2)Heisateacherbyprofession.(他以医生为职业。)
3)BybirthandbyeducationThomasJeffersonbelongedtothehighestsocialclass,butheneverlookeddownupontheworking-classpeople.
(按其出生和所受的教育,托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了最高阶层,但他从来不轻视劳动人民。)
relate是一个动词,在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句:
1)Itisnotdifficultforpeopletorelatetheresulttothecause.(人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。)
2)Itmightbemorehelpfultoyouifyoucanrelatetheorytopractice.(如果你能把理论和实践联系起来,对你的帮助也许会更大。)
relate还可解释为叙述;有关,涉及;相处得好
1)Herelatedusastoryvividly.(他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。)
2)Histalkrelatedtotheinternationalsituation.(他的讲话涉及国际形势。)
3)Herelatesverywelltohisclassmates.(他和同学们相处得很好。)
1)Thesefourpeoplearecloselyrelatedtoeachother.(这四个人联系紧密。)
2)Heisverymuchinterestinginpaintingandtherelatedarts.(他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。)
2.…allthosepeopledescendedfromacommonancestor,…所有来自同一祖先的人们。
“descendedfromacommonancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句,修饰people.descendedfrom的意思是“传下,遗传”,如:
1)HisfamilyweredescendedfromanIndiantribe.(他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。)
2)Darwinconcludedthatmenweredescendedfromapes.(达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。)
descendto的意思是“屈尊,降低;转而说到”
2)Mr.Leethendescendedtothedetailswehadtobecarefulabout.(李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。)
common是一个形容词,意思是“共有的,共同的;普通的”,请看例句:
1)Nodoubt,thisisagrammaticalmistakecommontobeginnersinEnglish.(毫无疑问,这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。)
2)Howcouldyouhavenoideaaboutthiscommonknowledge?(对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。)
3)Theyhavenocommoninterests.(他们没有共同的爱好。)
3.Somepeoplethankofafamilyasamother,afather,andtheirchildren,…
thinkof…as…是一个很常用的词组,意思是“把…看作…”,如:
1)Heoftenthinksofhimselfasagenius.(他常把自己看作为天才。)
2)TheYellowRiveristhoughtofasthecradleoftheChinesenation.(黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。)
与thinkof…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如:
regard…aslookupon…as…
see…as…view…as…
consider…as…
4.Forothers,havingafamilysimplymeanshavingchildren.
本句中,havingafamily做主语,mean为谓语动词,havingchildren做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时,在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词,如:
1)Acceptingthejobwouldmeanmovingtoanothercity.(接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。)
2)Araiseintheworker'ssalarywillmeanacutintheprofit.(增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。)
当mean作“意欲,打算”解释时,在它的后面通常跟不定式,如:
1)Ididn'tmeantooffendyou.(我无意冒犯你。)
2)Imeanttogiveyouthebookyesterday,butIforgotit.(我原打算昨天把书给你的,但我忘了。)
5.Somefamilieshavelonghistories,whileothersknowverylittleabouttheirancestors.
请注意while的用法,在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词,意思是“然而”。如:FredgambledallhismoneyawaywhileJanesavedeverypennyforherson'sschooling.(弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱,而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。)
while在不同的语境中有不同的意思,请翻译下面的句子,注意while的词义。
1)TheydecidedtofindalessexpensiveplacetostaywhileinParis.(在巴黎期间,他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。)
2)Helookedathiswatchseveraltimeswhiletalkingtoher.(在跟她交谈时,他看了几次表。)
3)Onegroupofchildrenarequiet,whilethesecondgroupwasveryactive.(一组孩子很安静,而第二组孩子非常活跃。)
4)WhileIhavesympathyforthesepeople,Ithinktheyareguilty.(尽管我同情这些人,但我觉得他们有罪。)
5)Wewillsucceedwhilewedon'tlosehope.(只要我们不失去希望,我们就会成功。)
6.Nomatterifitisyoungorold,largeorsmalltraditionalormodern,everyfamilyhasasenseofwhatafamilyis.
nomatterif连接让步状语从句,更常见的是用nomatterwhether.除了nomatterwhether以外,nomatterwh-引导的让步状语从句还有:nomatterwhat,nomatterwho,nomatterwhose,nomatterwhich,nomatterwhen,nomatterwhere,nomatterhow等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句:
1)Nomatterwhathappens,pleaseletmeknow.(无论发生什么事,请让我知道。)
3)NomatterhowhardItried,Icouldn'tsucceed.(无论我多努力,我总不能成功。)
4)Nomatterwhetheryoubelieveitornot,it'struth.(无论你信不信,那总是事实。)
5)Nomatterwhereyougo,Iwillfollowyou.(无论你去哪里,我都跟着你。)
6)Nomatterwhichbookyoulikeyoucanhaveit.(无论你喜欢哪本书,你都可以拿去。)
7)Nomatterwhosemoneyitis,wecan'tspenditsocarelessly.(无论是谁的钱,我们都不能这样随意地花)
上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下:
1)Whateverhappens,pleaseletmeknow.
2)Whoevertelephones,tellhimI'mout.
3)HoweverhardItried,Icouldn'tsucceed.
4)Whereveryougo,Iwillfollowyou.
5)Whicheverbookyoulike,youcanhaveit.
7.Itisthatfeelingofbelonging,ofloveandsecuritythatcomesfromlivingtogether,helpingandsharing.
本句中的it代指课文前一句中的asenseofwhatafamilyis.feelingofbelonging意思为“归属感”。
security是一个名词,意思是“安全”。
thatcomesfromlivingtogether,helpingandsharing是定语从句,修饰thatfeelingofbelonging,ofloveandsecurity.
