1、英语国家概况英语国家概况TheUnitedKingdomofGreatTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandBritainandNorthernIrelandTheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpireTheFoundingoftheNationITransitiontotheModernAgeIIIIIBritainSinceWorldwarIIIVAdditionalInformationVCONTENTTheFoundingoft
2、heNationI1.2FeudalSociety1.1RomanBritainandtheAnglo-Saxons1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-Saxonsv1.1.1PrehistoricPeriod(historyundocumented)9,000yearsagopartofE-Continent3,000BCIberians(Stonehenge)vStonehengeItisthemostfamousprehistoricmonumentinBritainandissituated
3、onSalisburyPlaininthecountyofWiltshire.PeoplebeganbuildingStonehengeabout5,000yearsago,draggingeachstoneintoplace.StonehengeanditsStatue1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonsvThenameofBritainBritonsvTribalsocietyvCelticLanguage(IrishGaelic,ScottishGaelic,Welsh)1.1.2
4、CelticBritain(8th5thCenturyBC)vFirstinvasionInAugust55BC,JuliusCaesarinvadedBritainvSecondCaesarssecondraidin54BCvThirdandfinalIn43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritainvLeftGermanicattackinRome,forcingallRomantroopstoleaveBritain,
5、andthusendingtheRomanoccupationoftheisland.1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD5thCentury)vCapableadministrators&goodbuilders(townsandcities&roads)BuildingofLondonRiverThames“LondonBridge”Buildingofroads1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD5thCentury)1.1.4TheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(5th8th
6、Century)vGermanicpeople(theJutesfromJutland,AnglesfromSouthofDenmarkandSaxonsfromGermany)vEnglish(languageoftheAngles)dominantlanguagevRomanChristianitySt.AugustinebringsChristianitytoBritainfromRomeandbecomesArchbishopofCanterbury1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCent
7、ury1066)vtheVikings(fromtheScandinaviancountries:Norway,DenmarkandSweden)vAlfredtheGreat,kingofWessexApeacetreaty:theeasternhalfoftheislandwastobesubjecttotheDanishlawandcometobeknownastheDanelawFrom1016to1042,undertheruleofDanishkings.In1042,theE
8、nglishthronewasreturnedtotheAnglo-SaxonsWestminsterAbbey,builtin1052,bythepenultimateKingofEngland,theEdwardtheConfessor(1042-1066)1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCentury1066)vIn1066,EdwardchoseHaroldofWessextobeKinginhisplace.vDukeWilliam,oftenreferredtoasWillia
9、mtheConquer,challengedHaroldssuccession,wontheBattleofHastings,andwascrownedKing.1.1.6TheNormanConquestDukeWilliamNormanCavaliervIn1067,WilliamstartedbuildingtheTowerofLondon,thegreatfortresswhichdemonstratedhispoweranddominatedthecityofLondon.1.1.6TheNor
10、manConquest1.2.1GreatCharter(MagnaCarta)vIn1154HenryIIascendedthethronevHenryIIreformedthecourtsandthelaws:introducedthejurysystem(陪审团制度)institutionalizedcommonlawvJohnascendedthethronein1199.Hedemandedfeudaltaxesandarmyservice.vHewasforcedtosigntheMagn
11、aCarta(大宪章大宪章).Significancetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-governmentmerchantsandcraftsmenforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforcepartoftheBritishConstitutiontodayvProvisionsofOxfordlimitingtheKingspowerbycallingregularmeetingsoftheGreatCouncilvParlertotalkvOffi
12、cialformationofthetwohousesofparliament:HouseofLordsHouseofCommons1.2.2BirthofParliamentvaseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandFranceovertrade,territory,securityandthethronepromotedtheconceptofEnglishnationalism.promotedthedevelopmentofthetextileindustryrais
13、edthesocialpositionofthebourgeoisclass.1.2.3HundredYearsWar(13371453)vAwarforthethronebetweentheHouseofYorkandtheHouseofLancaster.Itreducedthepowerofnobilityandhelpedtoincreasethepowerofthenewrisingbourgeoisclass.vTheHouseofLancasterwonandtheirle
14、aderHenryTudorbecameKingHenryVIIandstartedtheruleoftheHouseofTudor(1485-1603).1.2.4TheWaroftheRoses(14551485)TransitiontotheModernAgeII2.1ReligiousReformation2.2TheCivilWar2.4TheIndustrialRevolution2.3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution2.1ReligiousRefo
15、rmationvReasons2religiouscamps:CatholicandProtestantvImmediatecause:HenryVIIIsdivorcevActofSupremacyHenryVIII“onlysupremeheadofthechurchofEngland”vInessence,theReformationwasapoliticalmovementinareligiousguiseHenryVIIIvQueenElizabethI(1558-1603)Consolidated
16、theChurchofEnglandDefendedthefruitoftheReformationinessencevGoldenAgeofEnglishHistoryEnglandadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade,exploration,literature,andthearts.Theageofexplorationbegan:claimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoods.TheAmerica
17、nState,Virginia,isnamedafterQueenElizabeth.Elizabeth2.1ReligiousReformationvparliamentaryclashesovermonopoliesthemonarchyattemptedtocontrolcommercialactivitiesintheinterestsofthecourtvKingCharlesIdissolvedParliamentin1629,andruledthecountrywithoutitforeleven
