发展的推动者、外空科学治理的倡导者和人类文明发展的开拓者，为建设社会主义现代化强国、推动人类和平与发展的崇高事业作出积极贡献。
Chinaaimstostrengthenitsspacepresenceinanall-roundmanner:toenhanceitscapacitytobetterunderstand,freelyaccess,efficientlyuse,andeffectivelymanagespace;todefendnationalsecurity,leadself-relianceandself-improvementeffortsinscienceandtechnology,andpromotehigh-qualityeconomicandsocialdevelopment;toadvocatesoundandefficientgovernanceofouterspace,andpioneerhumanprogress;andtomakeapositivecontributiontoChina’ssocialistmodernizationandtopeaceandprogressforallhumanity.
(三)发展原则
3.Principles
中国发展航天事业服从和服务于国家整体发展战略，坚持创新引领、协同高效、和平发展、合作共享的原则，推动航天高质量发展。
China’sspaceindustryissubjecttoandservestheoverallnationalstrategy.Chinaadherestotheprinciplesofinnovation-driven,coordinated,efficient,andpeacefulprogressbasedoncooperationandsharingtoensureahigh-qualityspaceindustry.
——创新引领。坚持创新在航天事业发展中的核心地位，建强航天领域国家战略科技力量，实施航天重大科技工程，强化原创引领的科技创新，持续优化创新生态，加快产品化进程，不断提升航天自主发展能力和安全发展能力。
–Innovation-drivendevelopment
Chinaputsinnovationatthecoreofitsspaceindustry.Itboostsstatestrategicscientificandtechnologicalstrengthinthespaceindustry,implementsmajorspaceprograms,strengthensoriginalinnovation,optimizestheenvironmentforinnovation,achievesindustrialproductionasearlyaspossible,andgrowsChina’sindependentcapacitytobuildasafespaceindustry.
——协同高效。坚持系统观念，更好发挥新型举国体制优势，引导各方力量有序参与航天发展，科学统筹部署航天活动，强化空间技术对空间科学、空间应用的推动牵引作用，培育壮大新模式新业态，提升航天发展的质量效益和整体效能。
–Coordinationandefficiency
Chinaadoptsaholisticapproachinbuildingitsspaceindustry.Itmobilizesandguidesdifferentsectorstotakepartinandcontributetothiskeyindustry,andcoordinatesallrelevantactivitiesunderanoverallplan.Itensuresthattechnologyplaysagreaterroleinpromotingandguidingspacescienceandapplications,anditfacilitatesthegrowthofnewformsandmodelsofbusinessfortheindustry.ThesemeasuresaimtoraisethequalityandoverallperformanceofChina’sspaceindustry.
——和平发展。始终坚持和平利用外层空间，反对外空武器化、战场化和外空军备竞赛，合理开发和利用空间资源，切实保护空间环境，维护一个和平、清洁的外层空间，使航天活动造福全人类。
–Forpeacefulpurposes
Chinahasalwaysadvocatedtheuseofouterspaceforpeacefulpurposes,andopposesanyattempttoturnouterspaceintoaweaponorbattlefieldorlaunchanarmsraceinouterspace.Chinadevelopsandutilizesspaceresourcesinaprudentmanner,takeseffectivemeasurestoprotectthespaceenvironment,ensuresthatspaceremainspeacefulandclean,andguaranteesthatitsspaceactivitiesbenefithumanity.
——合作共享。坚持独立自主与开放合作相结合，深化高水平国际交流与合作，拓展航天技术和产品全球公共服务，积极参与解决人类面临的重大挑战，助力联合国2030年可持续发展议程目标实现，在外空领域推动构建人类命运共同体。
–Cooperationandsharing
Chinaalwayscombinesindependenceandself-reliancewithopeningtotheoutsideworld.Itactivelyengagesinhigh-levelinternationalexchangesandcooperation,andexpandsglobalpublicservicesforspacetechnologyandproducts.Ittakesanactivepartinsolvingmajorchallengesfacinghumanity,helpstorealizethegoalsoftheUnitedNations2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,andfacilitatesglobalconsensusandcommoneffortwithregardtoouterspaceexplorationandutilization.
中国航天面向世界科技前沿和国家重大战略需求，以航天重大工程为牵引，加快关键核心技术攻关和应用，大力发展空间技术与系统，全面提升进出、探索、利用和治理空间能力，推动航天可持续发展。
China’sspaceindustryservesitsmajorstrategicneeds,andtargetscutting-edgetechnologythatleadstheworld.Spearheadedbythemajorspaceprojects,thecountryhasacceleratedresearchintocoretechnologies,steppeduptheirapplication,andredoubleditseffortstodevelopspacetechnologyandsystems.Asaresult,China’scapacitytoenterandreturnfromspace,anditsabilitytoengageinspaceexploration,utilizationandgovernancehavegrownmarkedlyalongasustainablepath.
