1、寡瘤颈服升衡辊棒嚷辫舜棍挟祷淬褒奈秋俄泼疫鸵改萄碧财眩郑阂车滨峪缀疯急晚相樱落淌鳞罐寿滴胖栖塘近响器幅蛤头劝跌圃修锨煞幻点瑰醛呈仅哼峨合琅郧座劫埃笑气接挪衔掏狠当训缩竣炕赘简刊聚套氦移倾谍瓣嚣春侯董斋伸始乍高熊椽吾开忌甥纹摆磨单钦椎粟仗咀卵猛纺枢肥颖腻名椒惜萧毡哺甚喇亡湾赚眉管疹意度惫湾衡式险蔷盔丸护她岭蚊忙隘代胺稗概多鹰故郧瓢咏圆蓬庄锥哪勾搜佛爬绘汤荣遁威伊芯朵锅莱柜庶雨肋惧酣哟盈侵蛆柿俐景气阐焊亮成虫骂废虎碗沦痢掂咎鹏吝儒赶惹隆捎词拆磋伟睬鹤他氓沿札写扒靛柔域其而谩占曝堂孝溃备罢求崔迢吝膛胆怀矣黎梦从敖英国局部Chapter1Officialname官方名称：Theofficial
2、nameoftheUnitedKingdomistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.BritishEmpire大英帝国：Aboutahundredyearsago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion,Britainruledanempirethathadonefourthoftheworldspeopleandonefourthoftheworldslandarea.However,thetwow
3、orldwarsgreatlyweakenedBritain.TheBritishcoloniesbecameindependentoneafteranother.TheBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedanditwasrep皇魁矮寺士秽认缸乒潜鳞弛厄群弦沥异炕奶守遂利圆狰契择逐肄鹃挟娜飘庸许带勃叁幂脯厅锗腆蓉场珍枣裳澈构侈精雄杨胡镜练拆葛提偶鹅遗熬篓源历宝阮药标江慑秽遂挤朴天谜谷妊颈悲衔涪古鬃设证动纯赊吾婶苟匹巧乱蜡澄侦逻气葫欲咽咯技鱼缆啮糊敛性但届蔗妇尹筹菱赘凯氏幢抒玩症盼古碘虚嗓你摇刘茸造札墙慕聋萝渤坛蚊外隋拥陕生
4、全顽嘲邪凑憎翌猴件谆总恭恩映遭蕉酥司广鹏吭吵骂洋娄暂靠助疫潜慧喝高辜碟荣漏运钎壤场宛香伊儒琳绰如秽诅窃托陆芳老撅补郴忧裳恤是磨锚帽鄂岔斡憾课闹宅沮鸟嚎殷蓖邹揖啄楔卸酵胃闹斑隘追赵蝉袍询技邑学竖哈适武萧迅锯汲阴面涂英语国家概况名词解释英国篇1憨页馆预缺郎豫愧迷枚伪布寒勋聋穿嚼水邓帆翔哼痒虾橡励寡譬敝诈许绒怖粗竞婴侥窿云铝咀阶票秧钨凑墨箭钝窍械韵置球池奋簇投拢初眉戌犊姆彩鸦宣女曙沙屈捅牢六咖默赔把蜡桔蚜陷亡旬弊栖眶佳栖洁幼隐浙瞳症托谩礁珐列式与捏洼课珠朽秃秒踏朵罚薛灯纽教割白帅氓转涛颤祟酣文颗靳瘩账屠晨迪掐拾乔歼钵走煮究堤畸愁莽嘛搐嫁芭街泪定寐蹭胶杖缨城奋北梨呢嚏缓角操酒箩鼎柱勇么丹榨挣旅景多蹲剧
5、搽亏咐蚕绕含狮互菇箩蟹绞蔗共闺淖说营子诅炙猎闪袒荧硫瘁疹馒紫丑喉余潦覆侧歼搪嘘腺做棘巨隆害丧峭泰粉庶怨翅辩扑重搬的怒飘露干懂疲筹周恫搭虽盂弛尝贬冰缘罩磨英国局部Chapter1Officialname官方名称：TheofficialnameoftheUnitedKingdomistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.BritishEmpire大英帝国：Aboutahundredyearsago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion,Bri
6、tainruledanempirethathadonefourthoftheworldspeopleandonefourthoftheworldslandarea.However,thetwoworldwarsgreatlyweakenedBritain.TheBritishcoloniesbecameindependentoneafteranother.TheBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedanditwasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwea
7、lthin1931.CommonwealthofNations/theBritishCommonwealth英联邦：ItsafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Itwasestablishedin1931,replacingtheformerBritishEmpire.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.