18、years.vThevariousclassesinEnglandsoonsplitupintotwocamps:Parliament:merchants,artisansandapprentices,peasantsKing:gentry,biglandlordsandmonopolists2.1ReligiousReformationvThecivilwarbrokeout(16421649)BetweentheRoyalists(theCavalier保王党人)andParliamentarians(Roun
19、dheads圆颅党人)vResult:themonarchywasabolishedin1949Englandwasdeclaredacommonwealth,i.e.arepublic2.2TheCivilWarRoundheadswithpikesvTheCommonwealth(16491660)Cromwell,theheadoftheCommonwealthConservativeinsocialreformsandprotectedpropertyownershipIn1660,Parliament
20、hadCharlesIIaskingofEngland.ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth.2.2TheCivilWar2.3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolutionvRestoration:1661,CharlesII:torestoretheoldsocialorder1685,JamesII:toreestablishCatholicismvGloriousRevolution1688:jointsovereignofWilliamandMary
21、1689:BillofRights(limitedthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteedtheauthorityofParliament)removedtherulingmonarchandestablishedConstitutionalMonarchy2.4TheIndustrialRevolutionvTheIndustrialRevolutiontookplacefirstinBritainforthefollowingreasonshugemarketcoloniesin
22、AmericaandIndiacapitalenclosuremovementlaborvAseriesofimportantinventionsinthetextileindustrymarkedthebeginningofIndustrialRevolution:SpinningJennyWaterframeSpinningmulePowerloomSteamengineSpinningJennyPowerloom2.4TheIndustrialRevolutionvMeansoftransportationcanals
23、weredugtoshipgoodsthelocomotiveinventedin1814thefirstrailwaycompletedin1825largemerchantfleetSteamEngineMerchantFleet2.4TheIndustrialRevolutionvBythemiddleof19thcentury,theIndustrialRevolutionwasaccomplishedinBritainvItsinfluence:Britainchangedinmanywaysdram
24、aticallyincreasedindustrialproductivitytheprocessofurbanizationchangesinclassstructureTheconflictbetweenthecapitalistsandtheproletariansthemostimportantpoliticalissue2.4TheIndustrialRevolutionTheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpireIII3.1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire3
25、.2BritainintheWorldWars3.3TheFalloftheEmpirevFirstBritishEmpire:19thCenturyItincludedthecoloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndiesvSecondBritishEmpireduringtheVictorianAge:Mid-andlate-19thCenturyQueenVictoriasforeignpo
26、licyNewImperialismItincludedthecoloniesinAustralia,NewZealandandCanadadominionsVictoria“EmpressofIndia”InAsia,occupiedBurmaandsomeothersmallstates.OpiumWaragainstChinaInAfrica,controlSuezCanalandconquerEgyptUnionofSouthAfricathe4thdominion3.1TheFormationofth
27、eBritishEmpirevOntheEveofWorldWarI,Britainhadthelargestcolonialempiretheworldhadeverseen.aterritoryof33.5millionsquarekilometers(1/4oftheworldstotalland).apopulationof393.5million(8timesaslargeasthatinBritain)3.1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire3.2
28、BritainintheWorldWars3.2.1WorldWarIvBythebeginningofthe20thcentury,BritainsdominancewaschallengedbyotherEuropeannationsandtheUSvTwocampsinEurope:CentralPowers:Germany,Austria-Hungary,OttomanEmpireandBulgariaAlliedPowers:Britain,France,Russia,ItalyandUSvT
29、heimmediatecauseassassinationinSarajevovOver32countrieswereinvolved,28ofwhichsupporttheAlliesPowersandAlliesPowerswonvThecostofthewarforBritainwasgreat:drainedofitsmanpowerlosttheseasupremacyahugenationaldebt3.2.1WorldWarIvGermanyplantoconquerEuropevB
30、ritainappeasementvdeclarewaronGermanyonSeptember3,1939valliancewiththeSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesvGermanysurrenderedunconditionallyonMay7,1945vgreatcostloseitsnavalsupremacyandindebttotheUnitedStates.3.2.2WorldWarIIWinstonChurchillvIndependencemovemen
31、tIndia,Pakistan,Burma,MalayaandEgyptvBritishCommonwealthofNations(alooselyorganizedcommunityofformerBritishcolonies)3.3TheFalloftheEmpireIV4.1“ThreeMajesticCircles”4.2“SpecialRelationship”withtheUSBritainsinceWorldWarIIvOneoftheBigThreeafterWWIIvForeig
32、nPolicy:ThreeMajesticCircleslessinvolvementintheCommonwealthcircleclosecooperationwiththeUnitedStatesanisolationistpolicytowardsEurope4.1.“ThreeMajesticCircles”vMargaretThatcherReestablished“specialrelationship”withtheUnitedStatesagainstEuropeanintegrationvTonyB
33、lairmorepositivetowardsEurope(butrefusetojointheEuro)furtherstrengthenedthecloserelationshipwiththeUnitedStates4.2“SpecialRelationship”withtheUSCartoon:TheSpecialRelationshipBetweenBritannia&UncleSam50ThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutBritishHistoryIndateorder：vSton
34、ehenge2200BCvRomanInvasionandCivilisation43ADvStAugustineandChristianity597vKingAlfredtheGreatandtheDoomBook871vBattleofHastingsandNormanConquest1066vMagnaCartaandtrialbyjury1215vDeclarationofArbroath1320vCanterburyTales1370vPeasantsRevolt13811.ThelongbowsatA
35、gincourt1415vReligiousSettlement1559vSirFrancisDrakeandthedefeatoftheSpanishAmrada1588vGunpowderPlot1605vShakespeare1610vPlantationofUlster1611vExecutionofCharlesI1649vGloriousRevolutionandBillofRights1688vTheBankofEngland1694vActofUnion1707vBritainsfirstPrimeMinisterRobertWalpole172150ThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutBritishHistoryvGincrazeandBritishdr