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WordoftheWeekremainsakeynotein2024,simplytothrowsomedisruptioninamongstthe'yeah-nah'mix.
Noun
1.thewarmestseasonoftheyear,inthenorthernhemispherefromJunetoAugustandinthesouthernhemispherefromDecembertoFebruary.
Verb
1.spendthesummerinaparticularplace.
FromMiddleEnglishsomer,fromOldEnglishsumor"summer,"fromProto-Germanicsumra-(sourcealsoofOldSaxon,OldNorse,OldHighGermansumar,OldFrisiansumur,MiddleDutchsomer,Dutchzomer,GermanSommer).Thisisfromwordroot*sm-"summer"(sourcealsoofSanskritsama"season,half-year,"Avestanhama"insummer,"Armenianamarn"summer,"OldIrishsam,OldWelshham,Welshhaf"summer").
Themeaning"ageinyears"(countedbysummers)isbyc.1300.Asanadjectivefromc.1300,"oforpertainingtosummer."Figuratively,"lastingonlyaslongaspleasureorprosperitydoes,"by1590s.
Summerresortisattestedfrom1823;summer-asageneralmodifierinreferencetopeoplewhovisitaplaceonlyduringthesummerisby1886.Thetheatricalsummerstockisattestedfrom1941(seestock(n.2)),originallyespeciallyofcompaniesorganizedforsummerresorts.
Asummer'sdayas"averylongday"isbyc.1300.OldNorsesumarsdag,firstdayofsummer,wastheThursdaythatfellbetweenApril9and15.
Hethenadmonishedthegovernor.WhenfacedwiththerighteousfuryofNicholas,Eustathiosfelltohiskneesandrepented,promisingtochangehisways,sourcessuggest.
HelloKitty’slongevityispartlydowntoherinherentsimplicity.Intermsofdesign,sheiscomposedofafewbasicshapes,sixshortmarksforwhiskers,andaredbow.Sheiseasytorecogniseandcheaptoreproduce.
Collaboratingwithotherfirmshasbeenabigpartofthis.In1996,SanriolaunchedbeganitsfirstcollaborationwithanelectronicsretailchaininHongKong.ButthingsreallydevelopedthreeyearslaterwhenthecompanyjoinedupwithMcDonald’stoofferaHelloKittymealdeal.
TherearealsotwoofficiallylicensedthemeparksinJapan,SanrioPuroland(inTokyo)andHarmonyland(inōita),withanotherduetoopenonChina’sHainanislandin2025.
Forsomereason,thisseemstoapplysolelytolyrics.Writersfromothermedia,suchasfilmandTV,aregenerallypresumedtocreatetheircharactersandstoriesfromtheirimaginations,ratherthanpersonalexperience,evenwhenwritinginthefirstperson.
Indeed,peopledon’ttendtoleaptotheconclusionthatPatrickBatemanofAmericanPsychoisawindowintothesoulofBretEastonEllis.NorthatBreakingBad’sWalterWhiteismerelyacaricatureofhiscreatorVinceGilligan.
SowhydosomanyofusimmediatelyassumeeveryTaylorSwiftlyricisathinlyveiledcritiqueofanex-boyfriendOrthateverynewKanyetrackisawindowintohismentalstate
Mastersofthelyricalcraftuseimagery,syntax,allegoricallanguage,rhyme,perspectiveandnumerousrhetoricaldevicestocreateemotive,persuasiveorlife-affirmingwork.Workwhichcan,ofcourse,beasfictitiousasanyotherliterarywork.
Itisashumblingasitismotivatingtothinkabouthowmuchwestillhavetolearnabouttheuniverse.MycollaboratorsandIhavejusttackledoneofastrophysics’enduringmysteries:howmassiveellipticalgalaxiescanform.
Sohowdidthegalaxiestransformtheirshapefromflatdiscstothree-dimensionalellipticalgalaxies
Ourstudyexaminedthedistributionofdustinmorethan100distantgalaxies,whichweknowwereforminglotsofstarsbackwhentheuniversewasbetween2.2billionand5.9billionyearsold.Dustindicatesthepresenceofgas—thematerialfromwhichnewstarsareformed—andenablesustostudytheregionswithinagalaxythatareactivelyformingnewstars.
Usinganovelobservationaltechnique,wefoundthatthedustinthesedistantgalaxiesisextremelycompactandisn’twhatweexpectedfromflatdisc-shapedgalaxies.Furthermore,wewereabletoinferthethree-dimensionalgeometryofthedust-emittingregions.Thisanalysisindicatesthatmostoftheearlystar-forminggalaxieswereactuallysphericalratherthandisc-shaped.Infact,theycloselyresembletheshapeofellipticalgalaxiesnearustoday.
Wethenusedcosmologicalcomputersimulationstointerprettheobservationalresultsandunderstandthephysicalmechanismsthatmayhavecauseddustandgastosinkintothecentresofthesedistant,star-forminggalaxies.
Ouranalysisrevealsthatthesimultaneousactionofcoldgasstreamsfromsurroundinggalaxiesalongwithgalaxyinteractionsandmergerscandrivegasanddustintocompact,star-formingcoreswithinthesegalaxies.Thesimulationsalsoshowusthatthisprocesswascommonintheearlyuniverse,providingakeyexplanationfortherapidformationofellipticalgalaxies.
Ourfindingsaddacrucialpiecetothispuzzle,advancingourunderstandingofgalaxyformationandevolution.
ThisdiscoverywasmadepossiblebyanoveltechniqueforanalysingALMAobservations.Almadataaredifferentthantheimagesweareusedtoseefromopticaltelescopes.Infact,Almaoperatesbycombiningsignalsfrommultipleantennasthatworktogetherasasingle,gianttelescope.
Thistechniqueisknownasinterferometry,andwhileitallowstoobtainsharpimagesofdistantgalaxies,thedataanalysisismorecomplexthanfortraditionalopticalimages.Ournewtechniqueenablesmoreprecisemeasurementsofdustdistributioncomparedtopreviousmethods,offeringasignificantadvancementinthisfield.
ComparedwithAfrica’sotherbiganimals,hipposhavebeenrelativelyneglectedinscientificresearch.Partly,thisisbecausethey’rehardtostudyanddangeroustoencounter.
Otherfactorsmaketheirpopulationshardforpeopletotrackandmanage.Forinstance,hipposareparticularlyhardtosedateandmove,astheytendtorunintowaterassoonastheyaredartedandriskdrowning.Evenifthey’restillalive,noonewantstofishadrowsyone-tonneanimaloutofmurkywaterthatmaybehometootherhipposorcrocodiles.
Butthesechallengesmustbeovercome,ashipposaresuchecologicallyimportantanimals.Theirfeedinghabitsshapevegetationpatternsalongwatercourses,andtheirdungcontributestoaquaticfoodwebs,supportingmanyfishandinvertebratespecies.Inmanyregions,theyarealsoasignificantattractionforeco-tourism.
However,thesemapsareoftenbasedonoutdateddataandsometimesentirelyomitimportantregions.Forinstance,theabovemapshowshipposalongthecoastofnorthernNamibia,yetalocalexpertIspoketosaystheyhaven’tbeenseentheresincethe1970s.
Thecreationofastandardised,comprehensivehippodatabasewouldbeanimportantmilestoneinhippoconservationefforts,andwouldhelpmitigateconflictsbetweenhumansandhippos.Surveysofhippopopulationsalsoneedtobestandardisedacrossthecontinenttoensureconsistencyindatacollectionandanalysis.Thiswouldallowforbettercomparisonsbetweenregions,helpingustoseehowdifferentthreatsareaffectinghipposindifferentplaces.
ColleaguesandIhavebeguntoaddressthesedatagaps,withacomprehensivereviewofcommonhippodistributionrecordsandpopulationestimatesacrosssouthernAfricafrom2003to2023.
Fornow,ourmapanddatabasecoversonlythesouthernthirdofAfrica.Eventually,wewouldlikeittobeextendedacrossthecontinent,asmostcountriessouthoftheSaharahaveatleastsomesmallpopulationsofhippos–ordidintherecentpast.
Atalocallevel,itisimportanttobalanceagriculturalpracticesandlandusewiththeconservationofwetlands.Ratherthandrainingwetlands,specialbarriersmightbeabetteroptiontokeepsomedistancebetweenhumansandhippos.Educationprogrammescanhelpraiseawarenessoftheculturalandecologicalvalueofhippos–aswellastheirdangers.
Onabroaderscale,weneedacoordinatedinternationalefforttopromotetransfrontierconservationareasanddevelopanAfrica-widedatabaseandstandardisedsurveymethods.Thiswouldhelpsecurethefutureofthisiconicspecies.
Herananextraordinary20.04secondsforthe200m,breakinga56-year-oldAustralianrecord.
Equallyimpressivewashis10.04secondsforthe100m–unfortunatelyitwaswind-assistedandineligibleforrecords,butreinforcedhisincrediblepotential.
Foramoment,let’sreflectonthesignificanceofhisperformance:
So,whatcomesnextforthisexcitingQueenslander
Withaneyeonthe2028LosAngelesand2032BrisbaneOlympics,itisimportanttorememberthatGoutisstillclassifiedajuniorathlete.
Remarkably,heisuniquelypositionedtocompeteconcurrentlyatboththejuniorandseniorWorldChampionships.
Thesecompetitionsalternateeverytwoyears,providinginvaluableexperienceinlearningtomanageinternationaltravel,newenvironmentsandintenseworld-classcompetition.
Histrainingrevolvesaroundsprint-specificdrills,gymsessionsforstrengthandpower,andrecovery.
UndercoachDianneSheppard,histrainingwillevolvewithhisageandmaturity.
Toanoutsider,itmaynotseemsoobvious,butwhatwillchangeisthecomplexityandspecificityofthetrainingsessions.
Ashegrowsstrongernaturally,hisgymworkwillhelprefinethatstrengthtoexplodeoutoftheblocksandholdhissprintingtechnique.
Sprint-specificexerciseswillbecomeincreasinglytailoredtoenhancehisaccelerationandtop-endspeed.
Recoverywillalsobecomemoreimportantashisbodyadjuststogreaterphysicaldemands.
Thisiswheretheroleofhiscoachiscrucial.
NotonlydoesSheppardprovidethetechnicalguidanceinthegymandonthetrack,shewillalsoneedtonavigatethemultitudeofinternalandexternalfactorsnecessaryforGouttoperformontheworldstageandharnesshisability.
Risingtofameat16canbringenormouspressure.
Athleteswithhighself-efficacy,astrongsenseofcontrol,andanapproach-orientedmindsetaremorelikelytoexperienceachallengestate,wheretheyviewpressureasanopportunitytoperformtheirbest.
InthecaseofGout,akeyconsiderationiswhetherhehasthecognitivematuritytocopewiththepressuresofhisrapidrisetostardomandtrulyunderstandwhatittakestobethebestintheworld.
Youcan’tgettothetopwithtalentalone.Youneedwork,youneedsacrifice,youhavetobededicated.Ittookmetime,butIlearned[…]whenIwasyoung,Ididn’tunderstandtheconceptof“beinggreat”.
Managingtheexpectationsplacedonhimwillbeessentialforhislong-termsuccess.
Forsome,thepressuresofsuchcomparisonswouldbeoverwhelming,howeverwhenaskedabouthisperformance,Goutrespondedconfidently:
Youknowwhattheysay–pressuremakesdiamondsandIguessI’mbetterthanadiamondrightnow.
Thisstatementshouldnotbeperceivedascockiness,butconfidenceandadisplayofhisathleticmindset.
Gout’sperformanceattherecentAustralianall-schoolseventwasoutofthisworld.
Withhistechnical,tactical,physical,andpsychologicalskillsondisplayfortheworldtosee,hepossessesallthetoolstonotonlybeAustralia’snextsprintsensationbuttheworld’snextsprintking.
AndwiththeBrisbane2032OlympicGamesjustsevenyearsaway,hehastheidealtimeframetoreachhisfullathleticpotential.
Inthemeantime,asanationwemustbepatientandallowhimtodevelopasapersonandanathlete.
Yetinanerawherespacetourismhasbecomepossible,theredplanethasemergedasadreamlandforricheccentricsandtechnoutopians.Asisoftenthecasewithsciencecommunication,there’sagulfbetweenhowclosewearetothisultimategoalandwherethegeneralpublicunderstandsittobe.
However,IbelievethereisarationaleforsettlingMarsandthatthisobjectiveisnotasfaroffassomewouldbelieve.Thereareactuallyafewgoodreasonstobeoptimisticabouthumanity’sfutureontheredplanet.
Whenscaledup,similarmachineswouldbeabletoseparateoxygenfromhydrogentoproducebreathableair,rocketfuelandwater.Thismakesiteasiertotraveltotheplanetandliveonthesurfacebecauseit’snotnecessarytobringthesecommoditiesfromEarth–theycanbemadeonceonMars.Generatingfuelonthesurfacewouldalsomakeanyfuturehabitatlessreliantonelectricorsolar-poweredvehicles.
Sheisnotalone,aseachyearseesnewprojectsincaves,desertsandotherextremeenvironments,wherelongtermstudiescanexplorethephysicalandpsychologicaldemandsonhumanslivinginsuchisolatedenvironments.
SeveraluncrewedlaunchesfromEarthcouldferrynecessaryequipmenttoMars.Thesecouldincludeavehicleforcrewmemberstoreturnon.Thismeansthateverythingcouldbereadyforthefirstcrewoncetheyarrived.
OnMars,there’sa24-minutecommunicationdelaywithEarth.ThismeansthatMartianswillneedtobeself-sustainingandlessreliantontheirhomeworldfromthebeginning.Whilethiscouldposechallenges,theyarenotinsurmountable.
Writinginhismagazine,HouseholdWords,inDecember1850,DickensdescribedthegiftsanddecorationsonatypicalChristmastreeinamiddle-classhousehold.
Therewererosycheekeddolls,hidingbehindthegreenleaves…thereweretambourines,books,work-boxes,paint-boxes,sweetmeat-boxes,peep-showboxes,allkindsofboxes…therewereteetotums,humming-tops,needle-cases,pen-wipers,smelling-bottles,conversationcards,bouquet-holders…imitationapples,pears,andwalnuts,crammedwithsurprises;inshort,asaprettychild,beforeme,delightedlywhisperedtoanotherprettychild,herbosomfriend,‘Therewaseverything,andmore.’
“Everything,andmore”maysoundlikeamodernretailslogan,butmanyofthesethingscanbemadeathomewiththingsyoualreadyown.Soifyou’relookingtocutdownonyourconsumptionthisyear,youmaybenefitfromrecreatingsomeVictorianDIYprojects.
InDecember1848,anewspaperprintedanillustrationofVictoriaandAlbert’sChristmastree.Theimagepromptedagreatdealofpublicinterest,whichhasfrequentlybeencreditedwithpopularisingtheChristmastreeinBritain.
VictoriaandAlbert’streeincludesanumberofwhatDickensreferstoas“sweetmeatboxes”.Thesecouldbeassimpleasaboxofsweetsfromaconfectioner’soramoreelaboratelacqueredminiaturechest.Manyfamilies,though,wouldhavehadasimplervariation,likethecornucopia.
Thesecouldeasilybemadeathome.Thecornucopiawascreatedbyrollingasheetofcardorthickpaperintoacone,glueingitandthenknottingaribbonacrosstheopening.Itcanthenbefilledwithsmallsweetsandhungfromthetree.
Thecornucopia(Latinfor“hornofplenty”)embodiedthetwosidesofVictorianChristmas:thriftandindulgence.Easyandcheaptomake,itembodiedthevaluesofeconomyandefficiency,butitscontentspromisedthematerialluxuriesofthefestiveseason.
Ifyou’relookingtocutdownonwaste,tryrecyclinganewspaperortoiletrollasthebaseforyourcornucopia.
WanttocapturethestyleofanearlyVictorianChristmasandsavemoneyGetridoftheshop-boughtwrappingpaper.Thetraditionofwrappingpresentsonlybecamewidespreadinthemid-to-late19thcentury.
Wrappingagift…wasawayofdecontaminatingit,bothofmarkingthatithadbeenremovedfromtheworldoftheshop,andofassociatingcareandthepersonalwithotherwisemassproduceditems.
Trywrappingyourgiftsusingrecycledpiecesoffabricandthreadfromthehomeforthatpersonaltouch.