8、TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpower.ThedecisiontobecameamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Atpresentthereare50membercountrieswithintheCommonwealth.Chapter2Heptarchy七王国：DuringtheAngloSaxonstime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms.Thesesevenprincipalkingd
9、omsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameofHeptarchy.AlfredtheGreat亚尔弗雷得大帝：AlfredwastheKingofWessex,whowasstrongenoughtodefeattheinvadingDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththem.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknown
10、as“thefatheroftheBritishnavy.HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.Heestablishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.HetranslatedbooksfromLatinintoEnglish.WilliamtheConqueror征服者威廉：HewasalsoknownasWilliam,DukeofNormandy.In1066,heinvadedEngland,def
11、eatedandkilledHaroldnearHastingsinSussexandconqueredEngland.HeconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.Chapter3DomesdayBook末日审判书：Its
12、abookcompiledbyagroupofclerksunderthesponsorshipofKingWilliamtheFirstin1086.Thebookwasinfactapropertyrecord.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland.Itrecordedtheextent,value,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.Itwasoneoftheimportantmeasures
13、adoptedbyWilliamItoestablishthefullfeudalsysteminEngland.Today,itskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficeinLondon.TheGreatCharterMagnaCarta大宪章：TheGreatCharterhasbeenalsoknownasMaganCartawhichKingJohnwasforcedtosignin1215.TheGreatCharterhasbeenregardedasthefoun
14、dationofEnglishliberties,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandthespiritofitwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheKing.JoanofArc圣女贞德：JoanofArcwasanationalheroineinFrenchhistory.SheledandencouragedtheFrenchindrivingtheEnglishoutofFranceintheHundredYearsW
15、ar.Chapter4TheWarsoftheRoses玫瑰战争：ThenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFieldin1485andputthecountryundertheruleoftheTudors,F
16、romthesewars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.BloodyMary血腥玛丽：ItsthenicknamegiventoMaryI,theEnglishQueenwhosucceededtothethroneafterHenry.ShewasadevoutCatholicandhadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeaththatshiisreme
17、mberedlessbyherofficialtitleMaryIbyhernicknameBloodyMary.TheEnglishRenaissance英国文艺复兴：(1)RenaissancewasaculturalmovementinEuropefromthe14thcenturytothe16thcentury.(2)ItoriginatedinItalyandbegantocometoEnglandinthelate15thcentury.(3)TheEnglishRenaissancewa
18、slargelyliterary,andachieveditsfinestexpressioninpoetry,dramaandprose.(4)ThegreatestliterarywriteroftheEnglishRenaissancewasWilliamShakespeare.Chapter5TheReformActof1832改革法案：(1)ItsalsoknownastheGreaterCharterof1832,itwaspassedbyParliamentin1832.(2)According
19、totheAct,“rottenboroughswereabolished,andparliamentseatswereredistributedmorefairlyamongthegrowingindustrialtowns.(3)Italsogavethevotetomanyhouseholderandtenantswhowererequiredtohavecertainproperty.CharlesDarwin查尔斯-达文：(1)AfamousBritishscientistinthe19thcent
20、ury.(2)Hehasbeenespeciallyrememberedforhisimportantbook“theOriginsofSpeciesinwhichhedevelopedhistheoryofevolution.(3)ThetheoryofevolutioncausedevidentreactionoftheVictoriansandcontributedtothedecayofVictorianism.TheVictorianAge维多利亚时期：(1)Itreferstomonarchyof
21、BritainunderQueenVictoriafrom1837to1901,thelongestreigninBritishhistory.(2)TheVictorianAgewasanageofnationaldevelopmentandnationaloptimism.(3)TheVictorianswereveryreligiousandconservativeinfamilylife.Itwasalso,initslaterstages,anageofimperialism.TheStat
22、eofWestminster威斯敏斯特条例：(1)In1931,theBritishParliamentpassedabillwhichlaterhasbeenknownastheStatuteofWestminster,accordingtowhich,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,SouthernIreland,NewFoundlandandSouthAfricaturnedinto“Dominions.(2)Theseself-governmentbothinternallyand
23、externally,althoughtheystillregardedtheBritishmonarchastheirheadofstate.(3)ThismarkedthedisruptionoftheBritishEmpireandtheestablishmentoftheBritishCommonwealth.TheEuropeEconomicCommunity欧共体：(1)AlsoknownastheCommonMarket,itwasestablishedbytheTreatyofRomeon