8.However,withthechangefromanagriculturaltoanindustrialsociety,manynuclearfamiliesmovedawayfromthefamilyhomeinordertofindwork.
本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词,有承接上文的作用,可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密,有些接近连词。请看例句:
1)This,however,isnotyourfault.(但这不是你的错。)
2)I'dliketogowithyou,however,myhandsarefull.(我很想和你一起去,可是我忙不过来。)
句中的with是一个介词,意思是“随着”,请看例句:
1)Withthechangeoftheeconomicfoundation,thesuperstructurehastobetransformedtoo.(随着经济基础的改变,上层建筑也必须改造。)
2)Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,thesocietyischangingrapidly.(随着科学技术的发展,社会在迅速地改变。)
with是一个十分常用的介词,请看下面的句子,注意with的用法和词意:
1)Whowillgowithyou?(谁和你一起去?)
2)Theteacherisverystrictwithus.(老师对我们很严格。)
3)Atthenewswealljumpedwithjoy.(听了这个消息,我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。)
4)Hewantedtokilltwobirdswithonestone.(他想一举两得。With意为“用,以”,译法可灵活。)
5)Chinaisacountrywithalargepopulation.(中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有,带有”)
6)Hefinishedthisworkwithgreatdifficulty.(他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。)
7)Hewassittinginachairwithhishandsfolded.
(他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构:with+名词+过去分词,做方式状语。)
8)What'swrongwithyou?(你怎么了?with意为“就…来说”)
9)Withyourknowledgeandexperience,youaresuretofindagoodjob.(以(凭)你的知识和经验,你肯定会找到一份好工作。)
10)Withallhisshortcomings,hewasaniceperson.(尽管他有缺点,他还是个不错的人。)
句子中的inordertofindwork做目的状语,除了用inorderto以外,还可以用soasto,也可以把inorder,soas省去,只用不定式。请看例句:
1)Hedecidedtostudyharder(soas)tocatchupwiththeothers.(他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。)
2)Heranoutinahurry(inorder)tocatchthelastbus.(为了赶上末班车,他匆匆向外跑去。)
9.Thereforewecansaythatthenuclearfamilybecomesmoreimportantthantheextendedfamilyasthesocietyindustrializes.
句子中的therefore是一个副词,通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果,也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有:so,consequently,asaresult等等。请看例句:
1)Itrained,thereforethefootballmatchwasputoff.(天下雨,所以足球比赛延期了。)
2)Heistoocareless,asaresulthefailedtheexam.(他太粗心,所以考试没及格。)
3)Hewasillforaboutamonth,consequentlyhelaggedbehindhisclassmates.(他病了一个月,因此落在了同学后面。)
asthesocietyindustrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词,表示“当…时”。请看例句:
2)Ashetalkedonhegotmoreandmoreexcited.(他谈着的时候,越来越兴奋。)
本课中还有:
1)Thenuclearfamilyisbecomingsmallerasparentswantfewerchildren.
2)Associalscientistsstudythesetwonewfamilyforms,theywillbeabletotellusmoreaboutthefutureofthenuclearfamilyinthepost-industrialage.
10.socialscientistsnowtalkoftwonewfamilyforms…
本句中的talk是一个不及物动词,在表达“谈论某人(某事)”时,talk后面应该用介词of或者about.请看例句:
1)Whatareyoutalkingabout?(你们在谈什么?)
2)TheyaretalkingofvisitingMr.Zhang.(他们正谈论去看张先生的事。)
3)Whatdoyoumeanwhenyoutalkaboutculture?(你谈论文化时指的是什么?)
TextBTheChangingAmericanFamily
短语表达
1.allover
Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.
Ihavebeenlookingalloverforhim.
2.providefor
Fatherhadtoworkveryhardtoprovidefoodandclothesforthefamily.
Theyaretryingtoprovidesomeguidanceforthenewcomers.
3.beexpectedto
Parentsareexpectedtoprovidefortheirchildren.
Youareexpectedtobeherebeforeeight.
4.takecareof
Thenursetookcareoftheoldladywhenherdaughterwasaway.
Thecatandthedogweretakengoodcareof.
5.ontheotherhand
Idon'tthinkthisproposalisworkable.Ononehandwedon’thavesomuchmoney,ontheotherhandtimeistoolimited.
6.beconsideredtobe
Heisconsideredtobethebestcandidateforthejob.
Fatherisconsideredtobeahumorousandresponsibleperson.
7.inaddition(to)
Inaddition,therearesomemagazinesonthetable.
Inadditiontobread,wehadsomemilkandeggsforbreakfast.
8.makedecision
Youhavetomakeanimmediatedecisionabouttheproject.
Itisdifficultformetomakeadecisionrightnow.
9.helpwith
Hehopedthathisbrotherwouldhelphimwithhismath.
AtweekendsIoftenhelpmymotherwiththehousework.
10.incontrast
IncontrastwiththelowgradeIgot,Paulgotafullmarkonthebiologytest.
Theirclub,incontrast,reachedamembershipof2000lastyear.
11.giveup
Youwillamounttonothingifyoualwaysgiveupeasily.
Thedoctorpersuadedmyfathertogiveupsmoking.
12.getreadyfor
Hegotupearlyinthemorninginordertogetreadyfortheexam.
Ihaven'tgotreadyfortheinterviewyet.
13.bebusydoing
Motherisbusycookinginthekitchen.
Theteacherisbusydistributingthetestpapers.
14.inconclusion
Shewillsayafewwordsaboutthearrangementinconclusion.
Inconclusion,theoldpeoplearehappyinmostoftheAsiancountries.