The“conversationcards”mentionedbyDickenswereapopularVictorianChristmasamusement.Thecardsconsistedoftwoillustrateddecks:questionsbeingaskedbycartoonmen,andanswersprovidedbycartoonwomen.Aman’squestioncardmightask:“Canyoufindaplaceinyourheartforme”Awoman’sanswercardmightrespond:“Youdomakemelaugh.”
Victorianpacksofthecardsoccasionallysurfaceonauctionsites(oftenforhighprices),buthomemadevariationscanbeeasilyproduced.ModernversionscouldexpandthequestionsandanswerstomovebeyondtheromantictopicsoftheVictorians–oratleastallowthefemalecharacterstoasksomeofthequestions.
AlthoughmodernretailculturewouldhaveusbelievethatChristmasiswellunderwaybytheendofNovember,Victorianswereinnodoubtthatthe12daysofChristmasstarted,ratherthanended,onDecember25.
Ihavepurchased…theentirestockintradeofaconjurer,thepracticeanddisplaywhereofisentrustedtome…ifyoucouldseemeconjuringthecompany’swatchesintoimpossibleteacaddies,andcausingpiecesofmoneytofly,andburningpockethandkerchiefswithouthurting‘em–andpractisinginmyownroom,withoutanybodytoadmire–youwouldneverforgetitaslongasyoulive.
Summerisagreattimetogobeetle-watchinginAustralia.Whilebeetlescanbefoundallyearround,manyspeciesaremorevisibleandnumerouswhentheweatherheatsup.
Flowerchafers(fromthesubfamilyCetoniinae)arenamedaftertheirhabitofvisitingflowerstofeedonnectarandpollen.Thismakesthemimportantpollinators.
Oneofthemostcommonisthefiddlerbeetle(Eupoecilaaustralasiae),foundalongAustralia’seastcoast.Itfeaturesstrikingblack,greenandoccasionallyyellowmarkingsinafiddle-shapedpattern.
Femalefiddlerbeetleslayeggsinsoilorrottinglogs.Thelarvaeburrowthroughthesoiltofeed,emergingasadultsinthespring.
Beetle-pollinatedflowersareoftenwhiteorcream,withnectarplacedwherebeetlescanreadilyreachit.Thebelowvideoshowsanativetreeonwhichmultiplespeciesarefeedingatonce.
Thelarvaeofstagbeetles(fromthefamilyLucanidae)feedondecayingwood–breakingdowntough,fibrousmaterialandreturningessentialnutrientstothesoil.
StagbeetlesaremostabundantinTasmania,NewSouthWalesandVictoria,butarealsofoundinQueensland,SouthAustraliaandWesternAustralia.
Ofthe36speciesofChristmasbeetle,allbutonearefoundexclusivelyinAustralia,makingthematrulyiconicpartofthecountry’snaturalheritage.
Adultjewelbeetlesfeedonnectarandpollen,whiletheirlarvaeusuallyborethroughthewoodoftreesortherootsofplants.
Thediamondweevil(Chrysolopusspectabilis)isthecrownjewelofAustralia’sweevilfamily.Itcomesinastartlingarrayofcolours,frombluetoyellowandgreen.
DiamondweevilsarefoundcommonlyalongtheeastcoastofAustralia,eatingplantmaterialsuchasAcacialeaves.
Unfortunatelybeetles–likemanyotherinsectspecies–faceincreasingthreatsfromhabitatloss,climatechangeandthemisuseofinsecticide.
Afewsimpleactionscanhelpnativebeetlestothrive.
Plantingnectar-richnativeshelpsprovideareliablefoodsourceforflower-feedingbeetles.Choosenativeplantswithlarge,bowl-shapedorflattenedflowerswhichmakesthenectareasyforinsectstoreach.Goodexamplesincludethedwarfapple(Angophorahispida),whitekunzea(Kunzeaambigua)andriceflower(Ozothamnusdiosmifolius).
Asabonus,flowersalsoattractpest-eatingbeetlessuchasladybirds.
Manybeetlesrelyondecayingleavesandwoodforfoodandshelter.Sotrytoavoiddisturbingorremovingrottingwoodandleaflitterfromnaturalhabitats.