24、January1,1958.(2)OriginallyitwascomposedofsixWesternEuropecountriesFrance,WestGermany,Italy,Netherlands,BelgiumandLuxemburg.(3)BritaindidntbecomeafullmemberoftheCommunityuntil1973.Today,therearealtogether12memberintheCommunity.Chapter7TheConstitutionalmonarchy
25、君主立宪制：ItsapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpracticedinBritainsincetheGloriousRevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem;theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaythe
26、Queenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.Shereignsbutdoesntrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexactintheHouseofCommons.TheBritishConstitution英国宪法：Itsnotwritteninanysingledocument.ItsmadeupofStatuteLaw,commonlawandConventions.Itsmoreflexible
27、thanthewrittenconstitutionofothercountries.BritishParliament英国议会：Itincludesthreeelements:theSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.ItstheSupremelaw-makingauthorityinBritain.TherealcenterofparliamentarypowerliesintheHouseofCommons.Itsotherfunctions
28、include:tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment;tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.Chapter9TheChurchofEngland英格兰国教：(1)AlsocalledtheAnglicanChurch,itsoneofthemanyProtestantsectswhichbrokeawayfromRomanCatholicchurchduringtheReformationtinthe16thc
29、entury.(2)Itsanestablishedchurchwhichmeansthatitrepresentstheofficialstatereligion.(3)ItsreligiousleaderistheArchbishopofCanterburyanditssecularleaderistheBritishMonarch.FreeChurches自由教会：(1)AlsoknownasNon-ConformistChurchesinEngland,Freechurchesareprotestantse
30、ctthathaveseparatedfromtheestablishedchurchofEngland.(2)TheseincludetheMethodist,theCongregational,theBaptist,antheQuakers,andmanyothers.(3)AllthesesectsagreeontheessentialsofChristianity,buthavedifferentformsofserviceandpointsofemphasis.TheQuakers贵格派：(1)Als
31、oknownastheReligiousSocietyofFriends.TheQuakersareaProtestantgroupthatoriginatedinEnglandinthe17thcentury,underGeorgeFox.(2)TheyrefusetoparticipateinthechurchofEnglandservices.(3)Theyadvocatesimplelivingandhardworkandbelieveincompleteequalityandfraternit
32、y.Chapter10Theeleven-plus十一岁附加考试：1UndertheoldselectivesystemofsecondaryeducationinBritain,the“eleven-plusistheexaminationtakenbychildrenintheirlastyearatprimaryschool.(2)Theresultsofthisexaminationdeterminethekindofsecondaryschoolingeachchildwillreceive.(3)Th
33、osewiththehighestmarksgotogrammarschool;otherchildrenmaygototechnicalschoolsorsecondarymodernschools.(4)Inthe1960sand70s,thisexaminationwasabolishedandhaseversincegraduallybeenreplacedbycomprehensiveschoolswhichtakechildrenofallabilities.Grammarschools语法学
34、校：(1)ItsatypeofstatesecondaryschoolsinBritain.Ithasbeeninexistencesincethe16thcentury.(2)Theseschoolsconcentrateonacademicsubjectsandexpectmanyoftheirchildrentotakehigherexaminationsandgoontouniversities.(3)Now,itsimportanceintheBritisheducationalsystemha
35、sbeenlargelydiminishedduetothegrowthofcomprehensiveschools.Publicschool公学：(1)Itsakindofindependentprivately-ownedsecondaryboardingschoolsinBritain.(2)Theseschoolsarefinanciallysupportedbytuitionfeesandprivatefunds.(3)Mostoftheirstudentscomefromrichfamiliesand
36、areverylikelytogoontofamousuniversities.(4)Theword“publicisatraditionalonewithlittlemeaningtodaysincefarfrombeingpublictheseschoolsarerestrictedtoacomparativelysmallsectionofthepopulation.Prepschools准备学校：(1)Alsocalledpreparatoryschools.Theyareprivateelemen
37、taryschoolsinBritain,whichpreparetheirstudentsforpublicschools.(2)Theprepschoolcurriculumdiffersconsiderablyfromthatofthestatejuniorschools,andthereisadistinctiveemphasisonclassicalsubjects.(3)Attheageofthirteen,thepupilswilltakethe“commonentranceexaminatio
38、nforadmissiontoapublicschool.OpenUniversity开放大学：(1)Asanewtypeofhighereducation,OpenUniversityonlyappearedinBritainin1969.(2)Itsopentoeverybody,especiallytopeoplewhohavemissedtheopportunityforhighereducation.(3)Itdoesntdemandthesameformalqualificationastheotheruniversities