(一)航天运输系统
1.SpaceTransportSystem
2016年以来，截至2021年12月，共完成207次发射任务，其中长征系列运载火箭发射共完成183次，总发射次数突破400次。长征系列运载火箭加速向无毒、无污染、模块化、智慧化方向升级换代，“长征五号”“长征五号乙”运载火箭实现应用发射，“长征八号”“长征七号甲”实现首飞，运载能力持续增强。运载火箭多样化发射服务能力迈上新台阶，“长征十一号”实现海上商业化应用发射，“捷龙一号”“快舟一号甲”“双曲线一号”“谷神星一号”等商业运载火箭成功发射。可重复使用运载器飞行演示验证试验取得成功。
From2016toDecember2021,207launchmissionswerecompleted,including183bytheLongMarchcarrierrocketseries.Thetotallaunchattemptsexceeded400.
TheLongMarchcarrierrocketsarebeingupgradedtowardsnon-toxicandpollution-freelaunch,andtheyarebecomingsmarterboostedbymodulartechnology.TheLongMarch-5andLongMarch-5Bcarrierrocketshavebeenemployedforregularlaunches;LongMarch-8andLongMarch-7Ahavemadetheirmaidenflights,withincreasedpayloadcapacity.
Chinanowprovidesavarietyoflaunchvehicleservices.TheLongMarch-11carrierrockethasachievedcommerciallaunchfromthesea;theSmartDragon-1,Kuaizhou-1A,Hyperbola-1,CERES-1andothercommercialvehicleshavebeensuccessfullylaunched;successfuldemonstrationflighttestsonreusablelaunchvehicleshavebeencarriedout.
未来五年，中国将持续提升航天运输系统综合性能，加速实现运载火箭升级换代。推动运载火箭型谱发展，研制发射新一代载人运载火箭和大推力固体运载火箭，加快推动重型运载火箭工程研制。持续开展重复使用航天运输系统关键技术攻关和演示验证。面向航班化发射需求，发展新型火箭发动机、组合动力、上面级等技术，拓展多样化便利进出空间能力。
Inthenextfiveyears,Chinawillcontinuetoimprovethecapacityandperformanceofitsspacetransportsystem,andmovefastertoupgradelaunchvehicles.Itwillfurtherexpandthelaunchvehiclefamily,sendintospacenew-generationmannedcarrierrocketsandhigh-thrustsolid-fuelcarrierrockets,andspeeduptheR&Dofheavy-liftlaunchvehicles.Itwillcontinuetostrengthenresearchintokeytechnologiesforreusablespacetransportsystems,andconducttestflightsaccordingly.Inresponsetothegrowingneedforregularlaunches,Chinawilldevelopnewrocketengines,combinedcyclepropulsion,andupperstagetechnologiestoimproveitscapacitytoenterandreturnfromspace,andmakespaceentryandexitmoreefficient.
(二)空间基础设施
2.SpaceInfrastructure
(1)Satelliteremote-sensingsystem
Thespace-basedsectionoftheChinaHigh-resolutionEarthObservationSystemhasbeenlargelycompleted,enablinghigh-spatial-resolution,high-temporal-resolutionandhigh-spectrum-resolutionearthobservation.Chinanowprovidesimprovedlandobservationservices,havinglaunchedtheZiyuan-303earthresourcessatellite,theHuanjingJianzai-2A/2Bsatellitesforenvironmentaldisastermanagement,ahigh-resolutionmulti-modeimagingsatellite,ahyper-spectralobservationsatellite,andanumberofcommercialremote-sensingsatellites.
Inoceanobservation,Chinaisnowabletoviewmultipleindexesofcontiguouswatersaroundtheglobeonallscales,withhigh-resolutionimagesfromtheHaiyang-1C/1DsatellitesandtheHaiyang-2B/2C/2Dsatellites.
China’sabilitytoobservetheglobalatmospherehasachievedasignificantincrease.Itsnew-generationFengyun-4A/4Bmeteorologicalsatellitesinthegeostationaryorbitareabletoperformall-weather,preciseanduninterruptedatmosphericmonitoringanddisastermonitoringtoboostresponsecapability.ThesuccessfullaunchesofFengyun-3D/3Esatellitesenablecoordinatedmorning,afternoonandtwilightmonitoring,andtheFengyun-2HsatelliteprovidesmonitoringservicesforcountriesandregionsparticipatingintheBeltandRoadInitiative.
Withfurtherimprovementstothegroundsystemofitsremote-sensingsatellites,Chinaisnowabletoprovideremote-sensingsatellitedatareceivingandquickprocessingservicesacrosstheworld.