Everyonehastherightfreelytoparticipateintheculturallifeofthecommunity,toenjoytheartsandtoshareinscientificadvancementanditsbenefits.
Butthere’smuchmoretotherighttosciencethanwhatyoumightimmediatelythinkof.Itcanalsoserveasasparkforhumanimaginationandcuriosity.Andthisiswhereitstruepowerresides.
Itwasinitiallyinterpretedmainlyastherightofscientiststodotheirresearchandthepublic’srighttoaccessandbenefitfromthisresearch.Butthisledtonosmallshareofconundrums.Forexample,whatiftherighttodoresearchisatoddswiththehumanrightsofaffectedcommunities
Equally,whatareweforgettingifwetreatthepubliconlyasabeneficiaryofsciencedonebycredentialedresearchers
Mostofthesediscussionsseetherighttoscienceasawaytoprotectfundamentalfreedoms–conjoinedwithresponsibilities–ofbothscientistsandthepublic.Butadifferentmeaningemergeswhenweremembertherighttoscienceisalsoaculturalright.
peopletoreconsider,createandcontributetoculturalmeanings,expressions,ormanifestationsandwaysoflife.
Thishighlightshowtherighttosciencecanserveasaforcetogalvanisethemorepositiveroleofcuriosityandtheimagination.Assuch,itcanbeasparkforanewethosofcuriosity-drivenresearchfortheplanet.
Theroleofscienceinpolicymakingandpracticeisatacrossroads.
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Youcanexplorewhat’savailableonlineattheNFSA,seemoreinthelinkbelow.
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Cyberbullying
ResearchshowsthatoneinfiveAustralianchildrenaged8to17hasbeenthetargetofcyberbullyinginthepastyear.TheOfficeoftheChildren’seSafetyCommissionercanhelpyoumakeacomplaint,findsomeonetotalktoandprovideadviceandstrategiesfordealingwiththeseissues.
MakeaComplaint
TheEnhancingOnlineSafetyforChildrenAct2015givesthepowertoprovideassistanceinrelationtoseriouscyberbullyingmaterial.Thatis,materialthatisdirectedataparticularchildwiththeintentiontoseriouslyembarrass,harass,threatenorhumiliate.
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Ourmission
TheOfficeoftheChildren’seSafetyCommissionerisAustralia'sleaderinonlinesafety.TheOfficeiscommittedtohelpingyoungpeoplehavesafe,positiveexperiencesonlineandencouragingbehaviouralchange,whereagenerationofAustralianchildrenactresponsiblyonline—justastheywouldoffline.
WeprovideonlinesafetyeducationforAustralianchildrenandyoungpeople,acomplaintsserviceforyoungAustralianswhoexperienceseriouscyberbullying,andaddressillegalonlinecontentthroughtheOnlineContentScheme.
OurgoalistoempowerallAustralianstoexploretheonlineworld—safely.
LegalAidNSWhasjustpublishedanupdatedversionofits'FinedOut'booklet,producedincollaborationwithInnerCityLegalCentreandRedfernLegalCentre.
Afineisafinancialpenaltyforbreakingthelaw.TheFinesAct1996(NSW)andRegulationssetsouttherulesaboutfines.
The5theditionof'FinedOut'includesinformationonthedifferenttypesoffinesandchaptersonthevariousoptionstodealwithfinesatdifferentstagesofthefinelifecycle,includingcourtoptionsandpathwaystoseekareview,a50%reduction,awrite-off,plan,oraWorkandDevelopmentOrder(WDO).
Theresourcefeatureslinkstoself-helplegaltoolsforpeoplewithNSWfines,trafficoffencefinesandcourtattendancenotices(CANs)andalsoexplainstheroleofRevenueNSWinadministeringandenforcingfines.
OthersectionsofthebookletincludeinformationspecifictoAboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderpeople,youngpeopleanddrivingoffences,aswellasaseriesoftemplateletterstoassistpeopletoself-advocate.
HardcopieswillsoonbeavailabletobeorderedonlinethroughthePublicationstabontheLegalAidNSWwebsite.
HardcopieswillalsobemadeavailableinallpublicandprisonlibrariesthroughoutNSW.
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