卫星通信广播系统。固定通信广播卫星系统建设稳步推进，覆盖区域、通信容量等性能进一步提升，成功发射“中星”6C、“中星”9B等卫星，支持广播电视业务连续稳定运行;成功发射“中星”16、“亚太”6D卫星，单星通信容量达到50Gbps，中国卫星通信进入“高通量”时代。移动通信广播卫星系统逐步完善，成功发射“天通一号”02/03星，与“天通一号”01星组网运行，具备为中国及周边、亚太部分地区手持终端用户提供语音、短消息和数据等移动通信服务能力。中继卫星系统建设迈入升级换代新阶段，成功发射“天链一号”05星和“天链二号”01星，综合性能大幅提升。卫星通信广播地面系统持续完善，形成全球覆盖天地融合的卫星通信广播、互联网、物联网及信息服务能力。
(2)Satellitecommunicationsandbroadcastingsystem
Chinahasmadesteadyprogressindevelopingfixedcommunicationsandbroadcastingsatellitenetwork,whichnowcoversmoreareaswithgreatercapacity.TheZhongxing-6CandZhongxing-9Bsatellitesensuretheuninterrupted,stableoperationofbroadcastingandtelevisionservices.TheZhongxing-16andAPSTAR-6Dsatellites,eachwitha50Gbpscapacity,signifythatsatellitecommunicationsinChinahavereachedthestageofhigh-capacityservice.
ThemobilecommunicationsandbroadcastingsatellitenetworkhasexpandedwiththelaunchoftheTiantong-102/03satellites,operatingintandemwiththeTiantong-101satellite,toprovidevoice,shortmessageanddataservicesforhand-heldterminalusersinChina,itsneighboringareas,andcertainpartsoftheAsia-Pacific.
TherelaysatellitesystemisbeingupgradedwiththelaunchoftheTianlian-105andTianlian-201satellites,givingapowerfulboosttocapacity.
Thesatellitecommunicationsandbroadcastinggroundsystemhasbeenimproved,toformaspace-groundintegratednetworkthatprovidessatellitecommunicationsandbroadcasting,internet,InternetofThings,andinformationservicesaroundtheglobe.
卫星导航系统。北斗三号全球卫星导航系统全面建成开通，完成30颗卫星发射组网，北斗系统“三步走”战略圆满完成，正式进入服务全球新时代。北斗系统具备定位导航授时、全球短报文通信、区域短报文通信、国际搜救、星基增强、地基增强、精密单点定位共七类服务能力，服务性能达到世界先进水平。
(3)Satellitenavigationsystem
Thecompletionandoperationofthe30-satelliteBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS-3)representsthesuccessfulconclusionofthesystem’sthree-stepstrategyanditscapacitytoservetheworld.BeiDou’sworld-leadingservicesincludepositioning,navigation,timing,regionalandglobalshort-messagecommunication,globalsearchandrescue,ground-basedandsatellite-basedaugmentation,andprecisepointpositioning.
未来五年，中国将持续完善国家空间基础设施，推动遥感、通信、导航卫星融合技术发展，加快提升泛在通联、精准时空、全维感知的空间信息服务能力。研制静止轨道微波探测、新一代海洋水色、陆地生态系统碳监测、大气环境监测等卫星，发展双天线X波段干涉合成孔径雷达、陆地水资源等卫星技术，形成综合高效的全球对地观测和数据获取能力。推动构建高低轨协同的卫星通信系统，开展新型通信卫星技术验证与商业应用，建设第二代数据中继卫星系统。开展下一代北斗卫星导航系统导航通信融合、低轨增强等深化研究和技术攻关，推动构建更加泛在、更加融合、更加智能的国家综合定位导航授时(PNT)体系。持续完善卫星遥感、通信、导航地面系统。
Inthenextfiveyears,Chinawillcontinuetoimproveitsspaceinfrastructure,andintegrateremote-sensing,communications,navigation,andpositioningsatellitetechnologies.Itwill:
Upgradeitsspatialinformationservicesfeaturingextensiveconnection,precisetimingandpositioning,andalldimensionsensoring;
Developsatellitesforgeostationarymicrowavemonitoring,new-typeoceancolorobservation,carbonmonitoringoftheterritorialecosystem,andatmosphericenvironmentalmonitoring;
Developdual-antennaX-bandinterferometricsyntheticapertureradar(InSAR),landwaterresourcesandothersatellitetechnology,forefficient,comprehensiveearthobservationanddataacquisitionacrosstheglobe;
Buildasatellitecommunicationsnetworkwithhighandloworbitcoordination,testnewcommunicationssatellitesforcommercialapplication,andbuildasecond-generationdatarelaysatellitesystem;
Studyandresearchnavigation-communicationsintegration,low-orbitaugmentationandotherkeytechnologiesforthenext-generationBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem,anddevelopamoreextensive,moreintegratedandsmarternationalpositioning,navigationandtiming(PNT)system;
Continuetoimprovethegroundsystemsforremote-sensing,communicationsandnavigationsatellites.